Malcolm Rifkind

The Right Honourable
Sir Malcolm Rifkind
KCMG QC
Chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee
In office
6 July 2010 – 24 February 2015
Prime Minister David Cameron
Preceded by Kim Howells
Succeeded by Dominic Grieve
Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
In office
6 May 2005 – 6 December 2005
Leader Michael Howard
Preceded by David Willetts
Succeeded by Philip Hammond
Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
In office
5 July 1995 – 2 May 1997
Prime Minister John Major
Preceded by Douglas Hurd
Succeeded by Robin Cook
Secretary of State for Defence
In office
10 April 1992 – 5 July 1995
Prime Minister John Major
Preceded by Tom King
Succeeded by Michael Portillo
Secretary of State for Transport
In office
28 November 1990 – 10 April 1992
Prime Minister John Major
Preceded by Cecil Parkinson
Succeeded by John MacGregor
Secretary of State for Scotland
In office
11 January 1986 – 28 November 1990
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by George Younger
Succeeded by Ian Lang
Minister of State for Europe
In office
9 June 1983 – 11 January 1986
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by Douglas Hurd
Succeeded by Lynda Chalker
Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
In office
6 April 1982 – 9 June 1983
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher
Preceded by Lord Trefgarne
Succeeded by Ray Whitney
Member of Parliament
for Kensington
Kensington and Chelsea (2005–2010)
In office
5 May 2005 – 30 March 2015
Preceded by Michael Portillo
Succeeded by Victoria Borwick
Member of Parliament
for Edinburgh Pentlands
In office
28 February 1974 – 2 May 1997
Preceded by Norman Wylie
Succeeded by Lynda Clark
Personal details
Born Malcolm Leslie Rifkind
(1946-06-21) 21 June 1946
Edinburgh, Scotland
Political party Conservative
Spouse(s) Edith
Children Caroline
Hugo
Alma mater University of Edinburgh
Religion Judaism
Website Official website

Sir Malcolm Leslie Rifkind KCMG PC QC (born 21 June 1946) is a British politician who served in various roles as a cabinet minister under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major, including Secretary of State for Scotland (1986–1990), Defence Secretary (1992–1995) and Foreign Secretary (1995–1997).

Rifkind was the MP for Edinburgh Pentlands from 1974 to 1997. In 1997, his party lost power and he lost his seat to the Labour Party. He attempted – unsuccessfully – to be re-elected in Pentlands in 2001; the constituency was abolished before the 2005 general election and he was adopted, and subsequently elected, as the Conservative candidate for Kensington and Chelsea. He announced his intention to seek the leadership of the party before the 2005 Conservative Party leadership election, but withdrew before balloting commenced. He became Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons during the 2005–2010 parliament.

Rifkind stood for the Kensington seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a majority of 8,616 votes. He was appointed chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010.[1] In January 2015 he was appointed by the OSCE as a member of their Eminent Persons Panel on European Security. In December 2015 Rifkind was appointed a Visiting Professor by King's College, London in their Department of War Studies. He was also invited to become a Senior Associate Fellow at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI).

Early life

Rifkind was born in Edinburgh to a Jewish family that emigrated to Britain in the 1890s from Lithuania;[2] among his cousins are Leon and Samuel Brittan. He was educated at George Watson's College and the University of Edinburgh where he studied law before taking a postgraduate degree in political science (his thesis was on land apportionment in Southern Rhodesia). While at university he took part in an overland expedition to the Middle East and India. He also appeared on University Challenge.

He worked as an Assistant Lecturer at the University College of Rhodesia in Salisbury (now Harare) from 1967 to 1968. He was called to the Scottish Bar in 1970 and practised full-time as an Advocate until 1974. He was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1985 and a member of the Privy Council in 1986. From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of Edinburgh City Council.

Member of Parliament

Rifkind first stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully, in 1970 in the Edinburgh Central constituency. He entered Parliament in the February 1974 general election representing Edinburgh Pentlands for the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party. During the leadership election in 1975 he supported Edward Heath in the first round but when Heath withdrew Rifkind voted for Margaret Thatcher. Thatcher, on becoming leader, appointed Rifkind an Opposition front-bench spokesman on Scottish Affairs. He subsequently resigned from that position (along with the Shadow Scottish Secretary, Alick Buchanan-Smith) in protest at the decision of the Shadow Cabinet to vote against the Government's Bill for a Scottish Assembly. Rifkind argued that as, at that time, the Conservative Party supported the principle of a Scottish Assembly it would have been preferable either to vote for the Second Reading of the Bill or to abstain, and try to improve the Bill. In the subsequent referendum on a Scottish Assembly Rifkind voted in favour but withdrew his support when the result of the referendum showed Scotland almost equally divided over the proposal.

Junior Minister

Rifkind was one of only five Ministers (Tony Newton, Kenneth Clarke, Patrick Mayhew and Lynda Chalker are the others) to serve throughout the whole 18 years of the Governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. This represents the longest uninterrupted Ministerial service in Britain since Lord Palmerston in the early 19th century.

He was appointed Minister of Home Affairs and the Environment at the Scottish Office in the 1979 Thatcher Government. In that role he was responsible for the passage of the Tenants Rights (Scotland) Act which resulted in a massive increase of home ownership in Scotland as council tenants bought their homes. He was also responsible, under the Secretary of State George Younger, for relations with local government and for the police and prisons.

In 1982, at the time of the Falklands War, he was transferred to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, being promoted to Minister of State at the Foreign Office in 1983. At the Foreign Office he served first under Francis Pym and then Sir Geoffrey Howe. Rifkind was responsible for Britain's relations with the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the European Community, and sub-Saharan Africa. He assisted Sir Geoffrey Howe in persuading Thatcher to change the Government's policy on the Soviet Union, attended the Chequers meeting which decided to invite Soviet leaders to the United Kingdom, and was present at Chequers when Thatcher had her first meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev and decided that he was a Soviet leader with whom "she could do business".

Rifkind also had strong links with the Solidarity movement in Poland. In 1984 he made a Ministerial visit to Poland. Against the wishes of General Jaruzelski, the Polish Communist President, he insisted on laying a wreath at the grave of the murdered Polish priest Father Jerzy Popiełuszko, and had a meeting with three of the leaders of the banned Solidarity movement. Jaruzelski attacked Rifkind and cancelled a meeting he was due to have with him but Rifkind's meeting with Solidarity created a precedent that was followed by the West German Foreign Minister, Hans-Dietrich Genscher and other Western ministers. This helped force the Polish Government to remove the ban on Solidarity and acknowledge the need for political reform and pluralism. Rifkind was, subsequently, decorated by the non-communist democratic Polish Government for his support. Rifkind, as Minister responsible for the European Community, was appointed by the Prime Minister as her personal representative on the Dooge Committee of the European Community. The Report of the Committee helped prepare the way for the development of the Single European Market.

Secretary of State for Scotland

In 1986 he was promoted into the cabinet as Secretary of State for Scotland. He gained a reputation as being a moderate voice on social and economic issues, and sometimes had disputes with Margaret Thatcher. As Secretary of State he initiated major reforms in Scotland. These included the privatisation of the Scottish electricity industry and the Scottish Transport Group. He created Scottish Homes as the Government's housing agency; and Scottish Natural Heritage which combined both the Countryside Commission for Scotland and the Nature Conservancy Council. He also transformed the Scottish Development Agency into Scottish Enterprise with much greater private sector involvement. When Rifkind became Secretary of State his first task was to defuse a teachers dispute which was crippling Scottish education. He also sought to help the Ravenscraig steel mill which was threatened with closure. Rifkind opposed closure by the Government arguing that the whole steel industry should be privatised and that the future of individual plants would be determined by the companies that owned them in the private sector.

One of Rifkind's most difficult challenges was the demand from the public for the abolition of the domestic rates system. He supported the introduction of the Community Charge, or poll tax, which the Cabinet had approved shortly before his appointment. He also agreed with the decision proposed by his predecessor, George Younger, that the new tax should be introduced a year earlier in Scotland than in England because of the political necessity to end the domestic rates. Rifkind subsequently accepted that the poll tax had been a major mistake by the Government. Throughout his term as Scottish Secretary, Rifkind, like Younger before him, and Ian Lang and Michael Forsyth in later years, was constrained by the political weakness of the Conservative Party in Scotland unlike in England. This problem was the underlying reason for his differences with Margaret Thatcher which increased, significantly, towards the end of her Prime Ministership. When Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Leadership of the Conservative Party, Rifkind voted for her. During the tense period that followed the first round of voting Rifkind was one of those who advised Thatcher that it would be best for her to stand down and did not promise to support her if she stood for election. Thatcher considered his action treachery. In the subsequent Leadership election he supported Douglas Hurd.

Secretary of State for Transport

In 1990 he was moved by John Major to be Secretary of State for Transport. One of his first responsibilities was to go into the Channel Tunnel, which was being constructed, and witness the first physical contact between those tunnelling from the French and British ends of the tunnel. One of his main priorities as Transport Secretary was to take forward the policy proposals for the privatisation of the railways. Rifkind supported privatisation but concluded that it would be a mistake to separate ownership of the infrastructure from the operating companies as track costs were a large percentage of their unavoidable costs. This view brought him into conflict with the Treasury and meant that Conservative proposals for privatisation were not ready by the time of the 1992 general election. The Prime Minister favoured the Treasury argument that competition between railway companies would be discouraged if one company owned the track. Rifkind maintained that the competition to rail would come from air and road and not from other rail companies. After Rifkind left the Ministry of Transport in 1992 the Treasury view prevailed and this led to the creation of Railtrack.

Secretary of State for Defence

Rifkind in 1993

Rifkind was appointed Secretary of State for Defence after the 1992 general election. Although he had no military background he was a firm believer in strong defence and armed forces with a global capability. One of his early decisions was to reverse the proposed disbandment of the Cheshire and Staffordshire Regiment and the Royal Scots and Kings Own Scottish Borderers. In 1994 he was faced with Treasury demands for major cuts in the Defence budget. In order to protect the fighting capability of the armed forces he negotiated a settlement with the Treasury whereby he would deliver savings greater than they were demanding but that he would be allowed to keep the additional savings and use them for the purchase of new military equipment for each of the three Services. He had already won the support of the Chiefs of Staff for this approach which provided an incentive for their cooperation in making the necessary economies. The outcome was the Front Line First Report which was well-received both in Parliament and in the Armed Forces. However, some of its proposals, particularly in regard to defence medical services were, in later years, subjected to heavy criticism. With some of the additional savings that had been found Rifkind was able to secure the agreement of the United States to British purchase of cruise missiles. The United Kingdom was, at that time, the only country to which the Americans were willing to sell cruise missiles. Rifkind also reformed the Reserve Forces and initiated the policy review which led to the TA and other Reservists being able to be used in operations abroad without the need for full mobilization of the whole Territorial Army as had been needed in the past.

One of the most difficult problems that Rifkind dealt with as Defence Secretary was British involvement in the Bosnian war in former Yugoslavia. Like John Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, Rifkind was opposed to military intervention by Britain and the international community as combatants in that conflict. However, he supported the use of British troops and those from other countries to protect humanitarian food convoys that were protecting hundreds of thousands of civilians. Rifkind was a strong and vocal opponent of the American proposal for "lift and strike" which would have ended the UN Arms Embargo and subjected the Bosnian Serbs to NATO bombing from the air. Rifkind agreed with the UN and European view that such bombing would be incompatible with a UN mission on the ground and would necessitate the ending of that mission. Rifkind expressed these views publicly in Washington as well as in London. Although the United States was increasingly frustrated and concerned at this impasse it did not do lasting damage to US-British relations as evidenced by the American willingness to sell cruise missiles to the United Kingdom.

Foreign Secretary

In the final years of the Major administration Rifkind was the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. One of his first duties was to chair the London Summit on Bosnia which put much greater pressure on the Bosnian Serbs in the aftermath of the Srebrenica massacre and led, in due course, to the Dayton Accord which ended the fighting. As Foreign Secretary, on 24 September 1996, Rifkind addressed the United Nations General Assembly and called for a UN Declaration barring political asylum for terrorists, arguing that they should not be able to benefit from the provisions of the 1951 UN Convention on Refugees to secure political asylum. In the same speech he emphasised Britain's commitment to the goal of global free trade by 2020 and said all governments should liberalise their economies and lift trading restrictions.

In the Middle East Rifkind committed the British Government, for the first time, to a Palestinian State on the West Bank and in Gaza. He also, in a speech in the Gulf, called for a Middle Eastern equivalent of the OSCE to enable dialogue to take place, at the regional level between Israel and its Arab neighbours as well as between Iran and the Arab world. One of his main duties were the final negotiations with China over the transfer of Hong Kong. Rifkind had several meetings with the Chinese Foreign Minister both in Beijing and in London, as well as with the Hong Kong Governor, Chris Patten, and elected Hong Kong politicians. Rifkind also, as Foreign Secretary, called for the creation of a North Atlantic Free Trade Area that would have created a free trade relationship between the European Union and the United States and Canada.

Election defeat and return to parliament

In the 1997 general election he lost his Pentlands seat in common with all Conservatives in Scotland (and Wales), and was succeeded by Labour candidate Lynda Clark. Rifkind was one of the few MPs to try again in his old seat, rather than seeking a safer one, standing again for Edinburgh Pentlands against Clark in the 2001 general election; although he improved his showing somewhat, he was unable to overturn the sizeable 10.6% majority in an election where the Conservatives made little progress. During this time he remained politically active, as president of the Scottish Conservatives, and used his position outside Westminster to criticise the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the Blair Government's support of it. At the time, the Conservative Party was staunchly in support of the invasion.

After the 1997 general election, Rifkind received a knighthood in John Major’s resignation honours, becoming a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George (KCMG), in recognition of his work for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs.

In the 2005 general election he returned to the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for the London constituency of Kensington and Chelsea with a majority of 12,418.

Leadership contender and thereafter

On 8 June 2005, a month after the Conservative defeat in the 2005 general election, Rifkind stated that it was "quite likely" that he would stand for the leadership after Michael Howard's resignation.[3] Rifkind subsequently confirmed this on 14 August, although admitting that he had a "mountain to climb",[4] and receiving sparse support amongst Conservative MPs, with several exceptions such as Crispin Blunt.

Despite this, Rifkind went through to the 'conference stage' of the leadership process, in which each candidate was given speaking time to address the Conservative Party Conference directly. In his speech, Rifkind declared that Conservatives had to be "pragmatic, sensitive and moderate", and stress their "unique combination of principle and patriotism."[4] The speech won eight rounds of applause from the conference, with nearly a minute-long finale.[4]

The speech did not galvanise Rifkind's candidacy, however, which had always been regarded as a long shot – bookmakers had him at 50–1 and a poll found that only 4% of Conservative voters supported his candidacy.[4] Consequently, on 11 October 2005 he announced that he was withdrawing from the leadership contest and that he would be supporting Kenneth Clarke's candidacy, acknowledging that "There is no realistic prospect of me coming through".[5] In endorsing Clarke, Rifkind stated that he was "head and shoulders" above the other candidates, and had both the experience and popular appeal to take on Labour.[5]

On 7 December 2005 he left the Conservative front bench as incoming leader David Cameron formed his team. Rifkind admitted that he had not wished to remain a Shadow Cabinet minister unless in the post of Shadow Foreign Secretary, but this post had gone to William Hague. Rifkind declared his loyalty to the new party leader and remains one of the Conservative Party's most experienced senior figures.

Rifkind speaking to Policy Exchange in 2012

In December 2008 he became a leading spokesman of the Global Zero movement, which includes over 300 eminent leaders and over 400,000 citizens from around the world working toward the elimination of all nuclear weapons by multilateral negotiation. In July 2010 he was appointed by the Secretary General of the Commonwealth as a member of the Eminent Persons Group, chaired by a former Prime Minister of Malaysia, which has been requested to report to the next Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting on recommendations for the future revitalisation of the Commonwealth.

He was Chairman of the Standards and Privileges Committee of the House of Commons until the dissolution of the House of Commons on 12 April 2010.[6] When the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was realigned to create the new seats of Chelsea and Fulham and Kensington, Rifkind stood for the latter seat and was elected at the 2010 general election with a 50.1% share of total votes cast,[7] with a majority of 8,616 votes.[8]

Rifkind was appointed chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee by the Prime Minister, David Cameron, on 6 July 2010, a post he held until 24 February 2015.[1]

Rifkind has supported the NATO military intervention in Libya and supplying arms to the Libyan rebels.[9]

Rifkind with American businessman Richard Burt, 2012

On 28 August 2013 Rifkind appeared to modify his anti-war principles by advocating British military intervention in the Syrian civil war, subject to certain important caveats. He stated that the best response to proof of the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons against its own people would be United Nations Security Council approval of proportionate and limited military action, but that securing unanimity in the Council would be unlikely, given the near-certainty of a Russian veto. He believed that, in such a case, if there were to be a broad international consensus for such military action, including among the nations of the Arab League, that the international community should not be 'paralysed' by a failure to act, and that the action should be used to target Syrian Government military sites. He believed its purpose should be to deter the Syrian Government from using such weapons again, and to indicate that wider action would be undertaken were it to do so.[10] Writing in The Guardian, he accused the government of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad of being willing to "do anything that they think they can get away with to stay in power" but then claimed that for Britain, in the event of broad international consensus for military action against the Syrian Government's use of chemical weapons, there was "no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate."[10]

On 18 March 2014, during an interview with CBC Radio News, Rifkind spoke out against the Russian annexation of Crimea from Ukraine, stating that this risked destabilising the entire area and European politics in general. In his opinion Ukrainian forces had demonstrated "remarkable restraint" against Russian "humiliation", and had turned their military disadvantage into a substantial "moral advantage". While declaring "robust economic sanctions" to be the best response to Crimean situation, and describing a number of possible options, he nevertheless referred to the Western implementation as "pathetic", claiming that current measures affected a mere 23 individuals, and inferred this to be the reason why Russia seemed unfazed by sanction threats. Because of his criticism of Russian action in Crimea and eastern Ukraine Rifkind was included in a list of senior European politicians and former Ministers banned from visiting Russia. Rifkind responded by saying that if there had to be such a list he was proud to be on it.

On 26 January 2016 Rifkind appeared on British television to comment on the death of his former colleague, Lord Parkinson. He compared Parkinson's affair with his secretary, Sara Keays, which led to Parkinson's resignation, with the affair of Robin Cook, former Labour Foreign Secretary, with an aide. This ignored the facts that Cook's affair did not result in a child which he subsequently refused to meet, and that Cook did not promise marriage to his mistress and then renege on that promise.

Conflict of interest controversy

In early 2015 Rifkind had discussions with what he thought were representatives of a Chinese company that wanted to set up an advisory council. They turned out to be journalists for The Daily Telegraph and Channel 4 News who recorded the conversations.[11] As a result, the party whip was suspended while the matter was investigated.[12]

On 24 February 2015 Rifkind stepped down from his position as Chairman of the Intelligence and Security Committee while remaining on the Committee.[13] Shortly afterwards he announced that he would not stand as a candidate for his constituency of Kensington at the 2015 General Election.[14]The former foreign secretary said it was "quite obvious" that allegations made following an undercover sting had "become an issue". Rifkind said he had stepped aside as chair of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) because he did not want the work of the committee to be "distracted". Speaking to reporters after a meeting of the ISC, he said: "I don't think I did anything wrong. I may have made errors of judgment, but that's a different matter."[15]In September 2015 the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Standards Committee of Parliament concluded after a seven-month investigation that there had been no impropriety by Rifkind. They severely criticised Channel 4 Dispatches and the Daily Telegraph for "distortion" and for "misleading the public".[16]

Personal life

He is married to Edith and they are the parents of Caroline Rifkind and the Times columnist Hugo Rifkind. He is also related to his late Conservative government colleague Leon Brittan and is a second cousin once removed of producer and DJ Mark Ronson.

Business interests

2016

Titles and styles

Other positions and memberships

Current

Previous

References

  1. 1 2 "David Cameron announces torture inquiry". Daily Telegraph (Telegraph Media Group). 6 July 2010.
  2. ↑ "Leading Jews play down Rifkind row" Routledge, Paul. Independent. www.independent.co.uk Published February 22, 1997. Accessed February 23, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Rifkind in Frame for Leadership". BBC News. 7 June 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Rifkind stakes leadership claim". BBC News. 3 October 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  5. 1 2 "Rifkind departs Tory leader race". BBC News. 11 October 2005. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  6. ↑ Hook, Maia; Gay, Oonagh (8 April 2010). "Dissolution of Parliament" (PDF). Library of the House of Commons. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2013.
  7. ↑ "UKPollingReport Election Guide 2010 » Kensington". Ukpollingreport.co.uk. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  8. ↑ "Election 2010: Kensington". BBC News. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  9. ↑ "Sir Malcolm Rifkind: Why we should arm the Libyan rebels" The Times. 14 March 2011
  10. 1 2 Rifkind, Malcolm (28 August 2013). "The Syrian regime cannot use chemical weapons without being punished". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 August 2013. If, as seems certain, the Syrian regime has used chemical weapons there is no choice but to take military action with or without a UN mandate.
  11. ↑ "BBC News – Jack Straw and Sir Malcolm Rifkind deny wrongdoing". BBC Online. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  12. ↑ "Conservatives suspend Sir Malcolm Rifkind over cash-for-access claims". The Guardian. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
  13. ↑ "Malcolm Rifkind steps down as chair of ISC". Guido Fawkes. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  14. ↑ "BBC News – Sir Malcolm Rifkind steps down as security committee chairman and as an MP". BBC Online. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  15. ↑ "Video: Sir Malcolm Rifkind: I may have made errors of judgment – Telegraph". Telegraph.co.uk. 24 February 2015.
  16. ↑ "House of Commons Committee on Standards - Sir Malcolm Rifkind and Mr Jack Straw - First Report of Session 2015-16" (PDF). 2015-09-16. Retrieved 2016-02-12. By selection and omission the coverage distorted the truth and misled the public as to what had actually taken place. The Commissioner rightly draws attention to the continuing debate around MPs' external interests, and notes some of the complexities involved. This is a legitimate subject for media scrutiny but it places a responsibility on the media to ensure fair and accurate reporting.
  17. ↑ Borger, Julian (8 September 2009). "Nuclear-free world ultimate aim of new cross-party pressure group". The Guardian (London).

Publications

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malcolm Rifkind.
News articles
Parliamentary Select Committee Papers
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by
Norman Wylie		 Member of Parliament
for Edinburgh Pentlands
1974–1997 		Succeeded by
Lynda Clark
Preceded by
Michael Portillo		 Member of Parliament
for Kensington and Chelsea
2005–2010 		Constituency abolished
New constituency Member of Parliament
for Kensington
2010–2015 		Succeeded by
Victoria Borwick
Political offices
Preceded by
Douglas Hurd		 Minister of State for Europe
1983–1986 		Succeeded by
Lynda Chalker
Preceded by
George Younger		 Secretary of State for Scotland
1986–1990 		Succeeded by
Ian Lang
Preceded by
Cecil Parkinson		 Secretary of State for Transport
1990–1992 		Succeeded by
John MacGregor
Preceded by
Tom King		 Secretary of State for Defence
1992–1995 		Succeeded by
Michael Portillo
Preceded by
Douglas Hurd		 Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
1995–1997 		Succeeded by
Robin Cook
Preceded by
David Willetts		 Shadow Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
2005 		Succeeded by
Philip Hammond
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