Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily

Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
Queen consort of the French
Tenure 9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848
Born (1782-04-26)26 April 1782
Caserta Palace, Naples
Died 24 March 1866(1866-03-24) (aged 83)
Claremont House, Surrey, England
Burial Royal Chapel, Dreux, France
Spouse Louis Philippe I
Issue Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Louise, Queen of the Belgians
Marie, Duchess Alexander of Württemberg
Louis, Duke of Nemours
Princess Françoise
Clémentine, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
François, Prince of Joinville
Charles, Duke of Penthièvre
Henri, Duke of Aumale
Antoine, Duke of Montpensier
Full name
Maria Amalia Teresa di Borbone
House Bourbon-Two Sicilies
Father Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Mother Maria Carolina of Austria
Religion Roman Catholic
Signature
Maria Amalia, by Louis Hersent, 1835

Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily (Maria Amalia Teresa; 26 April 1782 – 24 March 1866) was a French queen and the wife of Louis Philippe I, King of the French.

Early years

Maria Amalia was born on 26 April 1782 at the Caserta Palace just outside Naples. She was the seventh of nine children of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria.

As a young Italian princess, she was educated in the Catholic tradition, which she appears to have taken to heart. Maria Carolina, like her mother, Maria Theresa,[1] made an effort to be a part of her daughter's life, though she was cared for daily by her governess, Vicenza Rizzi.[2] As a child, Maria Amalia's mother and her aunt, Marie Antoinette, arranged for her engagement to Marie Antoinette's son, Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, the future king of France.[3] Her young fiance died in 1789.[4]

Maria Amelia faced chaos and upheaval from a young age. The death of her aunt Marie Antoinette during the French Revolution and her mother's subsequent dramatic actions emblazoned the event in her memory.[5] During the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789, the Neapolitan court was not hostile to the movement. When the French monarchy was abolished and her aunt Marie Antoinette and uncle Louis XVI were executed, Maria Amelia's parents joined the First Coalition against France in 1793. Although peace was made with France in 1796, by 1798 conflict again erupted and the royal family fled to the Kingdom of Sicily, leaving Naples on 21 December 1798 aboard the HMS Vanguard, a British Royal Navy vessel protected by two Neapolitan warships. Maria Amelia spent the years 1800 to 1802 with her mother in Austria. In 1802, she finally returned to Naples with her mother. After the invasion of Naples by Napoleon in 1806, the royal family was once more forced to flee to Sicily, where they again settled in Palermo under the protection of British troops.[6]

While in exile, Maria Amalia encountered her future husband, Louis Philippe d'Orléans, also forced from his home in France due to political complications of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon. Louis-Philippe's father, the previous Duke of Orléans, had been guillotined during the French Revolution, though he had advocated it in the early years.[7]

The two were married in 1809, three years after they met in Italy, whereupon Marie-Amelie became Duchess of Orléans. The ceremony was celebrated in Palermo 25 November 1809.[6] The marriage was considered controversial, because she was the niece of Marie Antoinette, while he was the son of a man who was considered to have played a part in the execution of her aunt.[6] Her mother was skeptical to the match for the same reason, but she had given her consent after he had convinced her that he was determined to compensate for the mistakes of his father, and after having agreed to answer all her questions regarding his father.[6]

Duchess of Orléans

During the first years of her marriage, Marie-Amelie and Louis Philippe lived under British protection in Palermo, in a palace given to them by her father, the Palazzo Orléans.[6]

Marie-Amelie went to France with her new husband in 1814, where she attempted to make a home with her growing family, but with Napoleon's brief return, she was forced to flee yet again. Prior to her husband's rise to power, Maria Amalia and her husband had to cope with a persistent money problem due to the fact that they had no income aside from that which they were given by the English crown.[8] The family was given permission to return to France again in 1817.[6]

During the Orléans’ time in France prior to Louis-Philippe's coronation, the family lived in the Palais-Royal, which had been the home of her father-in-law, Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans. Despite the monetary worries of the family, the house was returned to its original splendor at a cost to the couple of eleven million francs.[9] During their tenure as Duke and Duchess of Orléans, her spouse made Palais-Royal a center of high society in Paris when the aristocracy found the royal court, which was organized according to revived l'ancien regime-etiquette, too stiff. However, it was rather her sister-in-law Madame Adelaide who was regarded the hostess at Palais-Royal, while Maria Amalia was described as dignified but silent and withdrawn.[6] In 1825, the Duke and Duchess met with her sister and brother-in-law, the King and Queen of Sardinia in Chambéry, and in May 1830, the hosted her brother and sister-in-law, the King and Queen of the Two Sicilies, at Palais-Royal.[6]

Tenure as queen

In 1830, following what is known as the July Revolution, Louis-Philippe became king of France, with Maria Amalia as queen of the July Monarchy. Maria Amalia did not approve of Louis-Philippe's acceptance of the crown and reportedly described it as a catastrophe.[6]

When tumult followed the publication of the Ordinances in 1830 and erupted in the July revolution in Paris, the Orléans family was at the country estate Neuilly. Her sister in-law, Adélaïde, convinced Louis-Philippe that the moment was right for him to place himself as the leader of the opposition against the absolute monarchy of Charles X, and present himself as the candidate of a constitutional monarchy, in between the unpopular absolute monarchy and the republicanism.[6] In this, she defeated the view of her Maria Amalia, who was loyal to the reigning older branch. When rumors arrived that the royalists were going to arrest Louis-Philippe, he evacuated to Raincy and the children were sent to Villers-Cotterêts, but Adélaïde and Maria Amalia remained at Neuilly. When a delegation reached Neuilly and offered Louis-Philippe the crown, Maria Amalia refused the offer on behalf of herself and her spouse, reproaching Ary Scheffer and Adolphe Thiers for insulting them by having made it.[6] Adélaïde, however, accepted it with the argument that her brother would do anything to prevent the country he loved from anarchy.[6] Thiers accepted the answer of Adélaïde rather than the one from Maria Amalia with the words: "Madame, you have given the crown to your family".[6] After this, several other visits followed from people asking Louis-Philippe to accept the crown: to all, Maria Amalia answered that Louis-Philippe was an honest man and thus could not do it, while Adélaïde contradicted her by stating, that the offer should be made to Louis-Philippe by the chamber of deputies; and if he should hesitate, she would herself go to Paris and accept the crown for him.[6] Soon after, the Chamber of Deputies called Louis-Philippe to Paris to formally present him their offer. It has been estimated that he accepted the crown largely because of Adélaïde.[6]

When the news arrived that Louis-Philippe had accepted the crown, Maria Amalia reportedly cried and subbed: "What a catastrophe! They will call my husband an usurper!"[6] She refused to return to Paris with her children in an open state carriage, as this would give an impression of triumph. When she did arrive to the Palais-Royal, which was at that time wide open to the public, it was noticed that she looked as if she had been crying, which attracted attention. She and her sister-in-law visited those who had been wounded during the revolution, and supported them financially.

Maria Amalia was to say that she could see no advantages of the crown, only the destruction of a peaceful family life and an insecurity for the lives of her family.[6] However, she concluded, as God has given them the crown, they must do the best of the matter: "Since by God's will this Crown of Thorns has been placed upon our heads, we must accept it and the duties it entails".[6] At 6 August 1830, she and her sister-in-law was present at the tribune on the ceremony at the chambers when Louis-Philippe were declared King of the French. She herself was never honored with any form of official ceremony, though she was automatically given the honorary title Queen of the French.

Maria Amalia did not play an active role in politics and in fact made a concerted effort to remove herself from it.[10] In 1832, after the failed coup of Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, duchess de Berry, Marie-Caroline appealed to her from her prison at Blaye, as did one of Marie-Carolines followers, Mesnard, however Maria Amalia refused to even receive the petition of the first nor to promise anything to the second, despite being personally attached to the Duchess de Berry.[6] It was with his sister rather than with his wife that the King discussed state affairs.[6]

As Queen, Maria Amalia became foremost known for her simple personal life style and her charity.[6] For political reasons, King Louis-Philippe did not wish to have any representation or court life of the more elaborate kind but, rather wished to give the impression of his family living a life of the burgher class, and during her tenure as Queen, the royal court was relatively subdued to its outward appearance.[6] The court etiquette at the Tuileries was therefore simplified, and the royal family lived a life which was to be modeled after the ideal life of a wealthy burgher class family of the time, with few state occasions, though they did regularly host smaller gala dinners for the representatives of the people. This domestic life did suit Maria Amalia, who was already devoted to this life style.

The Queen's daily routine centered around family dinners, religious duties and charitable work: she kept a strict guard over her daughters and later her daughters-in-law, sewing with them in the drawing room when she was not occupied with her charitable work.[6] After having heard mass and received private audiences, she worked with her secretaries receiving, personally reading and attending to petitions from the poor.[6] Reportedly, Maria Amalia received a personal allowance of 500.000 franc, and spent 400.000 franc of that sum on charity.[6] In one instance, she responded to a request from French missionary sister Saint Mother Theodore Guerin of the Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods by saying, "Ah, yes, sisters, let us save souls!" She gave Guerin and her fellow Sister of Providence Mary Cecilia Bailly funds for their schools in the United States, as well as covered their travel expenses.[11] Reportedly, however, she did give contributions to the needing regardless of their political or religious convictions.[6]

She was regarded to have performed her representational duties with dignity. In 1843, she hosted Queen Victoria of Great Britain at the Chateau d'Eu in Normandy.[6] She did not, however, follow Louis-Philippe on his visit to England in 1844.[6]

While Maria Amalia had accepted the crown unwillingly, she regarded it her duty to keep it after it had once been given to her by God.[6] During the Revolution of 1848, Maria Amalia made an attempt to Louis-Philippe to take control of the troops, rally the National Guard, subdue the riots on the streets and defend his crown with his life.[6] She Reportedly, he did not answer her, but only asked her to trust his judgement.[6] When a mob marched toward the Tuileries, Louis Philippe was convinced by his ministers to flee, and he signed his abdication in favor of his grandson against the consent of Maria Amalia.[6] When the family left the palace, Maria Amalia reportedly turned to minister Theirs and commented: "Ah Monsieur, you were not worthy of such a good king!"[6]

The family left under somewhat chaotic circumstances, and Maria Amalia reportedly fainted and had to be lifted in to her carriage.[6] They couple were accompanied by their son, the Duke of Montpensier; their daughter-in-law the Duchess of Nemours; their daughter Princess Clementine and her spouse, as well as six grandchildren.[6] Their eldest son's widow the Duchess of Orléans and her sons were left at the palace in the company of their son the Duke of Nemours to fight for the right to the crown of their grandson, the Count of Paris.[6]

The family left Paris for St. Cloud and from there to Dreux, where they parted and made their way to England in different groups. Maria Amalia and Louis Philippe lived for a while in the cottage of a friend in Honfleur, before they left in secret by Havre to Newhaven in England.[6]

Exile and death

In England, Louis Philippe and Maria Amalia were well received by Queen Victoria, who let them live in Claremont House for life.[6] As the French state had decided not to confiscate their property, they did not have money problems.[6]

Louis Philippe died two years later. After the death of her husband, Maria Amalia continued to live in England where she attended daily Mass and was well known to Queen Victoria.[12] She spent her remaining years living a private family life, and was joined by most of her children with the exception of the Duke of Montpensier. Maria Amalia regarded the elder branch of the Bourbon to have superior right to the French throne, and she supported her son the Duke of Nemours when he reconciled with the head of the elder Bourbon line, Henri, Count of Chambord, on behalf of the Orléans line.[6] At her death, she also asked to be called Duchess of Orléans on her grave stone rather than Queen of the French.[6]

Maria Amalia died on 24 March 1866, aged 83.[13] After her death, the dress she had kept since 1848 when her husband had left France was put on her, according to her last wishes.[14]

Issue

NamePictureBirthDeathNotes
Ferdinand, Duke of Orléans3 September 181013 July 1842Married Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, had issue.
Princess Louise d'Orléans3 April 181211 October 1850Married Leopold I of Belgium, had issue.
Princess Marie d'Orléans12 April 18136 January 1839Married Duke Alexander of Württemberg, had issue.
Louis, Duke of Nemours25 October 181426 June 1896Married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, had issue.
Princess Françoise d'Orléans26 March 181620 May 1818Died aged two. Baptised on 20 July 1816, with Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor as her godfather.
Princess Clémentine d'Orléans6 March 181716 February 1907Married Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, had issue.
François, Prince of Joinville14 August 181816 June 1900Married Princess Francisca of Brazil, had issue.
Charles, Duke of Penthièvre1 January 182025 July 1828Died aged eight.
Henri, Duke of Aumale16 January 18227 May 1897Married Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, had issue.
Antoine, Duke of Montpensier31 July 18244 February 1890Married Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier, had issue.

Ancestry

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Dyson. C.C, The Life of Marie Amelie Last Queen of the French, 1782–1866, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008, p. 50.
  2. ↑ Dyson, p. 31.
  3. ↑ Dyson, p. 35.
  4. ↑ Dyson, p. 37.
  5. ↑ Dyson, p. 39.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 Dyson, C. C: The life of Marie Amélie last queen of the French, 1782-1866. With some account of the principal personages at the courts of Naples and France in her time, and of the careers of her sons and daughters (1910)
  7. ↑ Dyson, p. 100.
  8. ↑ Dyson, p. 112.
  9. ↑ Dyson, p. 153.
  10. ↑ "Marie-Amélie de Bourbon profile". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  11. ↑ Guerin, Mother Theodore (1937). Journals and Letters of Mother Theodore Guerin. Providence Press.
  12. ↑ Dyson, p. 295.
  13. ↑ Dyson, p. 306.
  14. ↑ Dyson, p. 307.

Bibliography

  • Dyson, C. C. (1910). The life of Marie-Amélie. New York: D. Appleton and Company. OCLC 526786. 

External links

Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily
Cadet branch of the House of Bourbon
Born: 26 April 1782 Died: 24 March 1866
French royalty
Vacant
Title last held by
Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France
as Queen of France and of Navarre		 Queen consort of the French
9 August 1830–24 February 1848 		Vacant
Title next held by
Eugénie de Montijo
as Empress of the French
Titles in pretence
Vacant
Title last held by
Marie Thérèse of France
as Queen of France and of Navarre		 — TITULAR —
Queen consort of the French
24 February 1848–26 August 1850		 Vacant
Title next held by
Marie Isabelle d'Orléans
Preceded by
Marie Thérèse of Austria-Este
as consort of the disputed king, also titular queen until 1883		 Vacant
Title next held by
Marie Beatrice of Austria-Este
as Queen of France and Navarre
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