Madea

Not to be confused with Medea.
Mabel "Madea" Simmons

Madea serving time in prison for committing a series of crimes in Madea Goes to Jail
First appearance I Can Do Bad All By Myself (stage play)
Diary of a Mad Black Woman (film)
Created by Tyler Perry
Portrayed by Tyler Perry
Information
Spouse(s) Luis Guevara (ex-husband)
Johnny Simmons (husband, deceased)
Children Michelle Griffin (daughter with Johnny; deceased)
Cora Jean Simmons (daughter with Mr. Brown; alive)
William Simmons (son with Johnny; deceased)
Nikki Grady-Simmons (adoptive daughter)
Relatives

"Big Mabel" Murphy (mother; deceased)
Frederick Baker (brother; mentioned in Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited Commentaries on Love and Life)
Irene (sister; deceased)
Joe (brother)
Helen McCarter (granddaughter; via William)
Gina (granddaughter, via William)
Maylene "Mayle" Griffin (granddaughter, via Michelle)
Vianne Griffin (granddaughter, via Michelle)
Tina Simmons (granddaughter; via Cora)
Lisa Simmons (granddaughter; via Cora)
Jackie (granddaughter, via William)
Kiesha Griffin (great-granddaughter)
Shemar (great-granddaughter)
Ruby (aunt)
"Little" Johnson (uncle; deceased)
"Big" Johnson (uncle; deceased)
"Wide" Johnson (uncle; deceased)
"Crooked" Johnson (cousin)
Sarah (cousin)


Myrtle (daughter-in-law)
Helen McCarter (granddaughter)
Isaac (nephew through marriage)
Donna (niece)
Vickie (niece through her mariage to many)
Sonny (nephew)
Victoria Breaux (niece)
Lisa Breaux (grandniece)
Vanessa (grandniece)
Nima (great-grandniece)
Jonathan (great-grandnephew)
Brian Simmons (nephew)
Deborah Simmons (niece through marriage)
Tiffany Simmons (grandniece)
B.J. Simmons (grandnephew)
Angela (niece)
Michael (great-nephew via Vickie, that plays with Barbie Dolls)
Kevin (great-nephew via Vickie)

Mabel "Madea" Simmons is a fictional character created and portrayed by Tyler Perry. The character is a towering, massive,[1] and tough elderly Black woman.[2]

Vindictive in nature, Madea gets even in a bad way;[3] in fact, when asked why she felt the need to get somebody all the time, Madea answered: "Well when you gettin' got and somebody done got you and you go get them, when you get 'em, everybody's gon' get got."[4] Adding to this, Madea is highly overreactive,[5] willing to threaten the use of deadly weapons;[6] destroy property; use physical violence; take on the law; and use any and all means necessary to show up an offending party.[1] Incorrigible in her overreactive ways, Madea has repeatedly landed herself in court (usually before Judge Mablean), anger management classes, house arrest, and even prison.[1]

Despite the way the character goes about it, she stands for what's right and has a nurturing side.[7] As examples, Madea is often seen officiously involving herself in circumstances in which others have been wronged, offering self-defense tips, instruction, or avenging them on her own;[2] by her very nature, Madea is more than willing to "thug out" on some of the sassiest and brattiest of children and teens, but also shows to care about their well-being in the end.[8] The character combines an unusual pronunciation style with her locutions, such as "Heller, how ya dern?" or "Halleluyer praise da lort!"[9]

Madea is based on Perry's mother, his aunt, and watching Eddie Murphy perform in Nutty Professor II: The Klumps. In Perry's own words Madea is ". . .exactly the PG version of my mother and my aunt, and I loved having an opportunity to pay homage to them. She would beat the hell out of you but make sure the ambulance got there in time to make sure they could set your arm back. . ."[10]

Perry has announced that he's working on a Madea animated film.[11] The film, titled Madea's Tough Love, was released in January 2015.[12]

Early years

Mabel "Madea" Simmons was born in Greensburg, Louisiana,[13] on April 26, 1935. (Madea was 68 in the first play, I Can Do Bad All By Myself, as well as Madea's Class Reunion. Her ages in the other plays are unknown because they take place between these two plays, and there's no continuity offered. In Madea Goes to Jail, Madea was around 75). In "I Can Do Bad All By Myself," she reveals that sometime in her adult life she lived in Cleveland, Ohio, but later returned to Atlanta, or that she had not attended high school in Atlanta at all.

Madea was brought up in poverty and grew up living in shacks with her immediate family. Madea has stated that although her family didn't have much, they had love.[14]

According to Family Reunion, Madea's mother, "Big Mabel" Murphy, was a hooker during Madea's childhood and wasn't at all religious. As a result, Madea grew up with no knowledge of Christianity (as an elderly woman, Madea is filled with biblical misinformation and has a tendency to misquote the Bible).

She attended Booker T. Washington High School, where she served as a cheerleader. When Madea was 16, her parents moved her and the rest of her immediate family to Atlanta, Georgia, in a shotgun house. It was reported in Madea's book, Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings, that Madea's mother and father wouldn't allow her to go out at all until she turned 17 or 18.

In the films, it has been revealed that Madea used to be a stripper, and her stagenames were Magnitude & Delicious . There was also heavy implication that she was a prostitute as well.

Criminal background

Madea has a lifelong criminal record that began at age 9 with a charge of petty theft. It is also reported that Madea was charged with her first felony at this age, and her crimes began progressing to illegal gambling at age 18, which later evolved into check fraud, identity theft, insurance fraud (presumably related to her nine deceased husbands), assault, and attempted murder, vehicle theft (mostly Lexus vehicles, the first vehicle she ever stole being a 1992 Lexus LS400), smashing into other vehicles on roads (as she did to 1 Toyota Camry Hybrid, 1 Honda Civic, and 4 Lexus IS's with her Cadillac, and the Cadillac CTS with her daughter's Chevrolet Uplander), and forklifting vehicles out of parking spaces (usually for taking spaces that she wants to park at, as she did to many Camrys and Scions, as well as a Pontiac Solstice that she ruined in Madea Goes to Jail). Throughout the series, she is a repeat offender.

In Diary of a Mad Black Woman alone, Madea and her granddaughter Helen McCarter were both charged with "criminal trespassing, reckless endangerment, criminal possession of a handgun, assault with a deadly weapon, [driving on a] suspended license, expired registration, reckless driving, and a broken taillight", which placed Madea on house arrest, while her granddaughter was bailed for $5,000.

In Family Reunion, she violated the terms of house arrest by taking off her house arrest bracelet but was given the opportunity to avoid jail by becoming a foster mother.

In Meet the Browns, Madea didn't pay for her gas, which leads her into a high-speed car chase with law enforcement officials.

In Goes to Jail, Madea was about to get sent to jail, but was reluctantly released by Judge Mablean after learning the arresting officers did not read the Miranda rights warning when she was arrested (as the officers claimed that Madea was fighting with them), so she finally admits that her license was suspended indefinitely (implying that her license was suspended when she was 30 years old) and also gets ordered to anger management counseling, making it the very last opportunity for her to avoid jail. She, however, began driving as soon as Cora neglected her daughterly duties. Madea's brother Joe (also played by Perry) refers to her as a "po-po ho", meaning someone who is a professional at evading law enforcement.

Personality

Hard side and language use

Scurrilous and saucy in remarks and behavior, Madea is full of comical sass and vulgar, abusive language. She also has many catch phrases, such as "You crazy as hell," and "I outta punch you in da face!" In addition, she uses Ebonics and other various slang terms. Madea also intentionally adds a mispronounced "t" sound to many of her words, such as "Africant Americant", "cookingt and cleanting" and "living for da Lort [Lord]."

Madea is mostly noted for her outrageous overreactions and thuggish toughness over which she has shown no shame. For example, the character has four general methods of attack:

  1. Destruction of property, such as demolishing others' household appliances with a chainsaw
  2. Weapon violence, such as stabbing others with a lit cigarette
  3. Physical violence, such as strangling and pounding others with her bare hands and elbows
  4. Intimidation through outrageous browbeating tactics and threats, such as firing off her pistol, which she keeps handy with her in her purse at all times

In regards to her gun use, Madea just shoots around targets, using intimidation as opposed to ever actually killing or injuring anyone. As another form of intimidation, Madea frequently boasts of having killed in the past. As an example, she once claimed to have murdered Jimmy Hoffa over him insulting her. She also claimed to have shot Tupac Shakur while arguing over a parking space; although she claims not to have killed him in the shooting.

Soft side

In spite of her outrageous and shocking behaviors, Madea is consultative, protective, loving, and motherly at heart. This is heavily evidenced in Gets a Job, in which Madea provides life lessons, guidance, and direction to all the residents and staff members of a nursing home.[15] Moreover, on numerous occasions, Madea has accepted family members who were without a place to stay into her home on her own accord. These family members have included her granddaughter Helen (Diary of a Mad Black Woman film), granddaughter Vianne (I Can Do Bad All By Myself), her great niece Vanessa and her two kids (Madea's Family Reunion), and ex-convict Bobby Mitchell (I Can Do Bad All By Myself).

Quite often, Madea has offered direction and guidance to those who were being abused within their romantic relationships. Though much of this direction and guidance tends to come in the form of extreme warmongering, Madea's heart is always in the right place.

Madea also instructs troubled individuals about the mistakes they've made in their life choices and leads them down the path of forgiveness and improvement. While in prison in the film Madea Goes to Jail, Madea attends an anger management church meeting under duress. During the meeting, Madea ends up lecturing all the women to stop playing victims, stop whining, and start taking actions to improving their lives.

Madea is mentally strong and offers nurturing advice to struggling individuals whom she cares for.

Pet peeves

Madea has a series of pet peeves: disrespectful youth, rude people; lazy people; adulterous people; and "people who are just plain stupid." She is also a firm critic of men that sag their pants, believing that it looks cheap and sloppy.

Madea's possessions

Madea's house

Madea is the owner of the house that she lives in. The house is located in a Black neighborhood. It is a spacious, early-1900s style house. The house sits on a street corner at 1197 Avon Avenue in southwest Atlanta, Georgia. There are at least five bedrooms in the house. Joe sleeps in a room downstairs (noted when Madea answers the door at night in Diary of a Mad Black Woman the movie). Joe is, however, usually found in the living room, smoking in his chair.

Madea's car

Madea cherishes her gold 1970 Cadillac Sedan de Ville, which she keeps parked on the street in front of her house. In Diary of a Mad Black Woman, Madea smashes her car through the security checkpoint of Charles' mansion as part of her and her granddaughter's payback. In Goes to Jail, Madea drove her Cadillac to the Kmart store, which was the last time her Cadillac was active before her prison sentence. In Big Happy Family, her Cadillac became a lemon during her jail sentence, but she continued to drive it, risking “climatic discomfort and Carbon peroxide poisoning.” In its film adaptation, Madea deliberately drove the vehicle full throttle through the window of a fast food restaurant and attacked the manager because of bad service in the drive-through.

Madea's handgun

First seen in Diary of a Mad Black Woman, Madea owns a loaded Glock handgun. In times of peril and when she feels threatened or a need to defend someone, she will reveal it and threaten others with it. In Madea Goes to Jail, she reveals that when the "gotters" get her, she pulls out her Glock on them.

Madea's family

(Note: There are a few discrepancies and plot holes in Madea's family tree as between the regular films and the stage-plays)

Madea's mother

In the book Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings, Madea gives details on her mother, "Big Mable" Murphy, who was described as "unusually large". "Big Mable" is characterized as being very gentle, mild-mannered, kind and peaceful woman, with a long and very dangerous fuse. In Family Reunion, Madea revealed that "Big Mabel" was a hooker during Madea's childhood and not at all religious.

Siblings

Madea's brothers
According to Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings, Madea has several brothers, three of whom are Frederick (revealed in the book)and Joe.

Brother: Joe
Joe (also played by Perry) is Madea's most recognizable brother as he lives with her and frequently appears in Madea films. A wise guy who's very coarse, misbehaved, and ornery, Joe has no qualms with such tendencies as openly farting and hurling about insulting wisecracks about people, including Madea. Despite being elderly, he constantly makes crude passes at younger women. Joe regularly smokes marijuana in spite of his need to be on oxygen. On smoking marijuana, Joe has stated, "God made this for us. God made this little tree, Viagra and oxygen. Put them altogether and you can take a woman to heaven and back!" Joe has at least three children: Bryan, Donna, and George Needleman.
(Note: The Joe character precedes the Madea character in debut, as Joe's first appearance was in the 1998 play I Know I've Been Changed, taking place when the Madea character had not yet originated. After one other play, Madea is unveiled in the 1999 play I Can Do Bad All By Myself as Joe's sister)
Joe's children: Bryan, Donna, and George
Bryan (also played by Perry) is a criminal defense attorney, who often gets roped into Madea's messes as he represents her in the many criminal trials Madea lands herself in. He is married to Debra and has two children, Tiffany and BJ (Brian Jr.). Joe's daughter, Donna, is married to Isaac. She appeared in Madea's Family Reunion.
In Witness Protection, Joe discovers that he has a biracial son named George Needleman with his long-lost flame Barbara. Barbara confirms this by comparing George's age to how many years ago Joe had the affair with her. However, George never finds out about this despite several hints from Joe. Therefore, George is Madea's distant nephew.

Madea's sister
In Family Reunion, it was revealed that Madea has an older sister named Irene Andrews, who has a son named Sonny and a daughter named Sheila. The film begins with everyone leaving Irene's funeral. Madea was shown as not caring much for her sister; in fact, not only does Madea claim she's happy Irene's died, but she has also said Irene probably died on purpose to get out of repaying Madea a 20$ loan. In Madea Goes to Jail, Madea helps out Sonny by letting him stay at her home rent-free.

Madea's parenting, husbands, and children

In Madea Goes to Jail, it was revealed that Madea supported her children by stripping, pole dancing, and professional wrestling, among other things.

Madea has buried nine husbands, among them Jimmy and Johnny. Madea claims to have shot some of them and poisoned others of them with her sweet potato pie. After each husband died, they were buried quickly and Madea collected their life insurance checks. Each time it's happened, Madea has stated "I'm tryin' to get to the insurance company by five, and the casino by nine!"

First husband: Johnny Simmons
Madea's first husband, the father of Michelle and William, was Johnny Simmons (deceased). Madea implies that she was glad when he died and that their marriage wasn't good. Johnny's niece Vickie appears in Family Reunion; she is the mother of four sons.

Daughter with first husband: Michelle Griffin
Madea's daughter, Michelle Griffin, was born when Madea and her first husband, Johnny, were teenagers. Michelle grew up to be a prostitute and neglectful mother of two daughters of her own, Maylee and Vianne, who appear in the play I Can Do Bad All By Myself. Michelle's children might have different fathers.
Michelle's husband was a drunk who didn't spend enough time with either of his children. Madea explains that Michelle did not know the father of Maylee and called her "Maybe" because she was sleeping with four or five men when she got pregnant. Madea changed it to "Maylee" when she took her and Vianne out of the projects to raise them. Maylee has a 14-year-old daughter Keisha, who is also seen as pregnant.

Daughter: Cora Simmons
Madea's daughter Cora Simmons is her most recognized and only child to appear in most of the plays and movies. Cora is 50 in Diary of a Mad Black Woman. She was born in 1953 when Madea was 18. Cora is a devout Christian and is often in the company of her father Leroy Brown.

Tina and Lisa only appear in Family Reunion, but are the only granddaughters to be mentioned all the time.

Cora thought that Johnny was her father until Class Reunion, in which Madea reminded Cora that she [Cora] was the product of a one-night stand with Leroy Brown during their prom in 1953. This suggests that Madea is 62 years old in her first appearance, as well as in Madea's Class Reunion when her parents attend their 50th class reunion. Once Cora learned the truth, she became closer to Mr. Brown, visiting his family (in Meet the Browns) and taking him to the hospital in What's Done in the Dark. Their father/daughter plotline is shown on movies in Meet the Browns, the TV series Tyler Perry's House of Payne, and its spin-off series Meet the Browns. In the movie Tyler Perry's Madea's Big Happy Family, Cora enlists the help of Maury Povich to find out if Leroy Brown is in fact her father, after a blood test proves he is not. DNA tests reveal that Leroy Brown is not the father of Cora.

In Madea's Big Happy Family there is no apparent relation between Leroy Brown and Cora other than friends.

Son: William Simmons
William is Madea's youngest and only son. Depending on the chronological order of the plays, William could be older than Cora. William is married to Myrtle. As far as the plays, Myrtle only appears in the Diary of a Mad Black Woman. She is, however, mentioned in the I Can Do Bad All by Myself play. In the plays, Myrtle is in her fifties. In the film timeline, Myrtle is in her 70s, and is placed in a retirement home. This shows a natural propensity to disregard timelines humorously, because Madea herself is only in her mid-seventies.

William and Myrtle have three children: Helen, Jackie, and Gina, all of whom have either appeared or been mentioned in one of the plays (though only Helen is mentioned in the movie). William's oldest daughter, Helen, is in her mid to late 30s during Diary of a Mad Black Woman, which makes William in his fifties.

Media & entertainment featuring Madea

Madea has appeared in several plays (some of which have been recorded for repeated viewing), fully produced films, a couple television programs (guest appearances), one book and one animated film. The character made her first appearance in the 1999 play I Can Do Bad All By Myself, later appearing in numerous other plays by Perry, then appearing in films based on those plays.

Plays (including recorded plays)

Films

Animated film

Television programs

House of Payne (guest appearances)

In her first guest appearance on the TBS comedy-drama House of Payne, Madea was the foster mother of Nikki. Madea factored into the plot through a school altercation between her adopted daughter and Curtis Payne's (the series' protagonist) great-nephew Malik. Curtis takes a particular disliking to Madea, who is not in the least bit intimidated by Curtis at all. Rather conversely, Curtis became intimidated by Madea and had nightmares about her.[16]

On another House of Payne episode a year later, Curtis tries to discourage everyone from having the Christmas spirit. He later fell asleep and dreamt that Madea was the ghost of Christmas past, present, and future. In this form, she tried to teach him a lesson about his killjoy behavior.[17]

On another House of Payne episode approximately a year later, Curtis' wife Ella chastises him for taking her for granted. That night, Curtis has an extended nightmare where he is married to Madea instead of Ella.[18]

Meet the Browns (mentioned)

On another TBS series Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns Madea is said to be the mother of Cora Simmons as a result of a one-night stand with the show's lead character, Leroy Brown. Madea is made fun of many times by Mr. Brown and mentioned many times by daughter Cora. She is an unseen character throughout the series.[19]

Love Thy Neighbor (guest appearance)

On January 21, 2015, Madea made a special guest appearance in the Oprah Winfrey Network comedy series, Love Thy Neighbor. The episode titled "Madea's Pressure Is Up" aired as part of the 3rd season of Love Thy Neighbor.

Book

Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Perry wrote the book in the character's persona. The book was published on April 11, 2006.

Reception

Acclaim

Entertainment Weekly put the character on its end-of-the-decade, "best-of" list, saying, "Whether she's going to jail or just opening up a can of whupass, Tyler Perry's Madea is the profane, gun-toting granny you never had but (maybe) wish you did."[20]

Parody and satire

Orlando Jones's April Fools prank

On April 1, 2013, Orlando Jones effected an April Fools' Day prank, informing the public via his Huffington Post account that he would be replacing Perry as Madea. Jones led the public to believe that the decision had come amid Perry's prior obligations, assisting Oprah Winfrey with her struggling OWN network. As part of the prank, Jones released a photo of himself to the public in which he was impersonating Madea. In addition, he incorporated several pretend quotes seemingly issued by Perry, both acknowledging the news and giving Jones his blessing to continue on with the character. Unaware of the prank, however, many fans responded with great outrage and criticism. As result of increasing outcries from fans, Perry informed the public on April 15, 2013, that the news was untrue. Perry was quoted as stating, "That was an April Fool’s joke that HE did. Not true. And not funny. When I’m done with Madea, she is done."[24]

Criticism

Perry has been accused of minstrelsy and playing into black stereotypes with the Madea character, most notably by fellow black director Spike Lee. Perry's argument with Lee dates back to a 2009 interview in which Lee referred to Perry's films as "coonery buffoonery".[25] Lee equated the Madea movies with the old-time minstrel shows which lampooned black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious and happy-go-lucky,[26][27] and further stated that if a white director made a movie depicting black people in such a manner he would be ostracized.[25]

Perry responded by stating that his films were meant as entertainment and should not be taken so seriously. Stated Perry, "I am sick of him talking about me. I am sick of him saying, 'This is a coon, this is a buffoon.' I am sick of him talking about black people going to see movies. This is what he said: 'You vote by what you see'—as if black people don't know what they want to see. I am sick of him. He talked about Whoopi, he talked about Oprah, he talked about me, he talked about Clint Eastwood. Spike needs to shut the hell up!"[28]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Moore, Tasha (2012-06-25). "Tyler Perry and the Business of 'Madea'". ScreenPicks. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  2. 1 2 Another Fine Mess: A History of American Film Comedy - Saul Austerlitz - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  3. ↑ Pulsford, Brendan. "Tyler Perry’s "Madea" Toys With Stereotypes - Arts". The Wesleyan Argus. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  4. ↑ "Madea Goes to Jail". Moviemistakes.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  5. ↑ "10-movies". 10-movies. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  6. ↑ Jet - Google Books. Books.google.com. 2006-02-27. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  7. ↑ Atlanta Magazine - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  8. ↑ Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited ... - Tyler Perry - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
  9. ↑ "Hip Hop, News, Entertainment, Social and Business Network". The Flow Online. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  10. ↑ "Tyler Perry Transforms: From Madea To Family Man". NPR. 2012-10-15. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
  11. ↑ "Tyler Perry Talks Animated 'Madea' Feature, A 3rd OWN Series + Helping Other Directors & More | Shadow and Act". Blogs.indiewire.com. Retrieved 2013-05-18.
  12. ↑ RED Interactive Agency. "Madea's Tough Love". TylerPerry.com.
  13. ↑ Fierce Angels: The Strong Black Woman in American Life and Culture - Sheri Parks - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  14. ↑ Don't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings: Madea's Uninhibited ... - Tyler Perry - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  15. ↑ "Madea saves all again in ‘Madea Gets a Job’ | HamptonRoads.com | PilotOnline.com". HamptonRoads.com. 2013-02-15. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
  16. ↑ "Tyler Perry's House of Payne, Vol. 1: Episodes 1-20 [3 Discs] - DVD". Bestbuy.com. 2007-12-04. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  17. ↑ "Preview: Tyler Perry's Madea visits House of Payne - Today's News: Our Take". TVGuide.com. 2007-12-05. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  18. ↑ TV.com (2008-05-08). "Tyler Perry's House Of Payne - Season 4, Episode 1: Wife Swap". TV.com. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  19. ↑ "Meet the Browns TV show | canceled + renewed TV shows". TV Series Finale. 2011-11-18. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  20. ↑ Geier, Thom; Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; Nashawaty, Chris; Pastorek, Whitney; Rice, Lynette; Rottenberg, Josh; Schwartz, Missy; Slezak, Michael; Snierson, Dan; Stack, Tim; Stroup, Kate; Tucker, Ken; Vary, Adam B.; Vozick-Levinson, Simon; Ward, Kate (December 11, 2009), "THE 100 Greatest MOVIES, TV SHOWS, ALBUMS, BOOKS, CHARACTERS, SCENES, EPISODES, SONGS, DRESSES, MUSIC VIDEOS, AND TRENDS THAT ENTERTAINED US OVER THE PAST 10 YEARS". Entertainment Weekly. (1079/1080):74-84
  21. ↑ McGlynn, Katla (2012-12-09). "Tyler Perry's Madea Meets 'Alex Cross' On Jamie Foxx 'SNL' Episode (VIDEO)". Huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2013-01-08.
  22. ↑ McFarland, Kevin (2013-04-29). ""The Full Cognitive Redaction Of Avery Bullock By The Coward Stan Smith" | American Dad | TV Club | TV". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  23. ↑ Braxton, Greg (2010-06-21). "Aaron McGruder's Boondocks' lampoons Tyler Perry". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-06-22.
  24. ↑ Scott, Tracy. "Tyler Perry calls Orlando Jones’ news ‘not true and not funny’". S2SMagazine.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16.
  25. 1 2 "Spike Lee on Black Enterprise". YouTube. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
  26. ↑ The Coon Character, Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, Ferris State University. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  27. ↑ John Kenrick, A History of the Musical: Minstrel Shows, musicals101.com. 1996, revised 2003. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
  28. ↑ Yamato, Jen (2011-04-20). "Madea’s Tyler Perry Blasts Spike Lee: ‘Spike Can Go Straight to Hell!’". Movieline. Retrieved 2012-12-29.

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