Multi-touch

Multi-touch screen
Finger touching a multi-touch screen

In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface (a trackpad or touchscreen) to recognize the presence of more than one[1][2] or more than two[3] points of contact with the surface. This plural-point awareness may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures.

The 2 different uses of the term are the result of the quick developments in this field, which resulted in many companies using the term "multi-touch" for marketing purposes for older technology that is called gesture-enhanced single-touch or several other terms by other companies and researchers.[4][5] There are several other similar or related terms that attempt to differentiate between whether a device can exactly determine or only approximate the location of different points of contact and that attempt to further differentiate between the various technological capabilities,[5] but they are often used as synonyms in marketing.

History of multi-touch

The use of touchscreen technology to control electronic devices pre-dates multi-touch technology and the personal computer. Early synthesizer and electronic instrument builders like Hugh Le Caine and Robert Moog experimented with using touch-sensitive capacitance sensors to control the sounds made by their instruments.[6] IBM began building the first touch screens in the late 1960s, and, in 1972, Control Data released the PLATO IV computer, a terminal used for educational purposes that employed single-touch points in a 16x16 array as its user interface.

Prior to Multi-touch technology it was very difficult to manufacture a touch screen device without a pen interface. The idea of being able to use a keyboard interface built into the actual touch screen itself, which we see today, was impossible to attain because the screens were only able to utilize these single-touch points.[7]

The prototypes[8] of the x-y mutual capacitance multi-touch screens (left) developed at CERN

One of the early implementations of mutual capacitance touchscreen technology was developed at CERN in 1977[9][10] based on their capacitance touch screens developed in 1972 by Danish electronics engineer Bent Stumpe. This technology was used to develop a new type of human machine interface (HMI) for the control room of the Super Proton Synchrotron particle accelerator.

In a handwritten note dated 11 March 1972, Stumpe presented his proposed solution – a capacitive touch screen with a fixed number of programmable buttons presented on a display. The screen was to consist of a set of capacitors etched into a film of copper on a sheet of glass, each capacitor being constructed so that a nearby flat conductor, such as the surface of a finger, would increase the capacitance by a significant amount. The capacitors were to consist of fine lines etched in copper on a sheet of glass – fine enough (80 μm) and sufficiently far apart (80 μm) to be invisible (CERN Courier April 1974 p117).In the final device, a simple lacquer coating prevented the fingers from actually touching the capacitors.

Multi-touch technology substantially began in 1982, when the University of Toronto's Input Research Group developed the first human-input multi-touch system,[11] although an earlier system switch-matrix touch screen from M.I.T. was also capable of multi-touch detection.[12] The system at the University of Toronto used a frosted-glass panel with a camera placed behind the glass. When a finger or several fingers pressed on the glass, the camera would detect the action as one or more black spots on an otherwise white background, allowing it to be registered as an input. Since the size of a dot was dependent on pressure (how hard the person was pressing on the glass), the system was somewhat pressure-sensitive as well.[6]

In 1983, Bell Labs at Murray Hill published a comprehensive discussion of touch-screen based interfaces.[13]

In 1983 the video-based Video Place/Video Desk system of Myron Krueger was influential in development of multi-touch gestures such as pinch-to-zoom.[14][15]

In 1984, Bell Labs engineered a touch screen that could change images with more than one hand. In 1985, the University of Toronto group including Bill Buxton developed a multi-touch tablet that used capacitance rather than bulky camera-based optical sensing systems.[6]

Sears et al. (1990)[16] gave a review of academic research on single and multi-touch touchscreen human–computer interaction of the time, describing single touch gestures such as rotating knobs, swiping the screen to activate a switch (or a U-shaped gesture for a toggle switch), and touchscreen keyboards (including a study that showed that users could type at 25 words per minute for a touchscreen keyboard compared with 58 words per minute for a standard keyboard, with multi-touch hypothesized to improve data entry rate); multi-touch gestures such as selecting a range of a line, connecting objects, and a "tap-click" gesture to select while maintaining location with another finger are also described.

An advance occurred in 1991, when Pierre Wellner published a paper on his multi-touch "Digital Desk", which supported multi-finger and pinching motions.[17][18]

Various companies expanded upon these inventions in the beginning of the twenty-first century. The company Fingerworks developed various multi-touch technologies between 1999 and 2005, including Touchstream keyboards and the iGesture Pad. Several studies of this technology were published in the early 2000s by Alan Hedge, professor of human factors and ergonomics at Cornell University.[19][20][21] Apple acquired Fingerworks and its multi-touch technology in 2005. Mainstream exposure to multi-touch technology occurred in 2007 when the iPhone gained popularity, with Apple stating they "invented multi touch" as part of the iPhone announcement,[22] however both the function and the term predate the announcement or patent requests, except for such area of application as capacitive mobile screens, which did not exist before Fingerworks/Apple's technology (Fingerworks filed patents in 2001–2005,[23] subsequent multi-touch refinements were patented by Apple[24]).

Microsoft's table-top touch platform, Microsoft PixelSense, which started development in 2001, interacts with both the user's touch and their electronic devices. Similarly, in 2001, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL) began development of a multi-touch, multi-user system called DiamondTouch, also based on capacitance, but able to differentiate between multiple simultaneous users (or rather, the chairs in which each user is seated or the floorpad on which the user is standing); the Diamondtouch became a commercial product in 2008.

In May 2015, Apple was granted a patent for a "fusion keyboard", which turns individual physical keys into multi-touch buttons.[25]

Small-scale touch devices are rapidly becoming commonplace, with the number of touch screen telephones expected to increase from 200,000 shipped in 2006 to 21 million in 2012.[26]

Some of the first devices to support multi-touch were:

Brands and manufacturers

A virtual keyboard on an iPad

Apple has retailed and distributed numerous products using multi-touch technology; most prominently including its iPhone smartphone and iPad tablet. Additionally, Apple also holds several patents related to the implementation of multi-touch in user interfaces,[27] however the legitimacy of some patents has been disputed.[28] Apple additionally attempted to register "Multi-touch" as a trademark in the United States—however its request was denied by the United States Patent and Trademark Office because it considered the term generic.[29]

Multi-touch sensing and processing occurs via an ASIC sensor that is attached to the touch surface. Usually, separate companies make the ASIC and screen that combine into a touch screen; conversely, a trackpad's surface and ASIC are usually manufactured by the same company. There have been large companies in recent years that have expanded into the growing multi-touch industry, with systems designed for everything from the casual user to multinational organizations.

It is now common for laptop manufacturers to include multi-touch trackpads on their laptops, and tablet computers respond to touch input rather than traditional stylus input and it is supported by many recent operating systems.

A few companies are focusing on large-scale surface computing rather than personal electronics, either large multi-touch tables or wall surfaces. These systems are generally used by government organizations, museums, and companies as a means of information or exhibit display.

Implementations

Multi-touch has been implemented in several different ways, depending on the size and type of interface. The most popular form are mobile devices, tablets, touchtables and walls. Both touchtables and touch walls project an image through acrylic or glass, and then back-light the image with LEDs.

Touch surfaces can also be made pressure-sensitive by the addition of a pressure-sensitive coating that flexes differently depending on how firmly it is pressed, altering the reflection.[30]

Handheld technologies use a panel that carries an electrical charge. When a finger touches the screen, the touch disrupts the panel's electrical field. The disruption is registered as an computer event (gesture) and may be sent to the software, which may then initiates a response to the gesture event.[31]

In the past few years, several companies have released products that use multi-touch. In an attempt to make the expensive technology more accessible, hobbyists have also published methods of constructing DIY touchscreens.[32]

Capacitive

Capacitive technologies include:[33]

Resistive

Resistive technologies include:[33]

Optical

Optical touch technology functions when a finger or an object touches the surface, causing the light to scatter, the reflection is caught with sensors or cameras that send the data to software which dictates response to the touch, depending on the type of reflection measured.

Optical technologies include:[33]

Wave

Acoustic and radio-frequency wave-based technologies include:[33]

Multi-touch gestures

Multi-touch touchscreen gestures enable predefined motions to interact with the device and software. An increasing number of devices like smartphones, tablets, laptops or desktop computers have functions that are triggered by multi-touch gestures.

Multi-touch software

Many vendors have developed multi-touch software products that allow people to drag, resize, and rotate photos, videos and electronic documents (e.g. unedged arena, nuiSense business, snowflake, omnitapps).

Multi-touch software often has common features that enable non-technical people to quickly configure multi-touch presentations. This software may be useful in museums, kiosks, education, storefront windows, fairs and showrooms. It can be also used for collaboration purposes.

Popular culture

Years before it was a viable consumer product, popular culture portrayed potential uses of multi-touch technology in the future, including in several installments of the Star Trek franchise.

The television series CSI: Miami introduced both surface and wall multi-touch displays in its sixth season. Another television series, NCIS: Los Angeles, makes use of multi-touch surfaces and wall panels as an initiative to go digital. Another form of a multi-touch computer was seen in the film The Island, where the professor, played by Sean Bean, has a multi-touch desktop to organize files, based on an early version of Microsoft Surface (not be confused with the tablet computers which now bear that name). Multi-touch technology can also be seen in the James Bond film Quantum of Solace, where MI6 uses a touch interface to browse information about the criminal Dominic Greene.[35] In an episode of the television series The Simpsons, Lisa Simpson travels to the underwater headquarters of Mapple to visit Steve Mobbs, who is shown to be performing multiple multi-touch hand gestures on a large touch wall.

A device similar to the Microsoft Surface was seen in the 1982 Disney sci-fi film Tron. It took up an executive's entire desk and was used to communicate with the Master Control computer.

The interface used to control the alien ship in the 2009 film District 9 features such similar technology.[36]

Microsoft's Surface was also used in the 2008 film The Day the Earth Stood Still.[37]

In the 2002 film Minority Report, Tom Cruise uses a set of gloves that resemble a multi-touch interface to browse through information.[38]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Multi-touch definition of Multi-touch in the Free Online Encyclopedia.". encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  2. ↑ "Glossary - X2 Computing". x2computing.com. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  3. ↑ Gardner, N.; Haeusler, H.; Tomitsch, M. (2010). Infostructures: A Transport Research Project. Freerange Press. ISBN 9780980868906. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
  4. ↑ Walker, Geoff (August 2012). "A review of technologies for sensing contact location on the surface of a display". Journal of the Society for Information Display 20 (8): 413–440. doi:10.1002/jsid.100.
  5. 1 2 "What is Multitouch". Retrieved 2010-05-30.
  6. 1 2 3 Buxton, Bill. "Multitouch Overview"
  7. ↑ "Multi-Touch Technology, Applications and Global Markets". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
  8. ↑ The first capacitative touch screens at CERN, CERN Courrier, 31 March 2010, retrieved 2010-05-25
  9. ↑ Stumpe, Bent (16 March 1977), A new principle for x-y touch system (PDF), CERN, retrieved 2010-05-25
  10. ↑ Stumpe, Bent (6 February 1978), Experiments to find a manufacturing process for an x-y touch screen (PDF), CERN, retrieved 2010-05-25
  11. ↑ Mehta, Nimish (1982), A Flexible Machine Interface, M.A.Sc. Thesis, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Toronto supervised by Professor K.C. Smith.
  12. ↑ Kaplow, Roy and Molnar, Michael (1976), A computer-terminal, hardware/software system with enhanced user input capabilities; the enhanced-input terminal system (EITS), ACM SIGGRAPH, Vol 10 No 2, Summer 1976, pp. 116-124; US Patent 4,202,041, "Dynamically Variable Keyboard System", May 6, 1980
  13. ↑ Nakatani, L. H., John A Rohrlich; Rohrlich, John A. (1983). "Soft Machines: A Philosophy of User-Computer Interface Design". Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’83): 12–15. doi:10.1145/800045.801573. Retrieved 2009-01-28.
  14. ↑ Krueger, Myron. "Videoplace '88".
  15. ↑ Krueger, Myron, W., Gionfriddo, Thomas., &Hinrichsen, Katrin (1985). VIDEOPLACE - An Artificial Reality, Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’85), 35 - 40.
  16. ↑ Sears, A., Plaisant, C., Shneiderman, B. (June 1990) A new era for high-precision touchscreens. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, vol. 3, Hartson, R. & Hix, D. Eds., Ablex (1992) 1-33 HCIL-90-01, CS-TR-2487, CAR-TR-506.
  17. ↑ Wellner, Pierre. 1991. The Digital Desk. Video on YouTube
  18. ↑ Pierre Wellner's papers via DBLP
  19. ↑ Westerman, W., Elias J.G. and A.Hedge (2001) Multi-touch: a new tactile 2-d gesture interface for human-computer interaction Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, Vol. 1, 632-636.
  20. ↑ Shanis, J. and Hedge, A. (2003) Comparison of mouse, touchpad and multitouch input technologies. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 47th Annual Meeting, Oct. 13–17, Denver, CO, 746-750.
  21. ↑ Thom-Santelli, J. and Hedge, A. (2005) Effects of a multitouch keyboard on wrist posture, typing performance and comfort. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 49th Annual Meeting, Orlando, Sept. 26-30, HFES, Santa Monica, 646-650.
  22. ↑ Steve Jobs (2006). "And Boy Have We Patented It". Retrieved 2010-05-14. And we have invented a new technology called Multi-touch
  23. ↑ "US patent 7,046,230 "Touch pad handheld device"".
  24. ↑ Jobs; et al. "Touch Screen Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Determining Commands by Applying Heuristics".
  25. ↑ "Apple Patent Tips Multi-Touch Keyboard". 26 May 2015.
  26. ↑ Wong, May. 2008. Touch-screen phones poised for growth http://www.usatoday.com/tech/products/2007-06-21-1895245927_x.htm. Retrieved April 2008.
  27. ↑ Heater, Brian (27 January 2009). "Key Apple Multi-Touch Patent Tech Approved". PCmag.com. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  28. ↑ "Apple's Pinch to Zoom Patent Has Been Tentatively Invalidated". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2013-06-12.
  29. ↑ Golson, Jordan. "Apple Denied Trademark for Multi-Touch". MacRumors. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
  30. ↑ Scientific American. 2008. "How It Works: Multitouch Surfaces Explained". Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  31. ↑ Brandon, John. 2009. "How the iPhone Works
  32. ↑ DIY Multi-touch screen
  33. 1 2 3 4 Knowledge base:Multitouch technologies. Digest author: Gennadi Blindmann
  34. ↑
  35. ↑ 2009. " Quantum of Solace Multitouch UI"
  36. ↑ "District 9 - Ship UI" on YouTube
  37. ↑ Garofalo, Frank Joseph. "User Interfaces For Simultaneous Group Collaboration Through Multi-Touch Devices". Purdue University. p. 17. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
  38. ↑ Minority Report Touch Interface for Real. Gizmodo.com. Retrieved on 2013-12-09.

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