Conservative Party (UK) leadership election, 1990

Conservative Party (UK) leadership election

20 November 1990 – 27 November 1990

Candidate John Major Michael Heseltine Party Conservative Conservative Third ballot unopposed did not enter Second ballot 185, 49.7% 131, 35.2% First ballot did not enter 152, 40.9%   Candidate Douglas Hurd Margaret Thatcher Party Conservative Conservative Third ballot did not enter did not enter Second ballot 56, 15.1% did not enter First ballot did not enter 204, 54.8%

Leader before election Margaret Thatcher Elected Leader John Major

The 1990 Conservative Party leadership election in the United Kingdom took place on 20 November 1990 following the decision of former Defence and Environment Secretary Michael Heseltine to challenge Margaret Thatcher, the incumbent Prime Minister, for leadership of the Conservative Party.

Thatcher failed to win outright under the terms of the election in the first ballot, and was persuaded to withdraw from the second round of voting. She announced her resignation on the morning of 22 November 1990, ending more than 15 years as Conservative leader and 11 years as prime minister.

Background to the contest

Discontent with Thatcher's leadership of the party had been growing over the latter years of her tenure. In December 1989, she had been challenged for the leadership for the first time since her election in 1975, by the little known 69-year-old backbencher MP Sir Anthony Meyer. Thatcher faced no serious threat of losing to this stalking horse challenger, but her political credibility was undermined by the fact that 60 members of the parliamentary Conservative party had not supported her, 33 voting for Meyer, 24 spoiling their ballot papers, and three not voting at all.

Throughout 1990, the popularity both of Thatcher and of the Conservative government waned considerably. Whereas in 1987 Thatcher had presided over an economic boom, in 1989 and 1990 interest rates had to be raised to 15% to cool inflation, which was now pushing 10%, and by late 1990 the economy was in the first stages of recession. The introduction of the deeply unpopular Community Charge (which opponents labelled the "Poll Tax") had been greeted with widespread non-payment and even a riot in Trafalgar Square in March 1990. Labour had held a lead in most of the opinion polls since mid-1989, and at the height of the Poll tax controversy, at least one opinion poll had shown Labour support above 50%, a lead of more than 20 points over the Tories, although the Conservative parliamentary majority still stood at nearly 100 seats.

There were differences within the Cabinet over Thatcher's perceived intransigence in her approach to the European Economic Community. In particular, many leading Conservatives wanted Britain to join the Exchange Rate Mechanism, a move which Thatcher did not favour. In 1989, the then Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe and Chancellor Nigel Lawson forced Thatcher to agree to the "Madrid Conditions", namely that Britain would eventually join the ERM "when the time was right". In July 1989, she retaliated by removing Howe from the Foreign Office, while making him Deputy Prime Minister. Lawson—who had clashed with Thatcher over "shadowing the Deutschmark" early in 1988—then resigned as Chancellor in October 1989, unable to accept Thatcher taking independent advice from the economist Alan Walters. The beneficiary of these moves was the hitherto-unknown Chief Secretary to the Treasury, John Major, who briefly succeeded Howe as Foreign Secretary before succeeding Lawson as Chancellor, putting him in pole position to succeed Thatcher. In June 1990, Major suggested that the proposed Single European Currency should be a "hard ecu", competing for use against existing national currencies; this idea was not in the end adopted. In October, Major and the Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, finally obtained agreement from a reluctant Thatcher that Britain should join the ERM.

In her Party Conference Speech early in October, Thatcher mocked the Liberal Democrats' new "bird" logo in language lifted from the famous Monty Python "Dead Parrot sketch". Only days later, the Liberal Democrats took a seat from the Conservatives at the Eastbourne by-election.^[1] On 31 October, Thatcher spoke out firmly in the House of Commons against the vision of European integration, including a Single Currency, espoused by the European Commission under Jacques Delors, characterising it as the path to a federal Europe, and famously declared that her response to such a vision would be "No. No. No". This led to the resignation of Deputy Prime Minister, Sir Geoffrey Howe, on 1 November. However, Howe did not make his resignation speech immediately, because he had temporarily lost his voice. At the Lord Mayor's Banquet on 12 November, Thatcher dismissed the resignation by employing a cricketing metaphor:

I am still at the crease, though the bowling has been pretty hostile of late. And in case anyone doubted it, can I assure you there will be no ducking the bouncers, no stonewalling, no playing for time. The bowling's going to get hit all round the ground. That is my style.

The next day, Howe made his resignation speech^[2] from the backbenches, addressing his dismay at Thatcher's approach and famously responding to her recent cricketing metaphor by employing one of his own. Explaining how, in his opinion, her approach made it hard for British ministers to negotiate for Britain's interests in Europe, he declared:

It is rather like sending your opening batsmen to the crease only for them to find, the moment the first balls are bowled, that their bats have been broken before the game by the team captain.

Howe's dramatic speech reinforced the change in general perception of Thatcher from the "Iron Lady" to a divisive and confrontational figure. Within a week, another critic, the pro-European former Cabinet minister Michael Heseltine, had announced that he would challenge her for the leadership of the party.

Contest rules

The rules for Conservative leadership contests had been introduced for the first such election, in 1965, and modified in 1975, the occasion of Thatcher's own victory over the incumbent leader Edward Heath. In accordance with the rules, there would be a series of ballots, conducted by the 1922 Committee, with that committee's chairman, Cranley Onslow, serving as Returning Officer.

To win the contest in the first round, as Thatcher had done one year before, a candidate needed to do better than winning the support of an absolute majority of Conservative members of the House of Commons; he or she needed also to have a margin of victory over the runner-up of 15 per cent of the total electorate. This latter rule had been changed in the 1975 review, having previously required a majority equal to 15 per cent of those voting.

If neither candidate achieved a sufficiently large majority, then a second ballot would take place one week later. Nominations would be re-opened, when new candidates could come forward, and at this stage an absolute majority only would be required. Failing that, then the top three candidates from the second round would go forward to a third and final round which would elect a party leader using the alternative vote system.

Because of this process, the first round was widely regarded as the real test of confidence in Thatcher. Many speculated that, if she did not achieve outright victory, she would either be forced to step down (opening up the field to her supporters who had previously been prevented from standing by their personal loyalty) or else might suffer further challenges from heavyweight figures in the party. Heseltine's name was put forward in the first round. Although he was seen as a serious contender for the leadership in his own right, many saw him fulfilling, like Meyer in 1989, the role of a "stalking horse". He might succeed in defeating Thatcher only to pave the way for victory by a completely new candidate in a later round.

First ballot

The first ballot in the election took place on Tuesday 20 November 1990. Thatcher herself was at the Fontainebleau summit on the night of the contest and therefore voted by proxy, perhaps anticipating a better result than she actually achieved.

First ballot: 20 November 1990
Candidate		Votes[3]	%
	Margaret Thatcher	204	54.8
	Michael Heseltine	152	40.9
	Abstentions	16	4.3
Majority		52	14.0
Turnout		372	100
	Second ballot required

Although receiving the support of a clear majority of MPs, Thatcher narrowly failed to achieve a lead over Heseltine that comprised at least 15% of the number of all Conservative MPs, abstentions and spoilt ballots included. In this case, Thatcher needed a margin of 56 votes to win outright; she came up four votes short. The contest therefore had to move into a second ballot. Thatcher gave a short statement in Paris following the announcement of the result, declaring that she intended to contest the second ballot, and on her return to London declared "I fight on; I fight to win."

Hurd and Major pledged their support, as did Cecil Parkinson, Kenneth Baker and ex-Cabinet minister Nicholas Ridley. Norman Tebbit, another ex-Cabinet minister, was part of her campaign team, along with John Wakeham. Thatcher's campaign manager, Peter Morrison, advised her to consult Cabinet members one by one. Cabinet ministers had decided before consulting Thatcher the line they would each take: though they personally would support her in the second ballot, they thought that she would lose. Peter Lilley, William Waldegrave, John Gummer and Chris Patten stuck to this line. Kenneth Clarke, the Secretary of State for Education, famously became the first of her ministers to advise her that she could not win but that he could support her as Prime Minister for another five or ten years. Malcolm Rifkind said she would not win and was unsure whether he could support her in the second ballot. Peter Brooke said he would support Thatcher whatever she chose to do and that she could win "with all guns blazing". Michael Howard doubted whether she could win but said he would campaign full-heartedly for her.^[4]

Thatcher therefore decided to withdraw her candidacy on the morning of 22 November 1990. As a result of this, two further candidates allowed themselves to be nominated: the Foreign Secretary Douglas Hurd and the Chancellor of the Exchequer John Major.

Second ballot

The second round of voting took place on Tuesday 27 November 1990.

Second ballot: 27 November 1990
Candidate		Votes	%
	John Major	185	49.7
	Michael Heseltine	131	35.2
	Douglas Hurd	56	15.1
Majority		54	14.5
Turnout		372	100
	Third ballot required

Major, seen as relatively new blood in the government, secured a commanding lead – although with fewer votes than Thatcher had obtained in the first ballot – of 185 votes to Michael Heseltine's 131 votes and Douglas Hurd's 56. Even so, he came up two votes short of a clear victory, requiring a third round to be held on 29 November 1990. However, within minutes of the result, Heseltine and Hurd withdrew from the contest in Major's favour. It was therefore announced by the Chairman of the 1922 Committee, Cranley Onslow, that no third round would be necessary, and that Major was elected unopposed.

Reaction

The Sun — a firm supporter of Thatcher and her party since her election campaign in 1979—marked her resignation with the front page headline "MRS T-EARS" on 23 November 1990, in reference to her breaking down in tears after announcing her resignation.^[5]

Labour opposition leader Neil Kinnock (whose party had been ascendant in the opinion polls since the announcement of the Poll tax more than a year earlier) described Mrs Thatcher's resignation as "very good news" and demanded an immediate general election.^[6]

Outcome

John Major was declared the leader of the party on the evening of Tuesday 27 November 1990. Following Thatcher's formal resignation, Queen Elizabeth II invited Major to form a government the next day. Douglas Hurd was re-appointed as Foreign Secretary and Michael Heseltine returned to the Cabinet as Environment Secretary, a post he had held in the early 1980s. Both Hurd and Heseltine remained key figures during the Major government, Heseltine eventually rising to become Deputy Prime Minister in 1995.

Major's premiership began well, and he was credited with restoring a consensual style of Cabinet government after the years of forceful leadership under Thatcher. The success of the First Gulf War in early 1991 contributed to strong public support. He secured some foreign policy successes in Europe, negotiating the Maastricht Treaty after securing an opt-out from the Social Chapter and the single currency, and he sprung a surprise victory in the 1992 election, securing a majority of 21 seats.

Nevertheless, the political tides soon turned. The government's reputation for economic competence was destroyed by Britain's ejection from the Exchange Rate Mechanism in September 1992, leading to inevitable protests. A notable protest came from Thatcher's former cabinet minister Norman Tebbit at the 1992 Party Conference, that the Conservatives had been wrong to ignore Thatcher's wishes to stay out (whether Britain entered the ERM at too high an exchange rate has been debated ever since). Apart from a brief period during the fuel protests in 2000, the Conservatives would not again enjoy an opinion poll lead until after the election of David Cameron as leader in 2005. The ongoing rebellion in the first half of 1993 by Conservative backbenchers against the passage of the Maastricht Treaty through the House of Commons was also deeply damaging to the government. Many of the Maastricht rebels were Thatcher supporters, and one of them, Teresa Gorman, devoted the opening chapter of her memoir of the incident to an account of the 1990 leadership contest.

The massive Conservative defeat in 1997 at the hands of Tony Blair and Labour was thus attributable, at least in part, to the perception of internal division over Europe which had first been exposed by the 1990 leadership election. The Conservatives did not win another general election until 2010, under David Cameron, and even they fell short of an overall majority and had to form a coalition with the Liberal Democrats in order to form a government. The next Conservative parliamentary majority came in 2015, when Cameron won a second successive election and this time won a 12-seat majority - the first time in 23 years that the party had won an overall majority.

References

1. Harris 2014, p314
2. Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 13 Nov 1990". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
3. On this day, 1990: Thatcher fails to win party mandate BBC News, accessed 13 July 2011
4. "Under Maintenance | Margaret Thatcher Foundation". Margaretthatcher.org. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
5. "Sun Headlines: Classics". Sunheadlines.blogspot.com. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
6. "Mrs Thatcher Resigns – BBC 1 O'Clock News". YouTube. 7 September 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2013.

Books

• Harris, Robin (2014). Not for Turning: The Complete Life of Margaret Thatcher. Corgi. ISBN 978-0552155793.

Some voting data taken from http://www.election.demon.co.uk/conleader.html