Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

This article is about non-Hodgkin lymphoma and its terminology. For more on the disease and its treatment, see lymphoma.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas (NHL)

Micrograph of mantle cell lymphoma, a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Terminal ileum. H&E stain.
Classification and external resources
Specialty Hematology and oncology
ICD-10 C82-C85
ICD-9-CM 200, 202
ICD-O 9591/3
OMIM 605027
DiseasesDB 9065
MedlinePlus 000581
eMedicine med/1363 ped/1343
Patient UK Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
MeSH D008228

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), also known as non-Hodgkin disease are diverse group of blood cancers that include any kind of lymphoma except Hodgkin's lymphomas.[1] Types of NHL vary significantly in their severity, from slow growing to very aggressive types.

Lymphomas are types of cancer derived from lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Lymphomas are treated by combinations of chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (CD20), immunotherapy, radiation, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

The 2008 WHO classification of lymphomas has five large groups, including a Hodgkin disease group.[2] Other forms of lymphoma are over 80 different forms of lymphoma in an additional four broad groups.[3] By comparison, the 1982 Working Formulation (which is now considered obsolete, and is commonly used primarily for statistical comparisons with previous decades) recognized just 16 types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Five year survival rates in the United States are 69%.[4]

Causes

The many different forms of lymphoma probably have different causes. These possible causes and associations with at least some forms of NHL include the following:

Epidemiology

In the US, data from 2007-2011 show that there were about 19.7 cases of NHL per 100,000 adults per year, 6.3 deaths per 100,000 adults per year. About 2.1 percent of men and women are diagnosed with NHL at some point during their lifetime, and there were around 530,919 people living with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.[13]

Globally, as of 2010, there were 210,000 deaths, up from 143,000 in 1990.[14]

Age
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma increases with age steadily.[11]
Gender
Up to 45 years NHL is more common among males than females.[15]
Geography-UK
NHL is the sixth most common cancer in the UK (around 12,800 people were diagnosed with the disease in 2011), and it is the eleventh most common cause of cancer death (around 4,700 people died in 2012).[16]

History

Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL, Hodgkin disease), described by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832, was the first form of lymphoma described and defined.[17] Other forms were later described and there was a need to classify them. Because Hodgkin lymphoma was much more radiation-sensitive than other forms, its diagnosis was important for oncologists and their patients. Thus, research originally focused on it. The first classification of Hodgkin lymphoma was proposed by Robert J. Luke in 1963.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

While consensus was rapidly reached on the classification of Hodgkin lymphoma, there remained a large group of very different diseases requiring further classification. The Rappaport classification, proposed by Henry Rappaport in 1956 and 1966, became the first widely accepted classification of lymphomas other than Hodgkin. Following its publication in 1982, the Working Formulation became the standard classification for this group of diseases. It introduced the term non-Hodgkin lymphoma or NHL and defined three grades of lymphoma.

Subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Main article: Lymphoma

NHL consists of many different conditions that have little in common with each other. They are grouped by their aggressiveness. Less aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas are compatible with a long survival while more aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas can be rapidly fatal without treatment. Without further narrowing, the label is of limited usefulness for patients or doctors. The subtypes of lymphoma are listed there.

Modern usage of term

Nevertheless, the Working Formulation and the NHL category continue to be used by many. To this day, lymphoma statistics are compiled as Hodgkin's vs non-Hodgkin lymphomas by major cancer agencies, including the US National Cancer Institute in its SEER program, the Canadian Cancer Society and the IARC.

HIV/AIDS

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) included certain types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as AIDS-defining cancers in 1987.[18] Immune suppression rather than HIV itself is implicated in the pathogenesis of this malignancy, with a clear correlation between the degree of immune suppression and the risk of developing NHL. Additionally, other retroviruses such as HTLV may be spread by the same mechanisms that spread HIV, leading to an increased rate of co-infection.[19] The natural history of HIV infection has been greatly changed over time. As a consequence, the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in HIV infected patients has significantly declined in recent years.[7]

Society and culture

Notable cases

See also

References

  1. ↑ "non-Hodgkin lymphomas" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  2. ↑ DeVita edition 10
  3. ↑ Swerdlow, Steven H; Campo, Elias; Harris, Nancy Lee; Jaffe, Elaine S.; Pileri, Stefano A.; Stein, Harold; Thiele, Jurgan; Vardiman, James W., eds. (2008). WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Oxford Univ Pr. ISBN 978-92-832-2431-0.
  4. ↑ "SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma". NCI. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  5. ↑ Maeda E, Akahane M, Kiryu S, Kato N, Yoshikawa T, Hayashi N, Aoki S, Minami M, Uozaki H, Fukayama M, Ohtomo K (2009). "Spectrum of Epstein-Barr virus-related diseases: A pictorial review". Japanese Journal of Radiology 27 (1): 4–19. doi:10.1007/s11604-008-0291-2. PMID 19373526.
  6. ↑ Peveling-Oberhag J, Arcaini L, Hansmann ML, Zeuzem S (2013). "Hepatitis C-associated B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Epidemiology, molecular signature and clinical management". Journal of Hepatology 59 (1): 169–177. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.03.018. PMID 23542089.
  7. 1 2 Pinzone MR, Fiorica F, Di Rosa M, Malaguarnera G, Malaguarnera L, Cacopardo B, Zanghì G, Nunnari G (October 2012). "Non-AIDS-defining cancers among HIV-infected people". Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 16 (10): 1377–88. PMID 23104654.
  8. ↑ Kramer S, Hikel SM, Adams K, Hinds D, Moon K (2012). "Current Status of the Epidemiologic Evidence Linking Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, and the Role of Immune Dysregulation". Environmental Health Perspectives 120 (8): 1067–75. doi:10.1289/ehp.1104652. PMC 3440083. PMID 22552995.
  9. ↑ Zani C, Toninelli G, Filisetti B, Donato F (2013). "Polychlorinated biphenyls and cancer: an epidemiological assessment". J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 31 (2): 99–144. doi:10.1080/10590501.2013.782174. PMID 23672403.
  10. ↑ Lauby-Secretan B, Loomis D, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Baan R, Mattock H, Straif K (2013). "Carcinogenicity of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyls". Lancet Oncology 14 (4): 287–288. doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70104-9. PMID 23499544.
  11. 1 2 Tobias, J; Hochhauser D. (2015). Cancer and its Management (7th ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781118468715.
  12. ↑ Arnold S Freedman and Lee M Nadler (2000). "Chapter 130: Non–Hodgkin’s Lymphomas". In Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E III. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (5th ed.). Hamilton, Ont: B.C. Decker. ISBN 1-55009-113-1.
  13. ↑ NIH NCI Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Posted to SEER website April 2014. SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Page accessed Feb 26, 2015
  14. ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY; et al. (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
  15. ↑ Bleyer, W Archie, Barr, Ronald D. Cancer in Adolescents and Young Adults. Springer, 2007, p. 129.
  16. ↑ "Non-hodgkin lymphoma statistics". Cancer Research UK. Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  17. ↑ Stone, MJ (October 2005). "Thomas Hodgkin: medical immortal and uncompromising idealist.". Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) 18 (4): 368–75. PMC 1255947. PMID 16252028.
  18. ↑ "Revision of the CDC surveillance case definition for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists; AIDS Program, Center for Infectious Diseases" (PDF). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 36 (Suppl 1): 1S–15S. 1987. PMID 3039334.
  19. ↑ Lee, Belinda; Bower, Mark; Newsom-Davis, Thomas; Nelson, Mark (2010). "HIV-related lymphoma". HIV Therapy 4 (6): 649. doi:10.2217/hiv.10.54.
  20. ↑ Stack, Liam (2015-11-01). "Fred Thompson, Former Senator, Actor and Presidential Candidate, Dies at 73". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
  21. ↑ Goodman, Jeff (January 12, 2016). "Former Butler center Andrew Smith dies at age 25 after cancer battle". ESPN.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  22. ↑ Strauss, Neil (6 June 2001). "John Hartford, Composer Of Country Hits, Dies at 63". The New York Times.

External links

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