NZR KA class

NZR K^A class

A streamlined K^A class locomotive

Type and origin
Power type	Steam
Builder	NZR Hutt Workshops NZR Hillside Workshops
Build date	1939 - 1945, 1950

Specifications
Configuration	4-8-4
Gauge	3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)
Wheel diameter	54 in (1.372 m)
Wheelbase	34 ft 10 in (10.62 m)
Length	69 ft 8 in (21.23 m)
Width	8 ft 6 in (2.59 m)
Height	11 ft 6 in (3.51 m)
Adhesive weight	56.4 long tons (57.3 t; 63.2 short tons)
Loco weight	93 long tons (94 t; 104 short tons)
Tender weight	52.9 long tons (53.7 t; 59.2 short tons)
Total weight	145.9 long tons (148.2 t; 163.4 short tons)
Fuel type	Coal (original) Oil (converted 1947 - 1953)
Fuel capacity	7.5 long tons (7.6 t; 8.4 short tons) coal 1,570 imp gal (7,100 L; 1,890 US gal) oil
Water cap	5,000 imp gal (23,000 L)
Firebox: • Firegrate area	47.7 square feet (4.4 m²)
Boiler pressure	200 psi (1,379 kPa)
Feedwater heater	ACFI (K^A 930 - 959)
Heating surface	1,933 square feet (179.6 m²)
Superheater:
• Heating area	485 square feet (45.1 m²)
Cylinders	2
Cylinder size	20 in × 26 in (508 mm × 660 mm)

Performance figures
Power output	1,400 hp (1,000 kW)
Tractive effort	30,815 lbf (137.07 kN)

Career
Number in class	35
Numbers	930 - 964
Official name	"Nigel Bruce" (K^A 942)
Locale	North Island of New Zealand
First run	1939
Last run	December 1967
Retired	1965 - 1967
Restored	1985 (K^A 945)
Scrapped	1966 - 1967
Current owner	Mainline Steam, Silver Stream Railway, Steam Incorporated
Disposition	Withdrawn; 3 preserved

The NZR K^A class of 1939 was a class of mixed traffic 4-8-4 steam locomotives that operated on New Zealand's railway network. They were built after the success of the K class to meet the increasing traffic demands of the New Zealand Railways Department. The locomotives first appeared with distinctive streamlining, mainly to hide their ACFI feedwater heater systems.

History

Following the success of the K class, there was a need for more similar locomotives in the North Island. The new locomotives incorporated a number of improvements, including a re-designed plate frame to eliminate the cracking issues the K class were experiencing; roller bearings on all wheels; hydrostatic lubrication throughout; and the inclusion of the ACFI feedwater heater system as pioneered by K 919. As the ACFI equipment was criticised for its aesthetic appearance, it was obscured with shrouding fitted to both the K^A class and contemporary K^B class.

Building of the locomotives commenced in 1939, just prior to the Second World War. Main construction and assembly took place at Hutt Workshops. Hillside Workshops largely constructed - but did not assemble - ten of the class (No.'s 940-944, 960-964) and built a further five K^A boilers. The primary reason why the ten K^As were not assembled at Hillside was because there was no way of transporting complete locomotives between the North and South Islands at the time (the first Railways Department rail ferry didn't commence until 1962). The Vulcan Foundry, of the United Kingdom supplied parts for fifteen locomotives, including most chassis components, tender bogies, and boiler foundation rings. The General Casting Corporation of Pennsylvania, USA supplied trailing bogie and rear end framing. A company in Auckland also constructed up to 10 tenders for the class. While the imported components were intended for specific locomotives (and in some cases were stamped for the locomotives they were intended for) in practice, and due to wartime pressures, the imported components were used indiscriminately for any K^A locomotives in the programme.

Nineteen locomotives were built between 1939 and 1941, but wartime circumstances meant construction of the remaining sixteen lasted from 1941 to 1950, a period much longer than NZR management anticipated. The first of the locomotives to be completed was K^A 945. All but two members of the class were constructed by 1946. The final pair, No.'s 958 and 959, differed somewhat from the rest of their class due to being fitted with Baker valve gear instead of the Walschaerts valve gear fitted to all other members, and were oil burners from new. Like some of the other later K^As, they were not built with shrouding, although the front shrouding and many front-end components had been built for K^A 959 for display at an exhibition. These were ultimately used on K^A 939.

In service

The K^A class was solely based in the North Island, and upon entering service, the first members were placed on heavy freight and express passenger service. They saw extensive use on these tasks during wartime. The shrouding, while cleaning up the appearance of the locomotives, was open at the top and began gathering soot and dust that affected the working environment in the cab. After the war, a coal shortage also occurred and NZR decided to convert a large number of locomotives to oil burning. The K^A class were a prime candidate due to the large size of the grate. Conversion to oil burning occurred from 1947 and 1953, with nineteen of the class done at Otahuhu Workshops and sixteen at Hutt. The conversion coincided with the removal of the shrouding, and also the replacement of the ACFI feedwater system with an exhaust steam injector.

The locomotives became a mainstay of the North Island motive power fleet, and primarily seen on the North Island Main Trunk Railway,operating the overnight Express and Night Limited from 1940. When the North Island JA entered service in 1952 they took over the Express and Limited on the Taumaranui - Auckland section, but the KA continued to be used on the Paekakariki- Taumaranui section of the Limited and Express, until displaced by DA diesels in 1963 and 1965. However on the last day of the steam power on the Limited, in April 1963 and the Express in February 1965 KAs, worked the train right through to Auckland.^[1] In reality rail freight on the NIMT was almost entirely dieselised in 1955-56, but the KA and JA could pull heavier passenger and mail loads. The KA originally conceived as a mountain engine was effective on the steep section from Taihape to Taumaranui through the King Country and move ,14 car passenger trains faster than a DA. The last two KA completed in 1950 used the Baker valve gear fitted to the last US rail steam express engines of NYC and Norfolk and Western. The KA 958 and KA 959 were regulars on the Limited in the 1950s and early 1960s out of Paekakariki to Taihape.The Baker valve gear made them more free running but was intended for specialised passenger service and less effective than the earlier KA on heavy freight. The KA also worked other lines, such as the Palmerston North - Gisborne Line as far as Napier and the Stratford - Okahukura Line.The KA usually pulled the Rotorua express between Hamilton and Rotorua till it was replaced by railcars in 1959 and were used on relief expresses to New Plymouth and Napier until 1965. In the last period of KA use between 1959-1967 their freight use was mainly as bankers in the King Country and the banks on the Wanganui and Rotorua lines and mixed trains in the King Country. They remained important passenger power units because of their superior performance in the Central North Island and the fact until 1958-59 and the introduction of real air competiton with turbo prop Friendships and Viscounts ^[2] the overnight Express, Limited and summer Daylight limited, were the main public transport between Wellington and Auckland. The Daylight offered a 13.45 hour service over then 425 miles (cf 14.15 hrs Limited ^[3] or 16hr Express Mail train ) in steam days and sometimes ran the J10 Daylight as fast as 13.32 hrs, with running time of only 11.21 hrs and sustained speeds of 68/69 mph in the Shannon-Linton area.^[4] The southern section of the NIMT from Otaki to Marton junction is almost as easy graded and fast as most of the SIMT, JA racetrack. However the North Island JA were the usual power for the Daylight on the Taumaranui- Auckland section and while often at a mile a minute the Northern section of the NIMT did not offer the possibility for running faster than 60 mph. The KA however burned more fuels and had higher repair and breakage rates than the JA.

At one stage, K^A 944 was sent to the South Island for an overhaul at Hillside Workshops and for subsequent use on the Midland Line along with the K^B class. Although it was overhauled, it did not operate on the Midland Line due to union objections and was repatriated back to the North Island.

Withdrawal and disposal

One member of the class, K^A 949, was wrecked in the Tangiwai disaster on 24 December 1953, New Zealand's worst rail disaster. Although recovered from the Whangaehu River and taken to Hutt Workshops, it was never repaired and officially written off in 1955. Although the locomotive was subsequently scrapped, the NZR recovered quite a number of components from it and re-used these on other locomotives as the need arose.

With the commencement of main line dieselisation in 1954, the class was slowly displaced from front line service, especially as the DA class was progressively introduced to service from 1955. Withdrawals began in 1964. The last locomotive in revenue service, K^A 935, ran in 1967. K^A 942 was held for a time at Hutt Workshops for possible use as a stationery boiler, but this did not proceed.

Preservation

K^A 942 at the North Island Main Trunk centenary, 2008.

Three of the K^A class have been preserved:

K^A 935 was preserved by the Wellington Branch of the New Zealand Railway & Locomotive Society in 1967, and was initially stored at the Waikato Railway Museum in Te Awamutu until the site at Seaview, Lower Hutt where a railway was being established. Later K^A 935 moved along with the rest of the collection to the new site at the Silver Stream Railway in 1984, being moved there in steam behind a diesel towing the rest of the items. Since that time K^A 935 has remained at Silverstream, and is currently out of service awaiting a 10-year overhaul. Due to the short nature of the Silver Stream Railway, 935 has been converted from superheating to a saturated state by removal of the superheater elements.

K^A 942 was preserved by Ian Welch in 1972, after having been laid up at Hutt Workshops as a possible addition to 3 K Class locomotives being used as a stationary boiler supply. It was moved to Steam Incorporated and some limited work was done on restoring it, however by the mid-1980s it had been moved to Otaki for open air storage. In 1989 it was moved to the Glenbrook Vintage Railway where it was restored to working order, and main line certified - first running from 1990, wearing its former streamline shrouding. Initially based out of the Mainline Steam Heritage Trust's Parnell depot, it alternated between Parnell and Christchurch before being moved to Wellington in 2001 so that a comprehensive 10-year overhaul could be conducted. K^A 942 returned to service in 2008.

K^A 945 was preserved by Len Southward (who created the Southward Car Museum), who had it stored in Taumaranui at first and then later at Steam Incorporated, Paekakariki. Later he gifted K^A 945 to Steam Incorporated, and they began slowly overhauling it to working order. In late 1984, the pace of work accelerated to have it ready in time for the return of steam to the main line in 1985, a goal which was achieved. In the 10 years that followed K^A 945 ran numerous excursions all over the country, including the Crunchie Train Tour of 1993. In 1995 it was withdrawn for a 10-year overhaul, however due to a number of constraints this has not taken place yet.

Class register

Key:	In service	Out of service	Preserved	Overhaul/Repair	Scrapped

Number	Builder	Introduced^[5]	Withdrawn^[5]	Notes
930	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001940-03-01-0000March 1940	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966
931	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001940-05-01-0000May 1940	000000001966-04-01-0000April 1966
932	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001940-05-01-0000May 1940	000000001967-05-01-0000May 1967
933	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001940-07-01-0000July 1940	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966
934	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001941-08-01-0000August 1941	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966
935	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001941-10-01-0000October 1941	000000001967-12-01-0000December 1967	Preserved, Silver Stream Railway.
936	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001942-02-01-0000February 1942	000000001966-01-01-0000January 1966
937	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001943-11-01-0000November 1943	000000001967-11-01-0000November 1967
938	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001943-12-01-0000December 1943	000000001964-07-01-0000July 1964
939	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001944-03-01-0000March 1944	000000001965-01-01-0000January 1965	The tender is held by Mainline Steam.
940	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001940-09-01-0000September 1940	000000001965-12-01-0000December 1965
941	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001940-10-01-0000October 1940	000000001967-12-01-0000December 1967	The cab is held privately.
942	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001940-11-01-0000November 1940	000000001967-08-01-0000August 1967	Preserved, Mainline Steam.
943	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001941-02-01-0000February 1941	000000001967-05-01-0000May 1967
944	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001941-05-01-0000May 1941	000000001965-12-01-0000December 1965	First K^A to be sent to the South Island but did not operate with the K^B class due to union pressure. The locomotive later was transferred back to the North Island.
945	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-07-01-0000July 1939	000000001967-12-01-0000December 1967	First K^A built at Hutt Workshops. Preserved, Steam Incorporated.
946	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-08-01-0000August 1939	000000001965-01-01-0000January 1965
947	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-08-01-0000August 1939	000000001966-05-01-0000May 1966
948	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-08-01-0000August 1939	000000001966-05-01-0000May 1966
949	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-10-01-0000October 1939	000000001955-03-01-0000March 1955	Wrecked in the Tangiwai disaster on 24 December 1953; officially written off March 1955.
950	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-11-01-0000November 1939	000000001965-12-01-0000December 1965
951	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-11-01-0000November 1939	000000001965-03-01-0000March 1965
952	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001939-12-01-0000December 1939	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966
953	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001944-07-01-0000July 1944	000000001967-05-01-0000May 1967
954	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001944-10-01-0000October 1944	000000001966-09-01-0000September 1966
955	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001944-12-01-0000December 1944	000000001967-05-01-0000May 1967	First K^A class locomotive not to be fitted with the ACFI feed water heater and streamlined casing.
956	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001945-09-01-0000September 1945	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966
957	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001946-04-01-0000April 1946	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966
958	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001950-02-01-0000February 1950	000000001967-02-01-0000February 1967	This locomotive was fitted with Baker valve gear.
959	NZR Hutt Workshops	000000001950-03-01-0000March 1950	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966	This locomotive was fitted with Baker valve gear.
960	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001939-03-01-0000March 1939	000000001966-09-01-0000September 1966
961	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001940-04-01-0000April 1940	000000001966-09-01-0000September 1966
962	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001940-04-01-0000April 1940	000000001966-09-01-0000September 1966
963	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001940-08-01-0000August 1940	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966
964	NZR Hillside Workshops	000000001941-06-01-0000June 1941	000000001966-10-01-0000October 1966

References

Register of New Zealand Railways Steam Locomotives 1863-1971 by W. G. Lloyd (2nd edition 2002) ISBN 0-9582072-1-6
Stott, Bob; A Locomotive reborn: the K^A 945 story, Southern Press, 1986

↑ J.D. Mahoney. Kings of the Iron Road. Dunmore Press (1982) Palmerston North p34
↑ C. Johnsone & R. Larson. Main Trunk. Portrait of a Railway. Grantham House (2008) Wellington, p113
↑ J D Mahoney. Kings of the Iron Road. Dunmore (1982) Palmerston North, p26
↑ Ian Johnstone. 'North Island Main Trunk.'DVD. Memory Line.(2005) & G.Troup. Steel Railroads of NZ. Reed.(1973) Wellington, p 260-1
1 2 "Ka Class 4-8-4 Register". Retrieved 25 August 2010.

External links

Rail vehicles of New Zealand

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