Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict

Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict by journalists in international news media has been said to be biased by both sides and independent observers. These perceptions of bias, possibly exacerbated by the hostile media effect,[1] have generated more complaints of partisan reporting than any other news topic and have led to a proliferation of media watchdog groups.[2]

Types of bias

Bias in print and broadcast media may manifest itself in varying ways, including:

Diction

Diction, or word choice, affects the interpretation of the same set of entities or events. There is an emotional and semantic difference between the verbs died and killed, and similarly between kill and murder; murder evokes stronger negative emotions and connotes intent. In the context of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, various terminological issues arise. The terms "disputed territories" versus "occupied territories" reflect different positions on the legal status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The terms "security fence" and "apartheid wall," "neighbourhood" and "settlement," and "militant," "freedom fighter," and "terrorist," while used to describe the same entities, present them in a different light and suggest a different narrative. Similarly, describing an attack or bombing as a "response" or "retaliation" again places the events in a different light.

Retaliation

A study by the American organization Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting monitored the use of the term "retaliation" in the nightly news broadcasts of the three main American networks CBS, ABC, and NBC between September 2000 through March 17, 2002. It found that of the 150 occasions when "retaliate" and its variants were used to describe attacks in the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, 79 percent were references to Israel "retaliating" and only 9 percent were references to Palestinians "retaliating".[3]

Emotive language

In a study of BBC television news coverage, the Glasgow Media Group documented differences in the language used by journalists for Israelis and Palestinians. The study found that terms such as "atrocity," "brutal murder," "mass murder," "savage cold blooded killing," "lynching" and "slaughter" were used to describe the death of Israelis but not the death of Palestinians. The word "terrorist" was often used to describe Palestinians. However, in reports of an Israeli group attempting to bomb a Palestinian school, members of the Israeli group were referred to as "extremists" or "vigilantes" but not as "terrorists."[4]

Omission

In the context of media, an omission refers to the failure to include information. This selective inclusion of information, which results from omitting other information, may distort the presentation of events in favor of one side or the other. In the context of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, for example, consider the difference in overall impact between:

In a 2001 study done by FAIR, only 4% of the US media mentioned that an occupation by Israel is occurring.[5] In an update to the study, the number has reportedly gone down to only 2% of the media mentioning an occupation.[6] The 2001 figure is also seen in the documentary Peace, Propaganda and the Promised Land.[5]

Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) (a pro-Israel group) notes that factual errors can be errors of omission, where something important was not said, resulting in readers being misled, or commission, where information used is not true.[7] Honest Reporting have asked the following questions : "was the reporting one-sided and imbalanced?";and "was key information missing (selective omission)?". [8]

Palestine Media Watch in its "Media critique quick sheet" asked the following questions: "how many times were UN reports/findings/resolutions mentioned?"; "How many times were Human Rights reports/findings/statements mentioned?"; "did the story describe official Palestinian denials/pleas of ignorance and innocence in violent acts?" and "did the story describe official Israelis denials/pleas of ignorance and innocence in violent acts?"

Lack of verification

The ethics and standards of journalism require journalists to verify the factual accuracy of the information they report. Factual verification" is what separates journalism from other modes of communication, such as propaganda, fiction or entertainment".[9] Lack of verification involves the publication of potentially unreliable information prior to or without independent confirmation of the facts, and has resulted in various scandals. In the context of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, for example, consider:

Honest Reporting (a pro-Israel group) believe that many media outlets devoted huge amounts of ink to "unverified Palestinian tales of conspiracies, mass murders, common graves, and war crimes."[22] CAMERA believe that when dealing with vilification of Israel, facts remain unchecked, accusations remain unverified, and journalistic responsibility is replaced by disclaimers.[23]

Selective reporting

Selective reporting involves devoting more resources, such as news articles or air time, to the coverage of one side of the story over another. Honest Reporting has asked whether "equal time" was granted to both sides of the conflict, or was one side given preferential treatment – hence lending more weight and credibility to that side's positions.[8]

In the context of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, FAIR believe the media in the United States downplay violence against Palestinians and stated that National Public Radio reported more Israeli casualties of the Arab-Israeli conflict than Palestinian casualties by percentage.[24] CAMERA made the opposite complaint - that NPR gave pro-Arab speakers 77% more time than Israeli or pro-Israeli speakers, and segments that included only pro-Arab speakers were almost twice as numerous and four times as long as those that omitted Arab speakers altogether.[25]

Decontextualization

Decontextualization is a type of omission in which the omitted information is essential to understanding a decision, action, or event, its underlying motivations or key events leading up to it. In the context of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, for example, consider the effect of the following:

Honest Reporting believe that failing to provide proper context and full background information, journalists can dramatically distort the true picture.[26] CAMERA believes it to be a frequent problem when reporting about the Middle East.

Reasons for bias

“ The world is not responding to events in this country, but rather to the description of these events by news organizations. The key to understanding the strange nature of the response is thus to be found in the practice of journalism, and specifically in a severe malfunction that is occurring in that profession—my profession—here in Israel. ”
— Matti Friedman, 2014[2][27]

Print and broadcast media may be biased for varying reasons,[2] including:

Coercion or censorship

A comic from DryBones about the kidnapping of BBC reporter Alan Johnston and a decision by the NUJ to boycott Israeli goods
Main article: Media of Israel

Coercion or censorship refers to the use of intimidation or force to promote favorable reports and to confiscate unfavorable reports. In the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, both sides accuse each other of coercion or censorship as an explanation of alleged bias in favor of the other side. In support of these claims, Israeli advocates point to kidnappings of foreign reporters by Palestinians, while Palestinian advocates point to media blackouts and confiscation of reports by Israelis. Additionally, both sides point to reports by both governmental and non-governmental organizations, which assess the degree of journalistic freedom in the region. See Media of Israel and Human rights in Israel#Freedom of speech and the media.

Forgery or falsification

Forgery or falsification involves the intentional misrepresentation, alteration, or invention of reported information. Due to the severity of these actions, which violate the ethics and standards of journalism, instances of forgery and/or falsification are frequently cited by Israelis and their advocates and/or by Palestinians and their advocates—depending on the nature of the forgery and/or falsification—in order to support claims that the media favors the other side. HonestReporting commented on the 2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies that "A Reuters photo turns out to be an outright lie, manipulated to make damage in Beirut appear much worse than reality."[28] For additional claims see Pallywood

Placement

According to CAMERA, [29] headlines are the first, and sometimes only, news items seen by readers and should provide the accurate and specific essence of a news story. It criticized the New York Times for the placement of news stories about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, focusing heavily on Palestinian suffering while continually minimizing the personal toll on Israelis.[30]

Exaggeration or sensationalism

Sensationalism, in general, is a form of being extremely controversial, loud, or attention grabbing. In the context of the media, sensationalism refers to claims that the media chooses to report on shocking events or to exaggerate, at the expense of accuracy and objectivity, in order to improve viewer, listener or readership ratings. This criticism, also known as media circus, is proffered by both Israelis and Palestinians as a possible explanation for alleged bias.

HonestReporting believes a new de facto "stylebook" is being used by the media which sensationalize the intensity and scope of Israeli military actions. the following regarding sensationalism:[31] CAMERA criticized Haaretz for using a sensational headline:[32]

Prejudiced journalists

Journalists may intentionally or unintentionally distort reports due to political ideology, national affiliation, antisemitism, anti-Arabism, or Islamophobia.

Richard Falk, United Nations special rapporteur on Palestinian human rights, has stated that in the media-distorted picture surrounding the Middle East, those who reports honestly and factually are accused of bias, whereas pro-Israel bias is perceived as mainstream. Falk has stated that because the media don't adequately report violations of international law by Israel, "the American public isn't aware of the behavior of Israel or the victimization of the Palestinian people. This creates a kind of imbalance."[33] CAMERA attributed Christiane Amanpour's allegedly biased news coverage to her political ideology;[34] Ira Stoll of the New York Sun, and formerly of the Jerusalem Post, attributes alleged anti-Israel media bias in part to reporters of Jewish background.[35]

Contentious incidents

In order to substantiate claims that the media favors the other side, participants in the conflict on each side frequently cite a number of illustrative and extreme examples of controversial reporting. This section lists incidents of controversial reporting frequently cited by only Israelis and Israel advocates, by only Palestinians and Palestinian advocates, or by both sides. The list of incidents appear chronologically, according to when the incident took place. Where events took place on the same date, the incidents appear sorted alphabetically.

Muhammad al-Durrah affair

On September 30, 2000, the 11- to 12-year-old boy, Muhammad al-Durrah, was shot in Palestinian-Israeli crossfire at the Netzarim junction.[36] France 2, which caught the incident on tape, claimed that Israel had fatally shot the boy.[37] After an official, internal investigation, the IDF conceded that it was probably responsible and apologized for the shooting.[38] Al-Durrah became a symbol of the Second Intifada and of Palestinian martyrdom.[39]

External investigations suggested that the IDF could not have shot the boy and that the tape had been staged.[40][41] In 2001, following a non-military investigation, conducted by Israeli Southern Command Maj.-Gen. Yom Tov Samia, the Israeli Prime Minister's Foreign Media Advisor, Dr. Ra'anan Gissin, along with Daniel Seaman of the Israeli Government Press Office (GPO) publicly challenged the accuracy of the France 2 report.[42] In 2005, the head of the Israeli National Security Agency, Major-General (res.) Giora Eiland publicly retracted the IDF's initial admittance of responsibility.[42] In order to avoid negative publicity and a resulting backlash, the IDF did not conduct its own official, military investigation until 2007.[43] On October 1, 2007, Israel officially denied responsibility for the shooting and claimed that the France 2 footage had been staged,[44][45] prompting criticism from Al-Durrah's father.[46]

However, in early 2012, Dr. David Yehudah was sued by al-Dura's father and was acquitted in French court.[47]

The French defamation case was definitely settled on June 26, 2013, by the French Court of Appeals: Philippe Karsenty was convicted of defamation and fined €7,000 by the Paris Court of Appeals.[48] Karsenty's version, which described the killing of young Mohammed Al Durah as "staged", was rejected by the French Court's final decision.

Photo of Tuvia Grossman

Associated Press photograph misidentified Tuvia Grossman's nationality and the photograph's location, and implied police brutality by Grossman's Israeli rescuer.

On September 30, 2000, the New York Times, the Associated Press, and other media outlets published a photograph of a club-wielding Israeli police officer standing over a battered and bleeding young man.[49] The photograph's caption identified the young man as a Palestinian and the location as the Temple Mount.[49] The young man in the picture was 20-year-old Tuvia Grossman, a Jewish American student from Chicago who had been studying at a Yeshiva in Israel; the Israeli police officer in the photograph, actually came to his rescue by threatening his Palestinian assailants.[50]

After a complaint by Grossman's father, the New York Times, issued a correction on October 4.[51] A few days later the Times published an article about the incident and printed a more complete correction.[49] The Times attributed the error to a misidentification by the Israeli agency that took the photo compounded by a further misidentification by the Associated Press "which had received many pictures of injured Palestinians that day".[49][50]

The Grossman photo appears frequently in Israeli criticisms of the media, because the photograph implied that the police officer who rescued Grossman had beaten him, it implied an Israeli perpetrator, it implied a Palestinian victim, and it conveyed the opposite of what had transpired.[52][53][54][55] Seth Ackerman of FAIR described the attention given to the photo, as well as the two NYT corrections, as disproportionate to a "plausible, though careless" assumption resulting from "garbled information from the Israeli photographer".[56]

Battle of Jenin

On April 3, 2002, following the Passover massacre on March 27[57] which killed 30 Israeli civilians and wounded as many as 143,[58][59] the IDF began a major military operation in the Jenin refugee camp, a city which, according to Israel, had "served as a launching site for numerous terrorist attacks against both Israeli civilians and Israeli towns and villages in the area".[60] The fighting, which lasted eight days and resulted in the deaths of 52 Palestinians (including 14 civilians, according to the IDF, and 22 civilians, according to HRW) and 23 Israeli soldiers, has been interpreted quite differently by Israelis and Palestinians.[61][62][63][64] In the aftermath of the fighting, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat claimed that the IDF had killed 500 Palestinians and accused Israel of committing a "massacre".[65] Early news publications, following both IDF estimates of 200 Palestinians killed and Palestinian estimates of 500 Palestinians killed, reported hundreds of Palestinian deaths and repeated claims that a massacre had taken place.[66][67] Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International later found that a massacre had not taken place, although both organizations charged the IDF with war crimes and human rights violations.[68][69] The United Nations similarly dismissed claims that hundreds of Palestinians had been killed as unsubstantiated, a finding which was widely interpreted and reported as rejecting claims of a "massacre".[15][16][61][70] The Battle of Jenin is still largely called the "Jenin Massacre" (Arabic: مجزرة جنين‎) by Arab and Palestinian sources.

Israelis cite the reporting surrounding the Battle of Jenin, because "the Arab and European media hastily reported",[71] without proper verification, Palestinian allegations that a massacre had taken place, a claim broken by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, and described by many pro-Israel sources as "The Big Jenin Lie" and by HonestReporting as "Jeningrad".[71][72][73][74][75][76]

Gaza beach blast

On June 9, 2006, an explosion on a beach in the Gaza Strip killed seven Palestinians, including three children.[77] Palestinian sources claimed that the explosion resulted from Israeli shelling.[77] After a three-day investigation, Israel concluded that the blast could not have resulted from an IDF artillery shell.[78][79] This IDF investigation was criticized by both Human Rights Watch and The Guardian for ignoring evidence.[80][81] The IDF agreed that the report should have mentioned two gunboat shells fired at about the time of the deaths but stated that these shells had landed too far away from the area to be the cause of the explosion and this omission did not impact the report's overall conclusion that Israel had not been responsible for the blast. According to Human Rights Watch, the IDF acknowledged that the cause of the blast may have been an unexploded 155mm artillery shell from an earlier shelling, or another location, but suggested it might have been placed there as an IED by Palestinians.[82]

An investigation by Human Rights Watch concluded that the explosion was caused by a 155mm Israeli artillery shell, stating that 'The shrapnel, crater, and injuries all point to this weapon as the cause.'[82] According to CAMERA, "many in the press [have presumed] that Israel is responsible".[83] This incident is often cited by Israel advocates who claim that the media favors the Palestinian side, because of reports which attributed the blast to the IDF prior to the conclusion of the IDF investigation.[83][84]

2006 Lebanon War photographs controversies

See also: Adnan Hajj and Salam Daher

On August 5, 2006 Charles Foster Johnson of Little Green Footballs accused Reuters of inappropriately manipulating images of destruction to Beirut caused by Israel during the Second Lebanon War.[85] This accusation marked the first of many accusations against media outlets for inappropriate photo manipulation. Media outlets were also accused of incorrectly captioning photos and of staging photographs through the inappropriate use of props. These accusations, which initially appeared in the blogosphere, were amplified by Aish HaTorah through an online video entitled "Photo Fraud in Lebanon".[86] In response to these allegations, Reuters toughened its photo editing policy and admitted to inappropriate photo manipulation on the part of Adnan Hajj, a freelance photographer whom Reuters subsequently fired.[87] Additionally, BBC, the New York Times, and the Associated Press recalled photos or corrected captions in response to some of the accusations.[88] This journalistic scandal, dubbed "Reutersgate" by the blogosphere in reference to the Watergate scandal and dubbed "fauxtography" by Honest Reporting and others, is frequently cited by Israelis and by Israel advocates in order to demonstrate alleged anti-Israel bias, this time in the form of an outright forgery created by a biased local freelance photographer.[89][90]

"Mystery of Israel's Secret Uranium Bomb"

On October 28, 2006, The Independent published an article, by Robert Fisk, which speculated, based on information from the European Committee on Radiation Risk, that Israel may have used depleted Uranium weapons during the 2006 Lebanon War.[91] The article prompted criticism by HonestReporting for coming to conclusions prematurely,[92] and resulted in an investigation by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).[93] On November 8, 2006, UNEP concluded that Israel had not used any form of Uranium-based weapons.[94][95] Israelis and Israel advocates cite the article as an instance of "shoddy journalism", arising allegedly as a result of media sensationalism.[96]

Samir Kuntar as a hero

On 19 July 2008, Al Jazeera TV broadcast a program from Lebanon that covered the "welcome-home" festivities for Samir Kuntar, a Lebanese militant who had been imprisoned in Israel for murdering several people, including a four-year-old child, in a Palestine Liberation Front raid from Lebanon into Israel. In the program, the head of Al Jazeera's Beirut office, Ghassan bin Jiddo, praised Kuntar as a "pan-Arab hero" and organized a birthday party for him. In response, Israel's Government Press Office (GPO) threatened to boycott the satellite channel unless it apologized. A few days later an official letter was issued by Al Jazeera's director general, Wadah Khanfar, in which he admitted that the program violated the station's Code of Ethics and that he had ordered the channel's programming director to take steps to ensure that such an incident does not recur.[97][98][99]

Baby death date misrepresentation

A Gaza man falsely claimed that his five-month-old baby died on March 23, 2012, when the generator powering his respirator ran out of fuel, a result of the Egyptian blockade on Gaza and Egyptian cut-off of fuel to Gaza.[100] The baby's death, which had been "confirmed" by a Gaza health official, would have been the first to be connected with the territory's energy shortage. The baby's father, Abdul-Halim Helou, said that his son Mohammed was born with a lymphatic disorder and needed removal of the fluids that accumulated in his respiratory system, and had only a few months to live. He said that they had erred in how much fuel was required and that if they had been "living in a normal country with electricity", his son's chances of living longer would have been better.[101]

However, the report was called into question when it emerged that the timing of the baby's death had been misrepresented, and appeared to be an attempt by Gaza's Hamas rulers to exploit the death to gain sympathy.[101] The Associated Press later learned that news of Mohammed Helou's death had already appeared on March 4 in the local Arabic newspaper Al-Quds and that Hamas was now trying to recycle the story to capitalize on the family's tragedy. The Al-Quds article contained the same details as the later report, but with an earlier date.[102][103] When confronted by the Associated Press, the family and Hamas official Bassem al-Qadri continued to insist that the baby had only recently died. The AP reporter Diaa Hadid tweeted, "#Hamas misrepresented a story. Two Hamas officials misled us and so did the family."[104]

The Associated Press then retracted the story, explaining that "The report has been called into question after it was learned that a local newspaper carried news of the baby's death on March 4."[105][106]

An Israeli government spokesman said he was not surprised by Hamas' attempt to "hide the truth and manipulate the information that is allowed to get out of Gaza."[102][103][107][108]

Honest Reporting commented that "when Palestinian lies and misinformation go unchecked, it’s inevitable that dishonest propaganda tactics used against Israel will be employed against others."[109] CAMERA stated that this was "the latest example of disinformation about Gaza casualties."[110]

Gaza floods caused by opening dams in Israel

Gaza is a coastal plain, bordering the Negev desert which witnesses flash floods during heavy rains as water runs across the surface of the impervious desert soil.[111]

During the 2013 winter storm in the Middle east Ma'an News Agency reported that Israel opened dams, leading to Gaza floods.[112][113]

During February 2015 storm, several news sources reported that Gaza had been flooded after Israel opened dams.[114][115][116][117][118] However, AFP and Yahoo had later retracted their stories in February 2015, and COGAT stated: "These claims, I don't know who started them, but they are completely false. There are no dams in the southern part of Israel so we couldn't open any dams because there aren't any. I don't know how these rumours got around."[119]

Films

This section discusses films with media coverage of the Arab-Israeli conflict as its main topic. The films presented in this section appear in alphabetical order.

Décryptage

Main article: Décryptage

Décryptage is a 2003 documentary written by Jacques Tarnero and directed by Philippe Bensoussan.[120] The French film (with English subtitles) examines media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict in French media, and claims that the media's presentation of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict in France is consistently skewed against Israel and may be responsible for exacerbating anti-Semitism.[121]

Pallywood

Main article: Pallywood

Pallywood: According to Palestinian sources... is an 18-minute online documentary by Richard Landes.[122][123] The film, with its title derived from the words Palestine and Hollywood, claims that the Western media uncritically accepts and reports the stories of freelance Palestinian videographers who record staged scenes, often involving faked or exaggerated injuries, in order to elicit sympathy and support.[123]

Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land

Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land is a 2004 documentary by Sut Jhally and Bathsheba Ratzkoff.[124] The movie claims that the influence of pro-Israel media watchdog groups, such as CAMERA and Honest Reporting, leads to distorted and pro-Israel media reports.[125] In its response to the movie, the pro-Israel JCRC criticizes the film for not discussing the influence of "the numerous pro‐Palestinian media watchdog groups, including, ironically, FAIR (Fair and Accuracy in the Media, which describes itself as 'A National Media Watch Group'), whose spokesperson played a prominent role in the film".[126] According to the pro-Palestinian LiP Magazine, the movie "offers a great starting point for thinking about media misrepresentation of the Israel-Palestinian conflict, and useful analysis of how language is used to manipulate public opinion," but is short on "solid statistics and facts to back up some of its blanket statements".[127] A review in the New York Times by Ned Martel found that the film "largely ignores Palestinian leadership, which has surely played a part in the conflict’s broken vows and broken hearts. And such a lack of dispassion weakens the one-sided film's bold and detailed argument".[128]

Other criticisms

False compromise

False compromise refers to the claim, made by some Israeli advocates and by some Palestinian advocates, that their side of the conflict is morally right and the other side is morally wrong and, therefore, attempts to balance the presentation of both viewpoints wrongfully suggests that both sides are morally equivalent. In the words of journalist Bret Stephens, "Moral clarity is a term that doesn't get much traction these days, least of all among journalists, who prefer 'objectivity' and 'balance.' Yet good journalism is more than about separating fact from opinion and being fair. Good journalism is about fine analysis and making distinctions, and this applies as much to moral distinctions as to any others. Because too many reporters today refuse to make moral distinctions, we are left with a journalism whose narrative and analytical failings have become ever more glaring".[129]

Structural geographic bias

Structural geographic bias refers to the claim, made by some Palestinian advocates, that the Western media favors Israel, allegedly as a result of Western reporters living in Israel.[130][131]

Internet and social media

Advocacy groups, governments and individuals use the internet, new media and social media to try to influence public perceptions of both sides in the Arab/Palestinian - Israeli conflict. Jerusalem Post writer Megan Jacobs has written "War in the Middle East is being waged not only on the ground, but also in cyberspace."[132] While Israeli and Palestinian advocacy websites promote their respective points of view, fierce debate over the Arab-Israeli conflict has embroiled social networking websites and applications with user-generated content, such as Facebook, Google Earth, Twitter and Wikipedia.[132][133][134] According to an Associated Press article, Israelis and Palestinians make use of social media to promote “rival narratives” and draw attention to their own suffering to gain international sympathy and backing. However, “distortions and mistakes are instantly magnified on a global scale.”[134]

Facebook

Facebook is a social networking website, which allows users to connect and interact with other people online, both directly by "friending" people and indirectly through the creation of groups. Because the website allows users to join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region, Facebook has become embroiled in a number of regional conflicts. Facebook groups such as "'Palestine' Is not a country... De-list it from Facebook as a country!" and "Israel is not a country! ... Delist it from Facebook as a country!", among others reflecting the mutual non-recognition of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, have protested Facebook's listing of Israel and Palestine, respectively, as countries.[135] This controversy became particularly heated when, in response to protests over Palestine being listed as a country, Facebook delisted it. The move infuriated Palestinian users and prompted the creation of numerous Facebook groups such as "The Official Petition to get Palestine listed as a Country", "Against delisting Palestine from Facebook", and "If Palestine is removed from Facebook ... I'm closing my account".[132] Facebook, in response to user complaints, ultimately reinstated Palestine as a country network.[132] A similar controversy took place regarding the status of Israeli settlements. When Israeli settlements were moved from being listed under the Israel network to the Palestine network, thousands of Israelis living in the area protested Facebook's decision.[136] In response to the protest, Facebook has allowed users living in the area to select either Israel or Palestine as their home country.[136]

Another controversy over Facebook regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict concerns Facebook groups which, against Facebook's terms of use, promote hatred and violence. According to former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres, Facebook has been used to promote anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism.[133] A proliferation of Facebook groups praising the perpetrator of the Mercaz HaRav massacre in 2008 prompted the creation of the Facebook group "FACEBOOK: Why do you support Anti-Semitism and Islamic Terrorism", which claimed to have succeeded in deleting over 100 pro-Palestinian Facebook groups with violent content, by reporting the groups to Facebook.[137] The group, which since evolved into the Jewish Internet Defense Force, took over the Facebook group "Israel is not a country! Delist it from Facebook as a country" when, according to the JIDF, Facebook stopped removing such groups.[138][139] After taking over the group, the JIDF began to remove its more than 48,000 members and replaced the group's graphic with a picture of an IAF jet with the flag of Israel in the background. This sparked controversy.[139]

Twitter

According to a McClatchey news article, those using social media, including even official spokesmen and public officials, have a habit of “re-purposing” older photographs and videos to illustrate current-day events. Few people check the accuracy of the material before spreading it to others.[140] During the March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes there were three such notable Twitter incidents. Ofir Gendelman, a spokesman for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, tweeted a photo of an Israeli woman and her two children ducking a Gaza rocket describing it as "when a rocket fired by terrorists from Gaza is about to hit their home." When it was proved the photo was from 2009 he said "I never stated that the photo was current. It illustrates the fear that people in southern Israel live in."[134] Avital Leibovich, the head of the foreign desk for Israel’s military, sent a tweet from her official account of a video of rockets from Gaza being fired at Israel. It later was discovered the video had been taken in October 2011. When questioned she said her tweet was not misleading and “Launching a rocket does not differ whether it happened in November, July or now”.[140]

Leibovich was one of a number of bloggers who criticized Khulood Badawi, an Information and Media Coordinator for the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs who tweeted a picture of a Palestinian child covered in blood.[140] She captioned it "Another child killed by #Israel... Another father carrying his child to a grave in #Gaza.” It was discovered the picture was published in 2006 and was of a Palestinian girl who had died in an accident and been brought to the hospital shortly after an Israeli air strike in Gaza. Israel’s Ambassador to the United Nations Ron Prosor called for Badawi's dismissal, stating that she was "directly engaged in spreading misinformation".[141] Humanitarian Coordinator and the Head of Office in Jerusalem later met with officials at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Israel to discuss these events.[142][143] UN Under-Secretary General Valerie Amos wrote, "It is regrettable that an OCHA staff member has posted information on her personal Twitter profile, which is both false and which reflects on issues that are related to her work."[142]

A few days later Badawi tweeted on her personal account “Correction: I tweeted the photo believing it was from the last round of violence & it turned out to be from 2006 This is my personal account.”[144] Ma'an News Agency reported a week later that the hospital medical report on the dead girl read that she died “due to falling from a high area during the Israeli strike on Gaza”. There are differing accounts of how the Israeli air strike, reported to be as little as 100 meters away, may have caused the accident.[145]

Wikipedia

Wikipedia is an online, collaboratively written encyclopedia. While editing conflicts occur frequently, one particular conflict, involving CAMERA and Electronic Intifada, made headlines in the Jerusalem Post and the International Herald Tribune.[146][147] When CAMERA encouraged individuals sympathetic to Israel to participate in editing Wikipedia in order to "lead to more accuracy and fairness on Wikipedia",[148] Electronic Intifada accused CAMERA of "orchestrating a secret, long-term campaign to infiltrate the popular online encyclopedia Wikipedia to rewrite Palestinian history, pass off crude propaganda as fact, and take over Wikipedia administrative structures to ensure these changes go either undetected or unchallenged."[149] The accusations led to various administrative actions on Wikipedia—including the banning of certain editors. HonestReporting subsequently responded to the incident with its own article, entitled "Exposed – Anti-Israeli Subversion on Wikipedia" which complained of "anti-Israel bias on Wikipedia" and described Wikipedia's NPOV policy as a "noble goal not always applied equally by Wikipedia users.[150] CAMERA similarly responded to the incident with a letter entitled "The failure of Wikipedia", appearing in IHT, which described Wikipedia's Middle East articles as "often-unreliable".[151][152] In a separate article entitled "The Wild West of Wikipedia", which appeared in The Jewish Chronicle and IMRA, Gilead Ini of CAMERA decried "Wikipedia's often-skewed entries about the Middle East", described Wikipedia's rules as "shoddily enforced", and wrote that, following the incident, "many editors who hoped to ensure accuracy and balance ... are now banned" while "partisan editors ... continue to freely manipulate Wikipedia articles to their liking".[153]

The Yesha Council and Israel Sheli, launched a project to improve coverage of Zionist views on Wikipedia.[154] The project organiser, Ayelet Shaked emphasized that the information has to be reliable and meet Wikipedia rules.[155] "The idea is not to make Wikipedia rightist but for it to include our point of view," said Naftali Bennett, the director of the Yesha Council.[154] In this vein, the groups taught a course on how to edit Wikipedia. The Yesha Council also launched a new prize, "Best Zionist Editor," to be awarded to the most productive editor on Israel-related topics.[154]

In 2013, a number of news outlets, including Israeli newspaper Haaretz and France24, reported on an indefinite block of an editor who had concealed the fact that he was an employee of right-wing media group NGO Monitor. The editor was reported to have edited English Wikipedia articles on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict "in an allegedly biased manner".[156][157][158]

Watchdog groups

This is an alphabetically sorted list of media watchdog groups which monitor coverage of the conflict in Western news media. While academics debate the impact of the media on public opinion,[159] lobbying organisations view the media as essential in influencing public perceptions of the conflict and, therefore, as paramount in influencing and securing favorable public policy in relation to the conflict.[160][161]

Name Official Homepage
Accuracy in Media http://www.aim.org/
Arab Media Watch http://www.arabmediawatch.com/
Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) http://www.camera.org/
Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) http://www.fair.org/
Honest Reporting http://www.honestreporting.com/
Institute for Middle East Understanding http://imeu.net/
Middle East Media Research Institute http://www.memri.org/
Palestinian Media Watch http://www.palwatch.org/
Washington Report on Middle East Affairs http://www.washington-report.org/

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased Perception and Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the "Beirut Massacre". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 577–585. summary.
  2. 1 2 3 Staff, HonestReporting. "The 7 Principles of Media Objectivity". HonestReporting. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  3. ↑ Fair.org, In U.S. Media, Palestinians Attack, Israel Retaliates
  4. ↑ Greg Philo and Mike Berry, Bad News From Israel
  5. 1 2 Uprising Without Explanation Extra! January/February 2001
  6. ↑ "FAIR challenges CBC Ombud’s Report". FAIR. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  7. ↑ Critical Thinking: Can You Trust Everything You Read? by CAMERA
  8. 1 2 "HonestReporting". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  9. ↑ Principles of Journalism by PEJ
  10. ↑ "Hundreds of victims 'were buried by bulldozer in mass grave". The Daily Telegraph (London). April 13, 2002. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  11. ↑ "Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'". BBC. April 18, 2002.
  12. ↑ "Ben Wedeman: Access to Jenin difficult". CNN. April 11, 2002.
  13. ↑ Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin by the United Nations
  14. ↑ "Jenin: IDF Military Operations". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  15. 1 2 "UN says no massacre in Jenin". BBC. August 1, 2002.
  16. 1 2 "U.N. report: No massacre in Jenin". USA Today. August 1, 2002.
  17. ↑ Bennet, James (August 2, 2002). "Death on the campus: Jenin; U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees". New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Manufacturing a Massacre". Salon. November 19, 2002.
  19. ↑ "SECRETARY-GENERAL CONDEMNS 'DESPICABLE' HEBRON TERRORIST ATTACK". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  20. ↑ "Victims of the Hebron shooting attack". Haaretz. November 17, 2002.
  21. ↑ "12 killed in Hebron Shabbat eve ambush". Jerusalem Post. November 15, 2002.
  22. ↑ "Atrocities of the British Press". HonestReporting. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  23. ↑ Edward Said's Documented Deceptions by CAMERA
  24. ↑ For NPR, Violence Is Calm if It’s Violence Against Palestinians by FAIR
  25. ↑ NPR Distorts Even Its Bias by CAMERA
  26. ↑ "HonestReporting". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  27. ↑ Friedman, Matti (26 August 2014). "An Insider’s Guide to the Most Important Story on Earth A former AP correspondent explains how and why reporters get Israel so wrong, and why it matters". Nextbook Inc. www.tabletmag.com. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
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  29. ↑ Headlines & Graphics by CAMERA
  30. ↑ New York Times Skews Israeli-Palestinian Crisis by CAMERA
  31. ↑ "New Rules" For Mideast Reporting by HonestReporting
  32. ↑ "CAMERA: Selective Quotes Distort Intent of Sharon's Gaza Withdrawal". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  33. ↑ http://www.sacbee.com/2012/06/09/4549418/un-official-says-media-biased.html
  34. ↑ Amanpour's Troubling Journalism by CAMERA
  35. ↑ The Other War: A Debate by Columbia Journalism Review
  36. ↑ "12-year-old boy among dead in Israeli-Palestinian cross fire". CNN. October 1, 2000. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007.
  37. ↑ "French Public TV and the Perpetuation of a Scandal". The New York Sun. November 26, 2004.
  38. ↑ "Israel 'sorry' for killing boy". BBC. October 3, 2000.
  39. ↑ "Mohammed al-Dura Lives on". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  40. ↑ James Fallows (1 June 2003). "Who Shot Mohammed al-Dura?". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  41. ↑ Backgrounder: Mohammed Al Dura by CAMERA
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  43. ↑ "IDF demands uncut al-Dura tape". Jerusalem Post. September 17, 2007.
  44. ↑ "Israel officially denies responsibility for death of al-Dura in 2000". YNet. October 1, 2007.
  45. ↑ "GPO head: Sept. 2000 death of Gaza child Al-Dura was staged". Haaretz. October 1, 2007.
  46. ↑ "Al-Dura's father: Israel's claims ridiculous". YNet. October 2, 2007.
  47. ↑ . Yedioth Ahronot. February 19, 2012 http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4191706,00.html. Retrieved 27 August 2012. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  48. ↑ "Media analyst convicted over France-2 Palestinian boy footage". the Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  49. 1 2 3 4 McFadden, Robert D. (October 7, 2000). "Abruptly, a U.S. Student In Mideast Turmoil's Grip". New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  50. 1 2 "Corrections". New York Times. October 7, 2000.
  51. ↑ "Corrections". New York Times. October 4, 2000.
  52. ↑ "The Photo that Started it All". HonestReporting. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  53. ↑ New York Times Media Fraud, Incompetence, and Bias by Fraud Factor
  54. ↑ "Redirecting...". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  55. ↑ Photo Falsehood and the Rosh Hashanah Riots by CAMERA
  56. ↑ Seth Ackerman (2001), Those Aren't Stones, They're Rocks.
  57. ↑ "Passover massacre at Israeli hotel kills 19". CNN. March 27, 2002.
  58. ↑ "Alleged Passover massacre plotter arrested". CNN. March 26, 2008.
  59. ↑ "Israel Passover bomb suspect held". BBC. March 26, 2008.
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  61. 1 2 Report of the Secretary-General on Jenin by UN
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  63. ↑ Inside the Battle of Jenin by Time
  64. ↑ Myre, Greg (April 13, 2003). "New Battle Over Jenin, on Television". New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  65. ↑ "Powell postpones meeting with Arafat". CNN. April 12, 2002.
  66. ↑ "Jenin 'massacre evidence growing'". BBC. April 18, 2002.
  67. ↑ "CNN.com - Transcripts". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  68. ↑ "Jenin: IDF Military Operations". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  69. ↑ Israel and the Occupied Territories: Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus by Amnesty International
  70. ↑ Bennet, James (August 2, 2002). "DEATH ON THE CAMPUS: JENIN; U.N. Report Rejects Claims Of a Massacre Of Refugees". New York Times. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  71. 1 2 Jenin: The Big Lie by Ariel Cohen on NRO
  72. ↑ "The Big Jenin Lie". Weekly Standard. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  73. ↑ "Redirecting...". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  74. ↑ "Jeningrad: What the British Media Said". HonestReporting. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  75. ↑ "What Really Happened in Jenin?". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  76. ↑ "Anatomy of Anti-Israel Incitement: Jenin, World Opinion and the Massacre That Wasn't". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  77. 1 2 "Hamas militants vow to end truce". BBC. June 10, 2006.
  78. ↑ "Peretz: Friday's Gaza beach shelling 'not our doing'". Jerusalem Post. June 13, 2006.
  79. ↑ "IDF not responsible for Gaza blast". Jerusalem Post. June 13, 2006.
  80. ↑ "Israel: Gaza Beach Investigation Ignores Evidence". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  81. ↑ McGreal, Chris (June 17, 2006). "The battle of Huda Ghalia – who really killed girl's family on Gaza beach?". London: The Guardian. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  82. 1 2 "Indiscriminate Fire". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  83. 1 2 Israel Should Not Be Presumed Guilty of Gaza Beach Deaths by CAMERA
  84. ↑ "Gaza Beach Libel". HonestReporting. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  85. ↑ "Little Green Footballs". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  86. ↑ Photo Fraud in Lebanon. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2016 – via YouTube.
  87. ↑ "Reuters toughens rules after altered photo affair". Reuters. January 18, 2007.
  88. ↑ "Reutersgate strikes other news outlets". JPost. August 11, 2006.
  89. ↑ "HonestReporting". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  90. ↑ Stephen D. Cooper, Marshall University (2007). "A Concise History of the Fauxtography Blogstorm in the 2006 Lebanon War". American Communication Journal. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
  91. ↑ "Robert Fisk: Mystery of Israel's secret uranium bomb". London: The Independent. October 28, 2006. Archived from the original on October 10, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  92. ↑ "honestreporting.co.uk". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  93. ↑ Silver, Eric (October 30, 2006). "UN investigates Israel's 'uranium weapons'". London: The Independent. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  94. ↑ "Israel did not use depleted uranium during conflict with Hizbollah, UN agency finds". UN News Centre. November 8, 2006.
  95. ↑ "UN: No IDF uranium bomb use in Lebanon". YNet. November 8, 2006.
  96. ↑ "honestreporting.co.uk". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  97. ↑ Al-Jazeera admits to 'unethical' behavior over Kuntar party By Yoav Stern and Haaretz Correspondent
  98. ↑ Honoring Samir Kuntar By Greg Pollowitz, NRO’s MSM watchdog.
  99. ↑ #1818 - Al-Jazeera TV Throws a Birthday Party for Released Lebanese Terrorist Samir Al-Quntar. MEMRI.
  100. ↑ "Gaza baby dies after respirator runs out of fuel". London: The Guardian. 25 March 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  101. 1 2 "Hamas blames fuel shortage for Gaza baby's death". Yedioth Ahronot. 25 March 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
  102. 1 2 "Hamas blames fuel shortage for Gaza baby's death". Yahoo News. Retrieved March 26, 2012.
  103. 1 2 "Confusion of Gaza baby's death". The Herald Sun. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  104. ↑ "Diaa Hadid Tweets". Twitter. 26 March 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  105. ↑ "STORY REMOVED: Gaza-Power Cuts". London: The Guardian. 25 March 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2012.
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  108. ↑ "Confusion of Gaza baby's death". Sky News. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  109. ↑ "AP Retracts Story Because of Hamas Lie". HonestReoprting. March 26, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  110. ↑ "AP Withdraws Story of Gaza Death". CAMERA. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  111. ↑ "Israel Natural Environment". Geckogo.com.
  112. ↑ http://www.maannews.com/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?id=656950
  113. ↑ Sharona Schwartz. "‘The Floodgates of Bullcrap’: Palestinians Blame Israel for Flooding Gaza…by Opening Dams that Don’t Really Exist". The Blaze. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
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  116. ↑ "Hundreds of Palestinians left homeless by heavy flooding". Mail Online. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  117. ↑ "AFP Lies, Claims Israel 'Flooded Gaza' with Nonexistent Dam - Latest News Briefs - Arutz Sheva". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  118. ↑ http://www.msn.com/en-ph/weather/topstories/gaza-village-floods-after-israel-opens-dam-gates/vp-cb16f6ca-1d8a-4494-9e48-edd3d9d24acd
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  122. ↑ "The Second Draft". Retrieved 6 May 2016.
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  127. ↑ Review of Peace, Propaganda, and the Promised Land by LiP magazine
  128. ↑ Peace, Propaganda and the Promised Land (2003) by Ned Martel on the New York Times
  129. ↑ Eye on the Media: Depending on your 'point of view' by Bret Stephens on Jerusalem Post, quoted from Watch – "Immoral equivalency"
  130. ↑ "The Hottest Button: How The Times Covers Israel and Palestine". The New York Times. 24 April 2005. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  131. ↑ Killings Of Dozens Once Again Called Period Of Calm By US Media by Michael Brown and Ali Abunimah on ZNet
  132. 1 2 3 4 "Facebook sparks 'Palestine' debate". JPost. October 10, 2007.
  133. 1 2 "Facing up to the 'Facebook' dilemma". JPost. February 5, 2008.
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  136. 1 2 "Facebook Makes an About-Face". Arutz 7. March 18, 2008.
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  139. 1 2 Moore, Matthew (July 31, 2008). "Facebook: 'Anti-Semitic' group hijacked by Jewish force". London: The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  140. 1 2 3 Sheera Frenkel, Tweets of misleading photos feed Israeli-Palestinian feud, The McClatchy Company, March 14, 2012.
  141. ↑ "Israel: Fire UN official over false Gaza photo". The Jerusalem Post. 2012-03-16.
  142. 1 2 "UN agency under fire for staffers' tweet of bloody child". Fox News. March 17, 2012. Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  143. ↑ "Fake photos of escalation posted on Twitter". The Jerusalem Post. 2012-03-14.
  144. ↑ Herb Keinon, No sign UN will fire worker over incendiary tweet, Jerusalem Post, March 20, 2012.
  145. ↑ Charlotte Alfred, Twitter flap obscures details of Gaza girl's death, Ma'an News Agency, 27/03/2012 (updated) 01/04/2012 09:31
  146. ↑ "Wiki-Warfare: Battle for the on-line encyclopedia". The Jerusalem Post. May 13, 2008.
  147. ↑ "Wiki-war in the Middle East". IHT. May 6, 2008.
  148. ↑ How and Why to Edit Wikipedia by CAMERA
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  150. ↑ "Exposed - Anti-Israeli Subversion on Wikipedia - honest reporting". HonestReporting. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  151. ↑ CAMERA Letter About Wikipedia in International Herald Tribune by CAMERA
  152. ↑ "The failure of Wikipedia". International Herald Tribune. May 11, 2008.
  153. ↑ The Wild West of Wikipedia by Gilead Ini of CAMERA.
  154. 1 2 3 Haaretz, 2010 Aug. 18, "The Right's Latest Weapon: 'Zionist Editing' on Wikipedia-- 'Idea Is Not to Make Wikipedia Rightist But for It to Include Our Point of View,' Naftali Bennett, Director of the Yesha Council Says," http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/the-right-s-latest-weapon-zionist-editing-on-wikipedia-1.308667
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  156. ↑ "Biased Wikipedia editing in Israel raises concerns of political meddling". France 24. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  157. ↑ "Aligning Text to the Right: Is a Political Organization Editing Wikipedia to Suit Its Interests?". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  158. ↑ See also Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2013-06-19/In the media
  159. ↑ Empathy with Palestinians vs. Israelis: Examining U.S. Media Representations, Coverage, and Attitudes by Donald A. Sylvan and Nathan Toronto, pg. 3
  160. ↑ About CAMERA by CAMERA
  161. ↑ IMEU. "About Us". Retrieved 6 May 2016.

External links

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