Micro-Controller Operating Systems

MicroC/OS
Developer Micrium
Written in ANSI C
OS family Real-time operating systems
Working state Production, stable
Source model Source available
Latest release OS-III
Marketing target Embedded devices
Platforms ARM Cortex-M3, ARM Cortex-M4F, ARM ARM7TDMI, Atmel AVR
Kernel type Microkernel
Default user interface μC/GUI
License Commercial, free education use
Official website www.micrium.com/products

Micro-Controller Operating Systems (MicroC/OS, stylized as µC/OS) is a real-time operating system (RTOS) designed by embedded software developer, Jean J. Labrosse in 1991. It is a priority-based pre-emptive real-time for microprocessors, written mostly in the programming language C. It is intended for use in embedded systems.

MicroC/OS allows defining several functions in C, each of which can execute as an independent thread or task. Each task runs at a different priority, and runs as if it owns the CPU. Lower priority tasks can be preempted by higher priority tasks at any time. Higher priority tasks use operating system services (such as a delay or event) to allow lower priority tasks to execute. There are operating system services provided for task management, inter-task communication, memory management, and for timing.[1]

History

The MicroC/OS kernel was originally published in a three-part article in Embedded Systems Programming magazine and the book µC/OS The Real-Time Kernel by Jean J. Labrosse (ISBN 0-87930-444-8). The author intended at first to simply describe the internals of a portable operating system he had developed for his own use, but later developed the OS as a commercial product in versions II and III.

Writing applications under μC/OS

Tasks running under a multitasking kernel should be written in one of two ways:[2]

  1. A non-returning endless loop.
  2. A task that deletes itself after running.

µC/OS-II

Based on the source code written for µC/OS, and introduced as a commercial product in 1998, µC/OS-II is a portable, ROM-able, scalable, pre-emptive, real-time, deterministic, multitasking kernel for microprocessors, and digital signal processor (DSPs). It manages up to 255 application tasks, and its size can be scaled (between 5 Kbytes to 24 Kbytes) to only contain the features needed for a specific use.

Most of µC/OS-II is written in highly portable ANSI C, with target microprocessor-specific code written in assembly language. Assembly language use is minimized to ease porting to other processors.

Uses in embedded systems

µC/OS-II was designed for embedded uses, which means that if the producer has the proper tool chain (i.e., C compiler, assembler, and linker/locator), they can embed µC/OS-II as part of a product.

µC/OS-II can be found in the following embedded systems

Task states

µC/OS-II is a multitasking operating system. Each task is an infinite loop and can be in any one of the following five states (See figure below additionally)

Additionally it can manage up to 255 tasks; however, it is recommended that a user reserve eight of these tasks for µC/OS-II, leaving an application up to 247 tasks.[3]

Kernels

The kernel is the name given to the program that does most of the housekeeping tasks for the operating system. The boot loader hands control over to the kernel, which initializes the various devices to a known state and makes the computer ready for general operations.[4] The kernel is responsible for task management (i.e., for managing the CPU’s time) and communication between tasks.[5] The fundamental service provided by the kernel is context switching.

The scheduler is the part of the kernel responsible for determining which task runs next.[6] Most real-time kernels are priority based. In a priority-based kernel, control of the CPU is always given to the highest priority task ready to run. Two types of priority-based kernels exist: non-preemptive and preemptive. Non-preemptive kernels require that each task do something to explicitly give up control of the CPU.[7] A preemptive kernel is used when system responsiveness is important; therefore, µC/OS-II and most commercial real-time kernels are preemptive.[8] The highest priority task ready to run is always given control of the CPU.

Assigning tasks

Tasks with the highest rate of execution are given the highest priority using rate-monotonic scheduling.[9] This scheduling algorithm is used in real-time operating systems (RTOS) with a static-priority scheduling class.[10]

Managing tasks

In computing, a task is a unit of execution. In some operating systems, a task is synonymous with a process, in others with a thread. In batch processing computer systems, a task is a unit of execution within a job. The system user of µC/OS-II is able to control the tasks by using the following features:

Managing memory

In order to avoid fragmentation, µC/OS-II allows applications to obtain fixed-sized memory blocks from a partition made of a contiguous memory area. All memory blocks are the same size, and the partition contains an integral number of blocks. Allocation and deallocation of these memory blocks is done in constant time and is a deterministic system.[12]

Managing time

µC/OS-II requires that a user provide a periodic time source to keep track of time delays and timeouts. A tick should occur between 10 and 1000 times per second, or Hertz. The faster the tick rate; the more overhead µC/OS-II imposes on the system. The frequency of the clock tick depends on the desired tick resolution of an application. Tick sources can be obtained by dedicating a hardware timer, or by generating an interrupt from an AC power line (50/60 Hz) signal. This periodic time source is called a clock tick.[13]

After a clock tick is determined, tasks can be:

Communicating between tasks

Intertask or interprocess communication in µC/OS-II occurs via: semaphores, message mailbox, message queues, tasks and Interrupt service routines (ISR)). They can interact with each other when a task or an ISR signals a task through a kernel object called an Event Control Block (ECB). The signal is considered to be an event.

MicroC/OS-III

µC/OS-III is the acronym for Micro-Controller Operating Systems Version 3, introduced in 2009 and adding functionality to the µC/OS-II RTOS.

µC/OS-III offers all the features and functions of µC/OS-II. The biggest difference is the number of tasks. µC/OS-II allows only 1 task at each of 255 priority levels, so a maximum of 255 tasks. µC/OS-III allows an unlimited number of application tasks at each one of an unlimited number of priority levels, constrained only by a processor’s access to memory.[14][15]

µC/OS-II and µC/OS-III are currently maintained by Micrium Inc. and can be licensed per product or per product line.

Uses in embedded systems

The uses are the same as for µC/OS-II

Task states

µC/OS-III is a multitasking operating system. Each task is an infinite loop and can be in any one of the following five states (See Figure). Task priorities can range from 0 (highest priority) to a maximum of 255 (lowest possible priority).

Round robin scheduling

When two or more tasks have the same priority, the kernel allows one task to run for a predetermined amount of time, called a quantum, and then selects another task. This process is called round robin scheduling or time slicing. The kernel gives control to the next task in line if:

Kernels

The kernel functionality for µC/OS-III is the same as for µC/OS-II.

Managing tasks

Task management also functions the same as for µC/OS-II, however, µC/OS-III supports multitasking and allows the application to have any number of tasks. The maximum number of tasks is limited by only the amount of memory (both code and data space) available to the processor.

A task can be implemented via run to completion scheduling, in which the task deletes itself when it is finished or more typically as an infinite loop, waiting for events to occur and processing those events.

Managing memory

Memory management is handled in the same way as performed in µC/OS-II.

Managing time

µC/OS-III offers the same time management features as µC/OS-II. It also provides services to applications so that tasks can suspend their execution for user-defined time delays. Delays are either specified by a number of clock ticks or hours, minutes, seconds, and milliseconds.

Communicating between tasks

It is sometimes necessary for a task or an ISR to communicate information to another task, because it is unsafe for two tasks to access the same specific data or hardware resource simultaneously. This can be resolved through information transfer called inter-task communication. This information transfer is called inter-task communication. Information can be communicated between tasks in two ways: through global data, or by sending messages.

When using global variables, each task or ISR must ensure that it has exclusive access to variables. If an ISR is involved, the only way to ensure exclusive access to common variables is to disable interrupts. If two tasks share data, each can gain exclusive access to variables either by disabling interrupts, locking the scheduler, using a semaphore, or preferably, using a mutual exclusion semaphore. Messages can either be sent to an intermediate object called a message queue, or directly to a task since in µC/OS-III, each task has its own built-in message queue. Use an external message queue if multiple tasks are to wait for messages. Send a message directly to a task if only one task will process the data received. When a task waits for a message to arrive, it does not consume CPU time.

Ports

A port involves three aspects: CPU, OS and board specific (BSP) code. µC/OS-II and has ports for most popular processors and boards in the market and is suitable for use in safety critical embedded systems such as aviation, medical systems and nuclear installations. μC/OS-III port consists of writing or changing the contents of three kernel specific files - OS_CPU.H, OS_CPU_A.ASM and OS_CPU_C.C. It is necessary to write or change the content of three CPU specific files: CPU.H, CPU_A.ASM and CPU_C.C. Finally create or change a board support package (BSP) for the evaluation board or target board being used. A μC/OS-III port is similar to a μC/OS-II port. There are significantly more ports than listed here, and ports are subject to continuous development.


References

  1. ↑ "NiosII GCC with MicroC/OS.". http://people.ece.cornell.edu/land/courses/ece5760/NiosII_muCOS/index.html. External link in |website= (help);
  2. ↑ Enric Pastor. "The Real-Time Operating System uCOS-II". p. 14.
  3. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). p. 77.
  4. ↑ Wikiversity:Operating Systems/Kernel Models#Monolithic Kernel
  5. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). p. 39.
  6. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). p. 40.
  7. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). p. 40.
  8. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). p. 42.
  9. ↑ Liu, Chung Lang; Layland, James W. (1973). "Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment". Journal of the ACM 20 1: 46–61. doi:10.1145/321738.321743.
  10. ↑ Bovet, Daniel. "Understanding The Linux Kernal".
  11. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). pp. 45–49.
  12. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). pp. 273–285.
  13. ↑ Labrosse,, Jean J. MicroC/OS-II: The Real Time Kernel (Second ed.). pp. 145–152.
  14. ↑ Micrium. "µC/OS-II and µC/OS-III Features Comparison".
  15. ↑ Micrium. "µC/OS-III overview".

Sources

External links

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