Microprocessor chronology
Progress of miniaturisation, and comparison of sizes of semiconductor manufacturing process nodes with some microscopic objects and visible light wavelengths.
1970s
The first microprocessors were manufactured in the 1970s. Designers predominantly used NMOS logic and they experimented with various word lengths. Early on, 4-bit processors were common (e.g. Intel 4004). Later in the decade, 8-bit processors such as the Motorola 6502 superseded the 4-bit chips. 16-bit processors emerged by the decade's end. Some unusual word lengths were tried, including 12-bit and 20-bit. The 20-bit MP944, designed for the U.S. Navy's F-14 Tomcat fighter, is considered by its designer to be the first microprocessor.[1] It was classified by the Navy until 1998, meaning that Intel's 4004 was widely regarded as the first-ever microprocessor.
| Date | Name | Developer | Max clock (first version) | Word size (bits) |
Process | Transistors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | MP944 | Garrett AiResearch | 375 kHz | 20 | Multi-chip,[2] pMOS Enhanced Mode | |
| 1971 | 4004 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 µm | 2,250 pMOS |
| 1972 | PPS-25 | Fairchild | 400 kHz | 4 | Multi-chip, pMOS[3][4] | |
| 1972 | 8008 | Intel | 500 kHz | 8 | 10 μm | 3,500 pMOS |
| 1972 | PPS-4 | Rockwell | 200 kHz | 4 | pMOS[5][6] | |
| 1973 | μCOM 4 | NEC | 1 MHz | 4 | 2,500 NMOS[7][8] | |
| 1973 | IMP-16 | National | 715 kHz | 16 | Multi-chip, pMOS[9][10] | |
| 1973 | Mini-D | Burroughs | 1 MHz | 8 | pMOS[11] | |
| 1974 | IMP-8 | National | 715 kHz | 8 | Multi-chip, pMOS[12] | |
| 1974 | 8080 | Intel | 2 MHz | 8 | 6 μm | 6,000 NMOS |
| 1974 | 5065 | Mostek | 1.4 MHz | 8 | pMOS[13] | |
| 1974 | TLCS-12 | Toshiba | 1 MHz | 12 | NMOS[12] | |
| 1974 | CP1600 | General Instrument | 3.3 MHz | 16 | NMOS[14][15][16] | |
| 1974 | IMP-4 | National | 500 kHz | 4 | Multi-chip, pMOS[12] | |
| 1974 | 4040 | Intel | 740 kHz | 4 | 10 μm | 3,000 pMOS |
| 1974 | 6800 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 4,100 NMOS[12] |
| 1974 | TMS 1000 | Texas Instruments | 400 kHz | 4 | 8 μm | 8,000 |
| 1974 | PACE | National | 16 | pMOS[14][17] | ||
| 1974 | ISP-8A/500 (SC/MP) | National | 1 MHz | 8 | P Channel MOS technology | |
| 1975 | 6100 | Intersil | 4 MHz | 12 | - | 4,000 CMOS[18][19] |
| 1975 | 2650 | Signetics | 1.2 MHz | 8 | NMOS[12] | |
| 1975 | PPS-8 | Rockwell | 256 kHz | 8 | pMOS[12] | |
| 1975 | F-8 | Fairchild | 2 MHz | 8 | NMOS[12] | |
| 1975 | CDP 1801 | RCA | 2 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 5,000 CMOS two-chip[20][21] |
| 1975 | 6502 | MOS Technology | 1 MHz | 8 | - | 3,510 dynamic NMOS |
| 1975 | BPC[22][23] | Hewlett Packard | 10 MHz | 16 | - | 6,000 + ROM |
| 1976 | CDP 1802 | RCA | 6.4 MHz | 8 | CMOS[24][25] | |
| 1976 | Z-80 | Zilog | 2.5 MHz | 8 | 4 μm | 8,500 NMOS |
| 1976 | TMS9900 | Texas Instruments | 3.3 MHz | 16 | - | 8,000 |
| 1976 | 8x300 | Signetics | 8 MHz | 8 | Bipolar[26][27] | |
| 1977 | 8085 | Intel | 3.0 MHz | 8 | 3 μm | 6,500 |
| 1978 | 6809 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 8 | 5 μm | 40,000 |
| 1978 | 8086 | Intel | 5 MHz | 16 | 3 μm | 29,000 |
| 1978 | 6801 | Motorola | - | 8 | 5 μm | 35,000 |
| 1979 | Z8000 | Zilog | - | 16 | - | 17,500 |
| 1979 | 8088 | Intel | 5 MHz | 8/16[28] | 3 μm | 29,000 NMOS HMOS |
| 1979 | 68000 | Motorola | 8 MHz | 16/32[29] | 3.5 μm | 68,000 NMOS HMOS |
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
1980s
In the 1980s, 16-bit and 32-bit microprocessors were common among new designs, and CMOS technology overtook NMOS. Transistor count increased dramatically during the decade.
The home computers of the 1980s predominantly used processors that were introduced in the 1970s. Versions of the Motorola 6502, first released in 1975, and the Zilog Z80 (1976), were at the core of many of the home computers, such as the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum. Even the first-generation IBM PC used a processor from the 1970s, the Intel 8088.
It was not until Intel's 80286 (in the IBM PC AT), and later the 80386, that processors designed in the 1980s drove the computers of the 1980s. These processors offered higher clock speeds and 32-bit word length as well as new operating modes, such as protected mode, that were not available in earlier chips. Critically, protected mode allowed the use of virtual memory and brought the graphical user interface to business computers, beginning with Microsoft Windows 2.0.
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Word size (bits) |
Process | Transistors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 16032 | National Semiconductor | - | 16/32 | - | 60,000 |
| 1981 | 6120 | Harris Corporation | 10 MHz | 12 | - | 20,000 CMOS[30] |
| 1981 | ROMP | IBM | 10 MHz | 32 | 2 µm | 45,000 |
| 1981 | T-11 | DEC | 2.5 MHz | 16 | 5 µm | 17,000 NMOS |
| 1982 | RISC-I[31] | UC Berkeley | 1 MHz | - | 5 µm | 44,420 NMOS |
| 1982 | FOCUS | Hewlett Packard | 18 MHz | 32 | 1.5 µm | 450,000 |
| 1982 | 80186 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | - | 55,000 |
| ? | 80C186 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | - | ? CMOS |
| 1982 | 80188 | Intel | 8 MHz | 8/16 | - | 29,000 |
| 1982 | 80286 | Intel | 6 MHz | 16 | 1.5 µm | 134,000 |
| 1983 | RISC-II | UC Berkeley | 3 MHz | - | 3 µm | 40,760 NMOS |
| 1983 | MIPS[32] | Stanford University | 2 MHz | 32 | 3 µm | 25,000 |
| 1984 | 68020 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 32 | 2 µm | 190,000 |
| 1984 | 32032 | National Semiconductor | - | 32 | - | 70,000 |
| 1984 | V20 | NEC | 5 MHz | 8/16 | - | 63,000 |
| 1985 | 80386 | Intel | 16–40 MHz | 32 | 1.5 µm | 275,000 |
| 1985 | MicroVax II 78032 | DEC | 5 MHz | 32 | 3.0 µm | 125,000 |
| 1985 | R2000 | MIPS | 8 MHz | 32 | 2 µm | 115,000 |
| 1985[33] | Novix NC4016 | Harris Corporation | 8 MHz | 16 | 3 μm[34] | 16,000[35] |
| 1988 | R3000 | MIPS | 12 MHz | 32 | 1.2 µm | 120,000 |
| 1986 | Z80000 | Zilog | - | 32 | - | 91,000 |
| 1986 | SPARC | Sun | 40 MHz | 32 | 0.8 µm | 800,000 |
| 1986 | V60[36] | NEC | 16 MHz | 16/32 | 1.5 µm | 375,000 |
| 1987 | CVAX 78034 | DEC | 12.5 MHz | 32 | 2.0 µm | 134,000 |
| 1987 | ARM2 | Acorn | 18 MHz | 32 | 2 µm | 25,000[37] |
| 1987 | Gmicro/200[38] | Hitachi | - | - | 1.0 µm | 730,000 |
| 1987 | 68030 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 32 | 1.3 µm | 273,000 |
| 1987 | V70[36] | NEC | 20 MHz | 16/32 | 1.5 µm | 385,000 |
| 1988 | 80386SX | Intel | 12–33 MHz | 16/32 | - | - |
| 1988 | i960 | Intel | 10 MHz | 33/32 | 1.5 µm | 250,000 |
| 1989 | VAX DC520 "Rigel" | DEC | 35 MHz | 32 | 1.5 µm | 320,000 |
| 1989 | 80486 | Intel | 25 MHz | 32 | 1 µm | 1,180,000 |
| 1989 | i860 | Intel | 25 MHz | 32 | 1 µm | 1,000,000 |
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
1990s
The 32-bit microprocessor dominated the consumer market in the 1990s. Processor clock speeds increased by more than tenfold between 1990 and 1999, and 64-bit processors began to emerge later in the decade. In the 1990s, microprocessors no longer used the same clock speed for the processor and the RAM. Processors began to have a front-side bus (FSB) clock speed used in communication with RAM and other components. Typically, the processor itself ran at a clock speed that was a multiple of the FSB clock speed. Intel's Pentium III, for example, had an internal clock speed of 450–600 MHz and a FSB speed of 100–133 MHz. Only the processor's internal clock speed is shown here.
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Word size (bits) |
Process | Transistors (M) | threads per core |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | 68040 | Motorola | 40 MHz | 32 | - | 1.2 | |
| 1990 | POWER1 | IBM | 20–30 MHz | 32 | 1.0 µm | 6.9 | |
| 1991 | R4000 | MIPS Computer Systems | 100 MHz | 64 | 0.8 µm | 1.35 | |
| 1991 | NVAX | DEC | 62.5–90.91 MHz | - | 0.75 µm | 1.3 | |
| 1991 | RSC | IBM | 33 MHz | 32 | 0.8 µm | 1.0[39] | |
| 1992 | Alpha 21064 | DEC | 100–200 MHz | 64 | 0.75 µm | 1.68 | |
| 1992 | microSPARC I | Sun | 40–50 MHz | 32 | 0.8 µm | 0.8 | |
| 1992 | PA-7100 | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 32 | 0.80 µm | 0.85[40] | |
| 1993 | PowerPC 601 | IBM, Motorola | 50–80 MHz | 32 | 0.6 µm | 2.8 | |
| 1993 | Pentium | Intel | 60–66 MHz | 32 | 0.8 µm | 3.1 | |
| 1993 | POWER2 | IBM | 55–71.5 MHz | 32 | 0.72 µm | 23 | |
| 1994 | 68060 | Motorola | 50 MHz | 32 | 0.6 µm | 2.5 | |
| 1994 | Alpha 21064A | DEC | 200–300 MHz | 64 | 0.5 µm | 2.85 | |
| 1994 | R4600 | QED | 100–125 MHz | 64 | 0.65 µm | 2.2 | |
| 1994 | PA-7200 | Hewlett Packard | 125 MHz | 32 | 0.55 µm | 1.26 | |
| 1994 | PowerPC 603 | IBM, Motorola | 60–120 MHz | 32 | 0.5 µm | 1.6 | |
| 1994 | PowerPC 604 | IBM, Motorola | 100–180 MHz | 32 | 0.5 µm | 3.6 | |
| 1994 | PA-7100LC | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 32 | 0.75 µm | 0.90 | |
| 1995 | Alpha 21164 | DEC | 266–333 MHz | 64 | 0.5 µm | 9.3 | |
| 1995 | UltraSPARC | Sun | 143–167 MHz | 64 | 0.47 µm | 5.2 | |
| 1995 | SPARC64 | HAL Computer Systems | 101–118 MHz | 64 | 0.40 µm | - | |
| 1995 | Pentium Pro | Intel | 150–200 MHz | 32 | 0.35 µm | 5.5 | |
| 1996 | Alpha 21164A | DEC | 400–500 MHz | 64 | 0.35 µm | 9.7 | |
| 1996 | K5 | AMD | 75–100 MHz | 32 | 0.5 µm | 4.3 | |
| 1996 | R10000 | MTI | 150–250 MHz | 64 | 0.35 µm | 6.7 | |
| 1996 | R5000 | QED | 180–250 MHz | - | 0.35 µm | 3.7 | |
| 1996 | SPARC64 II | HAL Computer Systems | 141–161 MHz | 64 | 0.35 µm | - | |
| 1996 | PA-8000 | Hewlett-Packard | 160–180 MHz | 64 | 0.50 µm | 3.8 | |
| 1996 | P2SC | IBM | 150 MHz | 32 | 0.29 µm | 15 | |
| 1997 | RS64 | IBM | 125 MHz | 64 | ? nm | ? | |
| 1997 | Pentium II | Intel | 233–300 MHz | 32 | 0.35 µm | 7.5 | |
| 1997 | PowerPC 620 | IBM, Motorola | 120–150 MHz | 64 | 0.35 µm | 6.9 | |
| 1997 | UltraSPARC IIs | Sun | 250–400 MHz | 64 | 0.35 µm | 5.4 | |
| 1997 | S/390 G4 | IBM | 370 MHz | 32 | 0.5 µm | 7.8 | |
| 1997 | PowerPC 750 | IBM, Motorola | 233–366 MHz | 32 | 0.26 µm | 6.35 | |
| 1997 | K6 | AMD | 166–233 MHz | 32 | 0.35 µm | 8.8 | |
| 1998 | RS64-II | IBM | 262 MHz | 64 | 350 nm | 12.5 | |
| 1998 | Alpha 21264 | DEC | 450–600 MHz | 64 | 0.35 µm | 15.2 | |
| 1998 | MIPS R12000 | SGI | 270–400 MHz | 64 | 0.25 µm, 0.18 µm | 6.9 | |
| 1998 | RM7000 | QED | 250–300 MHz | - | 0.25 µm | 18 | |
| 1998 | SPARC64 III | HAL Computer Systems | 250–330 MHz | 64 | 0.24 µm | 17.6 | |
| 1998 | S/390 G5 | IBM | 500 MHz | 32 | 0.25 µm | 25 | |
| 1998 | PA-8500 | Hewlett Packard | 300–440 MHz | 64 | 0.25 µm | 140 | |
| 1998 | POWER3 | IBM | 200 MHz | 64 | 0.25 µm | 15 | |
| 1999 | Pentium III | Intel | 450–600 MHz | 32 | 0.25 µm | 9.5 | |
| 1999 | RS64-III | IBM | 450 MHz | 64 | 220 nm | 34 | 2 |
| 1999 | PowerPC 7400 | Motorola | 350–500 MHz | 32 | 200–130 nm | 10.5 | |
| 1999 | Athlon | AMD | 500–1000 MHz | 32 | 0.25 µm | 22 | |
- This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
2000s
64-bit processors became mainstream in the 2000s. Microprocessor clock speeds reached a ceiling because of the heat dissipation barrier. Instead of implementing expensive and impractical cooling systems, manufacturers turned to parallel computing in the form of the multi-core processor. Overclocking had its roots in the 1990s, but came into its own in the 2000s. Off-the-shelf cooling systems designed for overclocked processors became common, and the gaming PC had its advent as well. Over the decade, transistor counts increased by about an order of magnitude, a trend continued from previous decades. Process sizes decreased about fourfold, from 180 nm to 45 nm.
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (M) | Cores per die / Dies per module |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2000 | Athlon XP | AMD | 1.33–1.73 GHz | 180 nm | 37.5 | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | Duron | AMD | 550 MHz–1.3 GHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | RS64-IV | IBM | 600–750 MHz | 180 nm | 44 | 1 / 2 |
| 2000 | Pentium 4 | Intel | 1.3–2 GHz | 180–130 nm | 42 | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | SPARC64 IV | Fujitsu | 450–810 MHz | 130 nm | - | 1 / 1 |
| 2000 | z900 | IBM | 918 MHz | 180 nm | 47 | 1 / 12, 20 |
| 2001 | MIPS R14000 | SGI | 500–600 MHz | 130 nm | 7.2 | 1 / 1 |
| 2001 | POWER4 | IBM | 1.1–1.4 GHz | 180–130 nm | 174 | 2 / 1, 4 |
| 2001 | UltraSPARC III | Sun | 750–1200 MHz | 130 nm | 29 | 1 / 1 |
| 2001 | Itanium | Intel | 733–800 MHz | 180 nm | 25 | 1 / 1 |
| 2001 | PowerPC 7450 | Motorola | 733–800 MHz | 180–130 nm | 33 | 1 / 1 |
| 2002 | SPARC64 V | Fujitsu | 1.1–1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 190 | 1 / 1 |
| 2002 | Itanium 2 | Intel | 0.9–1 GHz | 180 nm | 410 | 1 / 1 |
| 2003 | PowerPC 970 | IBM | 1.6–2.0 GHz | 130–90 nm | 52 | 1 / 1 |
| 2003 | Pentium M | Intel | 0.9–1.7 GHz | 130–90 nm | 77 | 1 / 1 |
| 2003 | Opteron | AMD | 1.4–2.4 GHz | 130 nm | 106 | 1 / 1 |
| 2004 | POWER5 | IBM | 1.65–1.9 GHz | 130–90 nm | 276 | 2 / 1, 2, 4 |
| 2004 | PowerPC BGL | IBM | 700 MHz | 130 nm | 95 | 2 / 1 |
| 2005 | Opteron "Athens" | AMD | 1.6–3.0 GHz | 90 nm | 114 | 1 / 1 |
| 2005 | Pentium D | Intel | 2.8–3.2 GHz | 90 nm | 115 | 1 / 2 |
| 2005 | Athlon 64 X2 | AMD | 2–2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 243 | 2 / 1 |
| 2005 | PowerPC 970MP | IBM | 1.2–2.5 GHz | 90 nm | 183 | 2 / 1 |
| 2005 | UltraSPARC IV | Sun | 1.05–1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 66 | 2 / 1 |
| 2005 | UltraSPARC T1 | Sun | 1–1.4 GHz | 90 nm | 300 | 8 / 1 |
| 2005 | Xenon | IBM | 3.2 GHz | 90–45 nm | 165 | 3 / 1 |
| 2006 | Core Duo | Intel | 1.1–2.33 GHz | 90–65 nm | 151 | 2 / 1 |
| 2006 | Core 2 | Intel | 1.06–2.67 GHz | 65–45 nm | 291 | 2 / 1, 2 |
| 2006 | Cell/B.E. | IBM, Sony, Toshiba | 3.2–4.6 GHz | 90–45 nm | 241 | 1+8 / 1 |
| 2006 | Itanium "Montecito" | Intel | 1.4–1.6 GHz | 90 nm | 1720 | 2 / 1 |
| 2007 | POWER6 | IBM | 3.5–4.7 GHz | 65 nm | 790 | 2 / 1 |
| 2007 | SPARC64 VI | Fujitsu | 2.15–2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 543 | 2 / 1 |
| 2007 | UltraSPARC T2 | Sun | 1–1.4 GHz | 65 nm | 503 | 8 / 1 |
| 2007 | TILE64 | Tilera | 600–900 MHz | 90–45 nm | ? | 64 / 1 |
| 2007 | Opteron "Barcelona" | AMD | 1.8–3.2 GHz | 65 nm | 463 | 4 / 1 |
| 2007 | PowerPC BGP | IBM | 850 MHz | 90 nm | 208 | 4 / 1 |
| 2008 | Phenom | AMD | 1.8–2.6 GHz | 65 nm | 450 | 2, 3, 4 / 1 |
| 2008 | z10 | IBM | 4.4 GHz | 65 nm | 993 | 4 / 7 |
| 2008 | PowerXCell 8i | IBM | 2.8–4.0 GHz | 65 nm | 250 | 1+8 / 1 |
| 2008 | SPARC64 VII | Fujitsu | 2.4–2.88 GHz | 65 nm | 600 | 4 / 1 |
| 2008 | Atom | Intel | 0.8–1.6 GHz | 65–45 nm | 47 | 1 / 1 |
| 2008 | Core i7 | Intel | 2.66–3.2 GHz | 45–32 nm | 730 | 2, 4, 6 / 1 |
| 2008 | TILEPro64 | Tilera | 600–866 MHz | 90–45 nm | ? | 64 / 1 |
| 2008 | Opteron "Shanghai" | AMD | 2.3–2.9 GHz | 45 nm | 751 | 4 / 1 |
| 2009 | Phenom II | AMD | 2.5–3.2 GHz | 45 nm | 758 | 2, 3, 4, 6 / 1 |
| 2009 | Opteron "Istanbul" | AMD | 2.2–2.8 GHz | 45 nm | 904 | 6 / 1 |
2010s
| Date | Name | Developer | Clock | Process | Transistors (M) | Cores per die / Dies per module |
threads per core |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | POWER7 | IBM | 3–4.14 GHz | 45 nm | 1200 | 4, 6, 8 / 1, 4 | 4 |
| 2010 | Itanium "Tukwila" | Intel | 2 GHz | 65 nm | 2000 | 2, 4 / 1 | 2 |
| 2010 | Opteron "Magny-cours" | AMD | 1.7–2.4 GHz | 45 nm | 1810 | 4, 6 / 2 | 1 |
| 2010 | Xeon "Nehalem-EX" | Intel | 1.73–2.66 GHz | 45 nm | 2300 | 4, 6, 8 / 1 | 2 |
| 2010 | z196 | IBM | 3.8–5.2 GHz | 45 nm | 1400 | 4 / 1, 6 | 1 |
| 2010 | SPARC T3 | Sun | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 2000 | 16 / 1 | 8 |
| 2010 | SPARC64 VII+ | Fujitsu | 2.66–3.0 GHz | 45 nm | ? | 4 / 1 | 2 |
| 2010 | Intel "Westmere" | Intel | 1.86–3.33 GHz | 32 nm | 1170 | 4–6 / 1 | 2 |
| 2011 | Intel "Sandy Bridge" | Intel | 1.6–3.4 GHz | 32 nm | 995[41] | 2, 4 / 1 | (1,) 2 |
| 2011 | AMD Llano | AMD | 1.0–1.6 GHz | 40 nm | 380[42] | 1, 2 / 1 | 1 |
| 2011 | Xeon E7 | Intel | 1.73–2.67 GHz | 32 nm | 2600 | 4, 6, 8, 10 / 1 | 1–2 |
| 2011 | PowerPC BGQ | IBM | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 1470 | 18 / 1 | 4 |
| 2011 | SPARC64 VIIIfx | Fujitsu | 2.0 GHz | 45 nm | 760 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
| 2011 | FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos | AMD | 3.1–3.6 GHz | 32 nm | 1200[43] | 4–8 / 2 | 1 |
| 2011 | SPARC T4 | Oracle | 2.8–3 GHz | 40 nm | 855 | 8 / 1 | 8 |
| 2012 | SPARC64 IXfx | Fujitsu | 1.848 GHz | 40 nm | 1870 | 16 / 1 | 2 |
| 2012 | zEC12 | IBM | 5.5 GHz | 32 nm | 2750 | 6 / 6 | 1 |
| 2012 | POWER7+ | IBM | 3.1–5.3 GHz | 32 nm | 2100 | 8 / 1, 2 | 4 |
| 2012 | Itanium "Poulson" | Intel | 1.73–2.53 GHz | 32 nm | 3100 | 8 / 1 | 2 |
| 2013 | Intel "Haswell" | Intel | 1.9–4.4 GHz | 22 nm | 1400 | 4 / 1 | 2 |
| 2013 | SPARC64 X | Fujitsu | 2.8–3 GHz | 28 nm | 2950 | 16 / 1 | 2 |
| 2013 | SPARC T5 | Oracle | 3.6 GHz | 28 nm | 1500 | 16 / 1 | 8 |
| 2014 | POWER8 | IBM | 2.5–5 GHz | 22 nm | 4200 | 6, 12 / 1, 2 | 8 |
See also
- Transistor count per chip, chronology
- Timeline of instructions per second - architectural chip performance chronology
References
- ↑ Holt, Ray. "World's First Microprocessor". Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ↑ Holt, Ray (1971). "Architecture Of A Microprocessor". Computer Design (unpublished). Retrieved 5 March 2016.
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 57–59, 77
- ↑ According to Ogdin 1975, the Fairchild PPS-25 was first delivered in 2Q 1971 and the Intel 4004 in 4Q 1971.
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 72, 77
- ↑ "Rockwell PPS-4". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ↑ Ryoichi Mori, Hiroaki Tajima, Morihiko Tajima and Yoshikuni Okada (October 1977). "Microprocessors in Japan". Euromicro Newsletter 3 (4): 50–7. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90111-0.
|chapter=ignored (help) - ↑ "NEC 751 (uCOM-4)". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 70, 77
- ↑ "National Semiconductor IMP-16". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 55, 77
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ogdin 1975, p. 77
- ↑ Ogdin 1975, pp. 65, 77
- 1 2 David Russell (February 1978). "Microprocessor survey". Microprocessors 2 (1): 13–20, See p. 18. doi:10.1016/0308-5953(78)90071-5.
- ↑ "Microprocessors — The Early Years 1971–1974". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
- ↑ "CP1600 16-Bit Single-Chip Microprocessor" (PDF). data sheet. General Instrument. 1977. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ↑ Allen Kent, James G. Williams, ed. (1990). "Evolution of Computerized Maintenance Management to Generation of Random Numbers". Encyclopedia of Microcomputers 7. Marcel Dekker. p. 336. ISBN 0-8247-2706-1.
- ↑ Little, Jeff (2009-03-04). "Intersil Intercept Jr". ClassicCmp.
- ↑ "Intersil IM6100 CMOS 12 Bit Microprocessor family databook" (PDF).
- ↑ "RCA COSMAC 1801". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ↑ "CDP 1800 μP Commercially available" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (4): 1–3. October 1975.
- ↑ "Hybrid Microprocessor". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ↑ "HP designs Custom 16-bit μC Chip" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (4): 8. October 1975.
- ↑ "RCA COSMAC 1802". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-14.
- ↑ "CDP 1802" (PDF). Microcomputer Digest 2 (10): 1, 4. April 1976.
- ↑ Hans Hoffman; John Nemec (April 1977). "A fast microprocessor for control applications". Euromicro Newsletter 3 (3): 53–59. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(77)90010-4.
- ↑ "Microprocessors — The Explosion 1975–1976". The Antique Chip Collector's Page. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ↑ The Intel 8088 had an 8-bit external data bus but internally used a 16-bit architecture.
- ↑ The Motorola 68000 had a 16-bit external data bus but internally used 32-bit registers.
- ↑ Harris CMOS Digital Data Book (PDF). pp. 4–3–21.
- ↑ "Berkeley Hardware Prototypes". Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ↑ Patterson, David A. (1985). "Reduced instruction set computers". Communications of the ACM 28: 8. doi:10.1145/2465.214917.
- ↑ "Forth chips list". UltraTechnology. 2010.
- ↑ Koopman, Philip J. (1989). "4.4 Architecture of the NOVIX NC4016". Stack Computers: the new wave. E. Horwood. ISBN 0745804187.
- ↑ Hand, Tom (1994). "The Harris RTX 2000 Microcontroller" (PDF). Journal of Forth Application and Research 6 (1). ISSN 0738-2022.
- 1 2 Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y (1988). "Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function". IEEE Micro 8 (2): 22–36. doi:10.1109/40.527.
- ↑ C Green, P Gülzow, L Johnson, K Meinzer, J Miller (Mar–Apr 1999). "The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D". Amsat Journal 22 (2).
The first processor using these principles, called ARM-1, was fabricated by VLSI in April 1985, and gave startling performance for the time, whilst using barely 25,000 transistors
- ↑ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K (1988). "Realization of Gmicro/200". IEEE Micro 8 (2): 12–21. doi:10.1109/40.526.
- ↑ Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 200–4. ISBN 0-8186-3110-4.
- ↑ "PA-RISC Processors". Retrieved 2008-05-11.
- ↑ Anand Lal Shimpi (10 January 2011). "A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die". AnandTech.
- ↑ renethx (10 November 2011). "AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?". AVS Forum.
|chapter=ignored (help) - ↑ "AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B". AnandTech. 2 December 2011.
- sandpile.org for x86 processor information
- Ogdin, Jerry (January 1975). "Microprocessor scorecard". Euromicro Newsletter 1 (2): 43–77. doi:10.1016/0303-1268(75)90008-5.
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