Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, 1929

The Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, 1929 was a parliamentary by-election for the British House of Commons constituency of Liverpool East Toxteth on 19 March 1929.

Vacancy

The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting Unionist MP, Albert Edward Jacob on 26 February 1929, aged 71. He had been MP here since holding the seat in 1924.

Election History

East Toxteth was a safe Unionist seat that they had not lost since the seat was created in 1885. One former Unionist MP had crossed the floor to join the Liberals in 1906 due to his support for Free Trade, but he did not attempt to defend the seat under his new party colours. Since the war, the most successful non Unionist candidate was the Independent Eleanor Rathbone, who had polled nearly 40% in a two-horse race at the 1922 General Election. The result at the last General election was

1924 General Election Electorate 35,238^[1]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Albert Edward Jacob	16,139	59.9	n/a
	Labour	Charles Burden	6,620	24.6	n/a
	Liberal	Frederick Charles Bowring	4,163	15.5	n/a
Majority			9,519	35.3	n/a
Turnout				76.4	n/a
	Unionist hold		Swing	n/a

Candidates

31-year-old Hon. Henry Mond was the Unionist candidate. He was born in London and educated at Winchester College. He was the son of Baron Melchett, a former Liberal MP who had joined the Unionists in 1926. From 1915 Henry Mond served in World War I with the South Wales Borderers but was wounded in 1916.^[2] He then joined some of his father's businesses, becoming a director of Brunner, Mond and Co. He had also been a Liberal MP, having sat for the Isle of Ely from 1923-24 when he was defeated, standing as a Liberal.
27-year-old Joseph Cleary was the Labour candidate. He was born in the West Derby district of Liverpool and educated at Skerry's College, Liverpool. He was General Secretary of the Warehouse Workers Union. He had been the Labour Councillor for the Croxteth ward of Liverpool City Council since 1925. He was appointed a Liverpool Justice of the Peace in 1927. He was contesting a parliamentary seat for the first time.
40-year-old Aled Roberts was the Liberal candidate. Roberts was born in Liverpool and educated at Liverpool College. During the First World War, he served in the army and achieved the rank of Captain in the Royal Welch Fusiliers in 1915 and served abroad from 1916 to 1919. He was an insurance broker in his own firm, Aled O Roberts & Co. and an underwriter. He was the Hon. Treasurer of the Royal National Eisteddfod of Wales. He was contesting a parliamentary seat for the first time.

Campaign

Polling Day was fixed for 19 March 1929, a snap election, just 21 days after the death of the previous MP.

In his book 'Democracy and Sectarianism: A Political and Social History of Liverpool 1868-1939', Philip J. Waller described the campaign, firstly by outlining the Unionist candidate, Henry Mond's views;

Men must resist Liberalism's 'demonstrated futility' and Socialism's 'demonstrated dangers'. In an economic emergency, to avoid a general reduction of wages he favoured a tariff on foreign manufactured goods and 'a policy of Imperial insulation'; but mostly he appealed to governments to observe different priorities. Two forces were responsible for Britain's economic decline, the 'orthodox Free Trade View' and the 'orthodox Treasury View'. Industrial interests should be put before financial interests, and Mond advocated an extension of credit to rationalized industries by squeezing the unrationalized. The whole taxation system, in his opinion, was wrong: if taxation was used to redistribute wealth industrial progress would be halted by the injury to capital and effort. 'What you want to arrive at', Mond thought, 'is not national redistribution, but national prosperity, with high wages, and in order to get high wages you have got to have good prices and low taxes'.

Undaunted, the Liberal candidate Aled Roberts, echoed David Lloyd George's boast that he could reduce unemployment to normal proportions within twelve months; and Labour's candidate, Cleary, hardly seemed the dangerous man of Mond's imagination. He deprecated 'scare statements' regarding Labour's financial intentions, and advocated raising the school-leaving age, adequate pensions, an international forty-eight hours week, the scientific utilization of land, a unified coal industry, public works, and trade expansion. Altogether the by-election had an ailing look, personified by Lord Birkenhead's last appearance at the hustings.^[3]

Result

The Unionists held the seat for the first time polling less than 50% of the vote. Mond returned to parliament to represent a new constituency for his new party. Cleary was still able to increase the Labour vote share, but the most striking feature of the result was the advance in the Liberal vote from third place.

Liverpool East Toxteth by-election, 1929 Electorate 36,388^[1]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Hon. Henry Ludwig Mond	9,462	43.2	-16.7
	Labour	Joseph Jackson Cleary	6,563	29.2	+4.6
	Liberal	Aled Owen Roberts	6,206	27.6	+12.1
Majority			3,129	14.0	-19.3
Turnout			22,641	61.7	-14.7
	Unionist hold		Swing	-10.7

Aftermath

Mond was re-elected here at the following General Election but when his father died in 1930 he inherited his seat in the House of Lords. Cleary also stood here again at the General Election in 1929 but made no further impression. However he was elected for Labour at the Liverpool Wavertree by-election, 1935. Although Roberts stood here again in 1929, for the 1931 General Election, he was elected for the Liberals at Wrexham. The result at the following General election;

1929 General Election Electorate 48,812^[1]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%	±%
	Unionist	Hon. Henry Ludwig Mond	17,678	47.9	+6.7
	Labour	Joseph Jackson Cleary	9,904	26.9	-2.3
	Liberal	Aled Owen Roberts	9,287	25.2	-2.4
Majority			7,774	21.0	+7.0
Turnout			36,869	75.5	+13.8
	Unionist hold		Swing	+4.5

References

1 2 3 F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow 1949
↑ Greenaway, Frank (2004) 'Mond family (per. 1867-1973)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, , retrieved on 9 March 2007.
↑ Democracy and Sectarianism: A Political and Social History of Liverpool 1868-1939 by Philip J. Waller (1981)

By-elections in Liverpool

1832–1885	Liverpool, 1842 Liverpool, 1853 Liverpool, 1855 Liverpool, 1873 Liverpool, 1874 Liverpool February 1880 Liverpool, August 1880 Liverpool, 1882

1885–1900	Walton, 1886 Exchange, 1887 West Derby, 1888 Everton, 1892 West Derby, 1893 East Toxteth, 1895 Exchange, 1897 Kirkdale, 1898

1900–1918	East Toxteth, 1902 West Derby, 1903 Everton, 1905 Kirkdale, 1907 Kirkdale, 1910 Kirkdale, 1915 East Toxteth, 1916 Abercromby, 1917

1918–1945	West Derby, 1919 Exchange, 1922 Edge Hill, 1923 West Toxteth, 1924 Scotland, 1929 East Toxteth, 1929 Wavertree, 1931 East Toxteth, 1931 Exchange, 1933 West Derby, 1935 Wavertree, 1935 West Toxteth, 1935

1945–present	Edge Hill, 1947 West Derby, 1954 Garston, 1957 Scotland, 1964 Scotland, 1971 Edge Hill, 1979 Walton, 1991

Lists of UK by-elections 1868–1885 1885–1900 1900–1918 1918–1931 1931–1950 1950–1979 1979–present

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1924	December: Dundee

1925	February: Walsall June: Ayr Burghs Eastbourne Oldham July: Forest of Dean September: Stockport November: Galloway December: Bury St Edmunds Ripon

1926	January: Dunbartonshire January: East Renfrewshire February: Cambridge University Darlington March: Combined English Universities Bothwell April: East Ham North May: Buckrose Hammersmith North July: Wallsend September: North Cumberland November: Howdenshire Kingston-upon-Hull Central Chelmsford December: Smethwick

1927	February: Stourbridge March: Edinburgh Leith Southwark North April: Combined Scottish Universities May: Bosworth June: Westbury Brixton November: Southend Canterbury

1928	January: Northampton Faversham February: Bristol West Lancaster Ilford March: St Ives Middlesbrough West April: Linlithgowshire Hanley St Marylebone June: Carmarthen Holborn July: Epsom Halifax Sheffield Hallam August: Aberdeen North September: Cheltenham October: Tavistock Ashton-under-Lyne

1929	January: Londonderry January: Midlothian and Peebles Northern February: Battersea South Bishop Auckland Wansbeck March: Liverpool East Toxteth Eddisbury Bath Holland with Boston North Lanarkshire

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