Brimstone (missile)

Brimstone

A triplet of single-mode Brimstone missiles
Type Air-to-surface missile
Place of origin United Kingdom
Service history
In service 2005
Used by Royal Air Force
Royal Saudi Air Force
Wars Operation Telic
Operation Herrick
Operation Ellamy
Operation Shader
Production history
Designer GEC-Marconi
Designed 1996
Manufacturer MBDA (UK) Ltd, Henlow
Unit cost (Dual Mode Variant)
£105,000/unit[1]
£175,000 inc development[2]
Produced 1999
Variants Single mode
Dual Mode Sensor
Brimstone 2
Sea Spear
Specifications
Weight 48.5 kg
Length 1.8 m
Diameter 17.8 cm
Warhead HEAT tandem warhead
Detonation
mechanism
 Crush (impact) fuze
Engine Solid-fuel rocket
Operational
range

Brimstone I:
20+ km (12+ mi) from fixed wing, 12 km (7.5 mi) from rotor wing

Brimstone II:
60+ km (37+ mi) from fixed wing, 40+ km (25+ mi) from rotor wing[3][N 1]
Speed Supersonic (~450m/s)
Guidance
system
 94 GHz millimetric wave Active radar homing and INS autopilot, dual-mode adds laser guidance
Accuracy = sub-1m CEP[3]
Steering
system
 Flight control surfaces
Launch
platform
 Tornado GR4
Typhoon (planned)
Reaper (planned)[4]
Protector (planned)[4]
Apache (planned)[5]

Brimstone is an air-launched ground attack missile developed by MBDA for Britain's Royal Air Force. It was originally intended for "fire-and-forget" use against mass formations of enemy armour, using a millimetric wave (mmW) active radar homing seeker to ensure accuracy even against moving targets. Experience in Afghanistan led to the addition of laser guidance in the dual-mode Brimstone missile, allowing a "spotter" to pick out specific targets when friendly forces or civilians were in the area. The tandem shaped charge warhead is much more effective against modern tanks than older similar weapons such as the AGM-65G Maverick, while the small blast area minimises collateral damage. Three Brimstones are carried on a launcher that occupies a single weapon station, allowing a single aircraft to carry many missiles.

After a protracted development programme, single-mode or "millimetric" Brimstone entered service with RAF Tornado aircraft in 2005, and the dual-mode variant in 2008. The latter has been extensively used in Afghanistan and Libya. An improved Brimstone 2 was expected to enter service in October 2012, but problems with the new warhead from TDW[6] and the ROXEL rocket motor put back the planned date to November 2015. MBDA is working on the targeting of swarms of small boats under the name Sea Spear. The RAF intend to fit Brimstone to their Eurofighter Typhoons, and planned to integrate it with their Harriers until they were withdrawn from service in 2010. MBDA is studying the use of Brimstone on ships, attack helicopters, UAVs, and from surface launchers; it will be integrated on the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II when the F-35B enters British service. The United States, France and India have expressed interest in buying Brimstone for their aircraft, but Saudi Arabia is the only export customer as of 2015.The cost per missile has been quoted as £175,000 ($263,000) each in 2015,[7] or 'over £100,000'.[8]

Design

Overview

The missile was originally supposed to be an evolution of the original laser AGM-114 Hellfire, with the laser seeker replaced by a millimetre wave (mmW) seeker. During development, virtually the entire missile was redesigned, resulting in a weapon that - other than the external shape - bears no relation to the original airframe. It is unrelated to the separate development of the mmW Hellfire for the Apache Longbow.[9]

Brimstone has a Tandem Shaped Charge (TSC) warhead that employs a smaller initial charge, designed to initiate reactive armour, followed by a larger, more destructive charge, designed to penetrate and defeat the base armour. It has been estimated that Brimstone will be 3 times more effective than the AGM-65G Maverick missile against modern tanks, and 7 times more effective than the BL755 cluster bomb.[10] In combat Brimstone has demonstrated accuracy and reliability "both well above 90 percent" according to the MoD;[11] Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton has said that 98.3% to 98.7% of Brimstone fired in Libya "did exactly what we expected".[12]

Targeting and sensors

Brimstone is a "fire-and-forget" missile, which is loaded with targeting data by the Weapon Systems Officer (WSO) prior to launch. It is programmable to adapt to particular mission requirements. This capability includes essentially the ability to find targets within a certain area (such as those near friendly forces), and to self-destruct if it is unable to find a target within the designated area. This information is provided to the munition by the WSO from RAF ASTOR, USAF Northrop Grumman E-8 Joint STARS aircraft or local troops.

In addition to the semi-autonomous ability to decide its own targets, the Brimstone has the capacity to determine where on a target to best impact causing the most damage or resulting in elimination of the target. The missile's advanced sensor package includes its extremely high frequency millimetric wave radar, which allows the weapon to image the target and hence choose a target location. With as many as twenty-four missiles in the air, the missile's targeting system also required an algorithm to ensure that missiles hit their targets in a staggered order, rather than all simultaneously.

Brimstone can be fired in a number of attack profiles; direct or indirect against single targets, a column of targets or against an array of targets. The latter utilises a salvo attack capability for multiple kills per engagement. Once launched, the platform is free to manoeuvre away from the target area or engage another target array.[13]

Launch system

External media
Images
Harrier with four Brimstone launchers
Brimstone in Iraq, January 2009
Video
Video of Brimstone fired in Afghanistan, from a Tornado in 2009

Each launch system incorporates three rails, i.e. one system carries three missiles. This allows a single aircraft to carry large numbers of missiles; for example, a Typhoon could carry up to six launch systems, one each on six individual pylons, which gives a maximum payload of eighteen Brimstone missiles, in addition to a useful air-to-air payload. The missile is carried by the Tornado GR4 in RAF service.[14] In February 2014 the National Audit Office warned of a possible capability gap under existing plans to fit Brimstone to Typhoon in 2021, two years after the Tornado retired; in June 2014 the MoD announced a study to accelerate this to 2018 and look at a common launcher that could also launch SPEAR Cap 3.[15] MBDA have fired test rounds from an MQ-9 Reaper[15] and are studying the use of Brimstone on attack helicopters and from surface launchers; it will be integrated with the F-35 Lightning II when it enters British service. Both the US and France have expressed interest in buying it for their aircraft.

It was intended that Brimstone would be integrated on the RAF Harrier fleet under Capability D of the JUMP programme[16] with a scheduled in-service date of 2009.[17] A Harrier GR9 first flew with 12 Brimstone on 14 February 2007,[16] and the RAF released video of a Tornado (incorrectly reported as a Harrier) using a Dual Mode Brimstone against an Afghan insurgent in 2008.[18] In late 2009 Brimstone was "nearing completion for integration on the Harrier"[19] but in July 2010 it was reported that Brimstone on the Harrier would be postponed until the insensitive-munition version of the missile became available in 2012.[20] Brimstone had not been officially cleared for use on the type when the UK Harriers were withdrawn from service in late 2010.

Development

The missile was designed to meet the RAF's requirement for a long range anti-armour weapon, allowing strike aircraft to attack tanks and armoured vehicles at stand-off range, replacing the BL755 cluster bomb. This requirement was issued following an assessment of the British military's performance in the Gulf War. GEC-Marconi (whose missile interests now form part of MBDA) was originally awarded the contract on 7 November 1996.[21]

The programme ended up nearly 3 years late. The first ground firing of the Brimstone missile occurred in August 1999, followed by the first air-launched firing from a Tornado GR4 in September 2000. Clearance of the missile was delayed by 12 months due to the unavailability of a Tornado trials aircraft, as the RAF chose instead to rush the development of the Storm Shadow air launched cruise missile ahead of the Iraq war, but another delay of 6 months resulted from redesigning the autopilot for safe release at higher speeds. Over 2,000 missiles were produced.[1]

A Brimstone on display at RAF Museum London

The original Brimstone could not be used in Afghanistan as the rules of engagement required a "man-in-the-loop". Under an Urgent Operational Requirement in 2008, modifications were made to the seeker and software of over 300 existing missiles to create Dual-Mode Brimstone.[17] The new missiles can be laser guided according to the STANAG 3733 standard as well as retaining the millimetre wave seeker; the pilot can select either mode from the cockpit or use both simultaneously.[17] Laser guidance allows specific enemy targets to be picked out in cluttered environments, the mmW radar ensures accuracy against moving targets.

The development and procurement of the original single-mode missiles cost £370m,[22] a figure inflated by accounting charges relating to the delays. The development of the dual-mode version cost an additional £10m.[22] The The Daily Telegraph reports that the dual mode missiles cost £105,000,[1] which is comparable to the cost of the AGM-65 Maverick; the MoD quote only a gross book value of £175,000, which includes development costs as well as the purchase cost of the missile.[23] Upgrading a single-mode missile to dual mode costs between £35,000 and £45,000 plus VAT, depending on quantities ordered.[24]

Brimstone 2 (SPEAR 2)

In March 2010 Brimstone was selected as the basis for the RAF's requirement under the Selective Precision Effects At Range (SPEAR) Capability 2 Block 1 programme.[25] The Demonstration and Manufacture (D&M) contract will increase the missile's performance "significantly", and convert the warhead and rocket motor to use insensitive munitions.[17] Brimstone 2 will have an improved seeker, a more modular design and improvements to airframe and software for "an overall increase in performance with improvements in range and engagement footprint",[26] including a "more than 200% increase" in maximum range.[27] A five-release test campaign in October 2013 culminated in a successful strike against a pickup truck travelling at 70 mph (110 km/h) in a cluttered road environment[27] and Brimstone 2 is planned to enter service on the Tornado in November 2015.[15]

SPEAR 3

At the same time MBDA were awarded an Assessment Phase contract for SPEAR Capability 3[25] (formerly SPEAR Drop 2). This is specified to have a range of at least 100km, however the UK MoD and MBDA believe that they can achieve over 120km (62+nm).[28][N 2] The weapon will make substantial reuse of Brimstone modules. The 2 m (6.6 ft) weapon will fly at high-subsonic speed using a turbojet and wing kit,[29] and will feature a multimode seeker with INS/GPS guidance and datalink.[29] The assessment phase will conclude with flight trials in 2014[29] on Typhoon.[30] The missile is set to use the same Hamilton Sundstrand TJ-150 turbojet as the JSOW-ER.[31][N 3] MBDA have shown artwork of a four-missile launcher on a single Typhoon weapon station,[29] and four will fit with a Meteor air-to-air missile in each internal weapons bay of the F-35B.[29]

Sea Spear

MBDA has started testing a maritime variant called Brimstone Sea Spear for use against swarms of small boats. On 25 June 2012 a Tornado GR4 dropped a prototype that hit and sank a 6-metre inflatable boat travelling at 20 kts in sea state 3.[32] The following month MBDA said that a viable system could be offered "within months"; the initial focus is on deployment from fast jets and surface launchers,[33] MBDA is marketing it in the Gulf for installation on vessels down to 15 m.[32] On 29 May 2013, MBDA conducted a salvo firing of three millimetric wave operational Brimstone missiles, launched from a fixed offshore platform, against a simulated attack formation of five targets representing FIACs (Fast Inshore attack Craft). The successful test firing demonstrated Brimstone Sea Spear’s ability to strike numerous individual targets. During the test one of the targets, a 15-m craft, was travelling at 20 knots.[34] The Sea Spear competed with the Raytheon Sea Griffin missile for integration onto American Littoral combat ships.[35] The Navy instead selected the AGM-114L Hellfire as a stop-gap missile for the LCS.[36]

UK Army Air Corp

On 17 March 2016, MBDA confirmed that a one-year feasibility study contract covering the integration of the Brimstone air-to-surface missile onto Army Air Corps Boeing AH-64E Guardian attack rotorcraft had been awarded by the British MOD to MBDA and Boeing in the second half of 2015. This would lead a live firing test being carried out in the US in third quarter of 2016 using one of Boeing’s E-model test aircraft, but could also utilise a US Army example if required. The UK Army Air Corps is exploring options for upgrading its Apache capability, currently in a UK-specific AH1 configuration that carries Lockheed Martin AGM-114 Hellfires as its air-to-surface missile. The integration risk for Brimstone on the Apache is seen as low, with the work significantly focussing on the modification of the fire control software.[37]

Operational use

Royal Air Force

In March 2005, Brimstone entered service with No. 31 Squadron RAF.[38] Full Operational Capability (FOC) was declared for the Tornado GR4 in December 2005[38][39] The first operational sortie of dual-mode Brimstone was over Iraq as part of Operation TELIC[40] on 18 December 2008[17] by a Tornado GR4[40] of IX(B) Squadron. It was first fired in combat in June 2009,[17] the month that the Tornado GR4's of 12 Squadron arrived in Afghanistan as part of Operation HERRICK.

Brimstone was used extensively during Operation ELLAMY over Libya in 2011.[41] According to a British Ministry of Defence News report, dated 26 March 2011, RAF Tornado GR4 aircraft launched several Brimstone missiles over the towns of Misrata and Ajdabiya destroying a total of five armoured vehicles belonging to the Gaddafi regime.[42] Sixty Brimstone were fired in the first four weeks of the Libya campaign,[1] out of 110 Brimstone fired in all operations up to that time.[1] This prompted the MoD to ask MBDA to convert more missiles to the dual-mode version.[1] 150 dual-mode missiles had been ordered in December 2010,[24] but according to the Royal United Services Institute, stocks of usable dual-mode missiles fell to single figures at one stage of the Libya campaign.[43] The 500th dual-mode Brimstone was delivered in March 2012,[11] at which time over 200 had been fired in combat.[11] The single-mode missile was not fired in combat until 15 September 2011 when a pair of RAF Tornado GR4 of IX(B) Squadron fired 22 missiles (including a salvo of 12 by one aircraft) against an armoured column near Sebha/Sabha, 400 miles south of Tripoli.[44]

In September 2014, Tornado GR4 strike aircraft of No. 2 Squadron RAF began flying armed sorties over Iraq in support of Operation Shader, the UK's contribution to the Military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. On September 30, the aircraft made their first airstrikes, engaging a heavy artillery position with a Paveway IV laser-guided bomb and an armed pickup truck with a Brimstone air-to-ground missile.[45] Brimstone is the preferred weapon for these kinds of targets because it is the only air-launched low-fragmentation fire-and-forget weapon that is effective against moving targets that the allied inventory possesses.[46] In December 2015 the UK started using Brimstone missiles in Syria.[47]

Export sales

Around £10 million of Brimstones from the RAF stock were sold to the Royal Saudi Air Force for use on their Tornados. In April 2011, the RAF's Assistant Chief of the Air Staff Air Vice-Marshal Baz North reported that the missiles were "being sought by both the United States of America and the French" in the light of Brimstone's success in Libya.[48] France's DGA procurement agency held meetings in late May 2011 to discuss a lightweight air-to-surface weapon for the Dassault Rafale; Stéphane Reb of the DGA would merely say that "Brimstone is a solution, but it's not the only option". In early 2014 the US Congress' House Armed Services Committee showed interest again in the missile; high-ranking members of the US armed services have stated they "like it" and if they do choose it they "need it out soon".[49] The French Air Force were still thinking about a purchase in March 2012, with a prime consideration being lower collateral damage[50] compared to the AASM. India has made a request for information about integrating Brimstone on their Sukhoi Su-30MKI fleet.[51] MBDA hopes that firings conducted in the U.S., intended for the U.K. to test the feasibility of arming British General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper UAVs with the missile, will persuade the U.S. military to purchase the Brimstone 2.[52] In July 2014, it was revealed that the United States Navy was beginning environmental and integration analysis of the Dual Mode Brimstone for use on the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet.[53] The United States Army also considered the Brimstone as "an option" in its Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM) program,[54] but selected Lockheed Martin's dual-mode seeker upgrade for the Hellfire missile.[55] In September 2015, MBDA displayed the dual-mode Brimstone for the first time as a helicopter-mounted weapon to fulfill the British Army Air Corps' need for a future attack helicopter weapon for the AgustaWestland Apache.[56] In January 2016, it was reported that Germany was considering arming its newly-leased Heron TPs with Brimstone.[57] In March 2016, France was reportedly considering Brimstone for its Tiger attack helicopters.[58]

Operators

Map with Brimstone operators in blue

Current operators

 Saudi Arabia
 United Kingdom

See also

References

Notes
  1. ↑ More than 200% increase in maximum range - Flightglobal Oct 2013
  2. ↑ "The UK MOD and MBDA believe they can achieve north of 62 nautical miles for SPEAR." - Navy Recognition July 2014
  3. ↑ "SPEAR 3 has two small side intakes for its Hamilton Sundstrand TJ-150 turbojet." - Navy Recognition July 2014
Citations
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harding, Thomas (20 April 2011), "Libya: RAF fears over missile shortages", Daily Telegraph (London), retrieved 17 June 2011
  2. ↑ "Written Answers to Questions". House of Commons. 17 May 2011.
  3. 1 2 http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/pictures-brimstone-2-passes-test-against-high-speed-391932/
  4. 1 2 "Brimstone Reaper integration still in the pipeline". Flightglobal. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2016.
  5. ↑ "MBDA and Boeing studying Apache Brimstone integration". Flightglobal. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  6. ↑ http://www.tdw-warhead-systems.com/
  7. ↑ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-03/brimstone-missiles-target-islamic-state-as-u-k-joins-syria-war
  8. ↑ "Who, What, Why: What is the Brimstone missile?". BBC News Online Magazine. 4 December 2015.
  9. ↑ British Secret Projects; Hypersonics, Ramjets & Missiles, Chris Gibson and Tony Buttler, Midlands Publishing, 2007, ISBN 978-1-85780-258-0
  10. ↑ MoD Major Projects Report 2000 (PDF), National Audit Office, 22 November 2000, retrieved 17 June 2011
  11. 1 2 3 "500 up for Brimstone" (pdf), desider (Ministry of Defence) (46), March 2012: 7
  12. ↑ "Defence Committee - Ninth Report, Operations in Libya", Hansard (UK Parliament), 25 January 2012
  13. ↑ http://www.mbda-systems.com/mediagallery/files/dual-mode-brimstone_background-1402652553.pdf
  14. ↑ Wall, Robert (20 April 2011). "Interest Grows In Dual-Mode Brimstone". Aviation Week. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  15. 1 2 3 Stevenson, Beth (19 June 2014). "BAE contracted to study Brimstone 2 for Typhoon". www.flightglobal.com. Reed Business Information. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
  16. 1 2 Withington, Thomas (2008), "The great GR9 journey", Defence Management Journal (40), retrieved 17 June 2011
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Dual Mode Brimstone". MBDA Missile System. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  18. ↑ Norton-Taylor, Richard (26 September 2009). "RAF unveils Brimstone precision strike missile". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  19. ↑ Copeland, Gavin (December 2009), "MBDA targets future challenges", Defence Codex (5), p. 45
  20. ↑ O’Keeffe, Niall (1 July 2010), BAE to test MBDA's new Brimstone variant with Tornado GR4, Flight International, retrieved 18 June 2011
  21. ↑ Brimstone Contract Announced - November 1996 typhoon.starstreak.net
  22. 1 2 House of Commons Written Answers, Hansard, 10 February 2010, retrieved 18 June 2011
  23. ↑ House of Commons Written Answers, Hansard, 17 May 2011, retrieved 17 June 2011
  24. 1 2 House of Commons Written Answers, Hansard, 9 May 2011, retrieved 5 April 2012
  25. 1 2 Chuter, Andrew (29 March 2010). "Jet Trainers, Helos, Missiles Top Latest Round of U.K. Contracts". Defense News. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  26. ↑ Hoyle, Craig (13 March 2012), "MBDA reveals Brimstone 2 missile work for UK", Flight International (London)
  27. 1 2 Hoyle, Craig (21 October 2013). "Pictures: Brimstone 2 passes test against high-speed vehicle". Flight International.
  28. ↑ http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1911-mbda-spear-3-missile-would-bring-true-anti-ship-capabilities-to-raf-and-faa-f-35s.html
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 Hoyle, Craig (27 June 2012). "PICTURES: MBDA sharpens Spear missile design for F-35 integration". Flight International.
  30. ↑ "House of Commons Written Answers Hansard". UK Parliament. 21 May 2013.
  31. ↑ http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1911-mbda-spear-3-missile-would-bring-true-anti-ship-capabilities-to-raf-and-faa-f-35s.html
  32. 1 2 Scott, Richard (11 July 2012). "MBDA targets Brimstone at anti-FIAC role". IHS Jane's.
  33. ↑ Stevenson, Beth (10 July 2012). "Farnborough 2012: MBDA completes Sea Spear live firing". Digital Battlespace.
  34. ↑ Doug Richardson (27 June 2013) "Brimstone Engages A Simulated FIAC Attack" http://www.janes.com/article/23797/brimstone-engages-a-simulated-fiac-attack IHS Jane's Missiles and Rockets
  35. ↑ Raytheon Working on Extending Range of Griffin Missile for LCS - Defensenews.com, 23 June 2013
  36. ↑ Navy Axes Griffin Missile In Favor of Longbow Hellfire for LCS - News.USNI.org, 9 April 2014
  37. ↑ "MBDA and Boeing studying Apache Brimstone integration". Flightglobal. 18 March 2016.
  38. 1 2 MoD's formidable new anti armour weapon records trials successes
  39. ↑ BAE SYSTEMS Investor Brief - January 2006
  40. 1 2 "RAF Operational Update - Op Update 21 Dec 2008". Royal Air Force. 21 December 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  41. ↑ "Libya: UK jets bomb vehicles 'threatening civilians'". BBC News. 25 March 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
  42. ↑ Brimstone missiles destroy armoured vehicles in Libya
  43. ↑ Accidental Heroes; Britain, France and the Libya Operation (pdf), Royal United Services Institute, September 2011, p. 6
  44. ↑ Hall, Anthony (22 March 2012). "The future's bright for Brimstone". Defence Management Journal.
  45. ↑ "RAF conducts first air strikes of Iraq mission". Ministry of Defence. 30 September 2014.
  46. ↑ Farmer, Ben (1 October 2014). "Brimstone: British missile envied by the US for war on Isil". www.telegraph.co.uk (Telegraph Media Group Limited). Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  47. ↑ http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-03/brimstone-missiles-target-islamic-state-as-u-k-joins-syria-war
  48. ↑ "US and France 'interested in Brimstone'". Defence Management. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  49. ↑ Hoyle, Craig (9 June 2011), France zeroes in on lightweight weapon for Rafale, Flight International, retrieved 18 June 2011
  50. ↑ "France Still Mulling Dual-Mode Brimstone". Aviation Week. 20 March 2012. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  51. ↑ Singh, Rahul (16 October 2011). "IAF gets lowdown on the Royal Air Force’s Libya op". Hindustan Times.
  52. ↑ UK May Arm Reapers With Brimstone - Defensenews.com, 21 March 2014
  53. ↑ U.S. Navy is evaluating MBDA’s Dual Mode Brimstone for its F/A-18 Super Hornet jets - Navyrecognition.com, 18 July 2014
  54. ↑ Shyu On GCV, Upgrades, Sequestration; US ‘Overmatch’ At Stake - Breakingdefense.com, 14 October 2014
  55. ↑ Army Win Solidifies Lockheed's Air-to-Ground Market Share - Defensenews.com, 9 August 2015
  56. ↑ Brimstone goes green for Apache integration - Flightglobal.com, 18 September 2015
  57. ↑ "German Armed Forces Will Lease Israeli Drones". Defense News. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016. According to media reports, it is currently being discussed to arm the Heron TP with the air-to-ground missile Brimstone from European manufacturer MBDA, which was confirmed by well-informed sources.
  58. ↑ "Defence Secretary secures progress on Brimstone sales as unmanned aircraft project moves forward". Ministry of Defence. 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
Bibliography
  • Eklund, Dylan (2006). "Fire and Brimstone: The RAF's 21st Century Missiles". RAF Magazine. pp. 19–25. 

External links

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