Nelumbo

Nelumbo
N. nucifera (sacred lotus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
Order:	Proteales
Family:	Nelumbonaceae
Genus:	Nelumbo Adans.
Species
†Nelumbo aureavallis Nelumbo lutea Nelumbo nucifera

Nelumbo is a genus of aquatic plants with large, showy flowers. Members are commonly called lotus, though "lotus" is a name also applied to various other plants and plant groups, including the unrelated genus Lotus. Members outwardly resemble those in the family Nymphaeaceae (water lilies), but Nelumbo is actually very distant to Nymphaeaceae. "Nelumbo" is derived from the Sinhalese word Nelum. There are only two known living species in the genus. The sacred lotus (N. nucifera) is native to Asia, and is the better known of the two. It is commonly cultivated, and also used in Chinese medicine and cooking. This species is the national flower of India and Vietnam. The American lotus (N. lutea) is native to North America and the Caribbean. Horticultural hybrids have been produced between these two geographically separated species. A third, extinct species, N. aureavallis, is known from Eocene fossils from North Dakota, United States.

Species

N. lutea (American lotus)

Nelumbo nucifera in China

Nelumbo 'Mrs. Perry D. Slocum'- Dried seed pod

Lotus in lake, showing leaves, buds, flowers, seed heads

• †N. aureavallis Hickey – Eocene (North Dakota), described from leaves found in the Golden Valley Formation in North Dakota, USA.^[1]
• N. lutea Willd. – American lotus (Eastern United States, Mexico, Greater Antilles, Honduras)
• N. nucifera Gaertn. – sacred or Indian lotus, also known as the Rose of India and the sacred water lily of Hinduism and Buddhism.^[2] It is the national flower of India and Vietnam. Its roots and seeds are also used widely in Asian cooking.

Classification

There is residual disagreement over which family the genus should be placed in. Traditional classification systems recognized Nelumbo as part of the Nymphaeaceae (water lily) family, but traditional taxonomists were likely misled by evolutionary convergences associated with an evolutionary shift from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle. In the older classification systems it was recognized under the biological order Nymphaeales or Nelumbonales. Nelumbo is currently recognized as its own family, Nelumbonaceae, one of several distinctive families in the eudicot order Proteales. Its closest living relatives, the (Proteaceae and Platanaceae), are shrubs or trees.

The leaves of Nelumbo can be distinguished from those of genera in the Nymphaeaceae as they are peltate, that is they have fully circular leaves. Nymphaea, on the other hand, has a single characteristic notch from the edge in to the center of the lily pad. The seedpod of Nelumbo is very distinctive.

APG

Foliage of N. nucifera- An example of the lotus effect after rain.

The APG II system of 2003, recognizes Nelumbonaceae as a distinct family and places it in the order Proteales, in the eudicot clade.

Earlier classification systems

The Cronquist system of 1981 recognizes the family but places it in the water lily order Nymphaeales. The Dahlgren system of 1985 and Thorne system (1992) both recognize the family and place it in its own order, Nelumbonales.

Characteristics

Superhydrophobicity

The leaves of nelumbo are highly water repellent (superhydrophobic). They have given the name to what is called the lotus effect.

Thermoregulation

N. nucifera regulates its temperature in order to benefit insects that are needed for it to reproduce. When the plant flowers, it heats its blossoms to above 30 °C (86 °F) for as long as four days even when the air is as cool as 10 °C (50 °F). The heat releases an aroma that attracts certain insects, which fly into the flower to feed on nectar and pollen. According to Roger Seymour and Paul Schultze-Motel of Australia’s University of Adelaide, the heat also rewards insects with a stable environment that enhances their ability to eat, mate, and prepare for flight.^[3]

Cultural significance

The sacred lotus, N. nucifera, is sacred in both Hinduism and Buddhism.^[2]

References

1. Hickey, Leo (1977). Stratigraphy and Paleobotany of the Golden Valley Formation (Early Tertiary) of Western North Dakota. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America. pp. 110 & Plate 5. ISBN 0-8137-1150-9.
2. "Nelumbo nucifera (sacred lotus)". Kew. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
3. "Heat of Lotus Attracts Insects And Scientists". New York Times. 1996-10-01.

External links

• Nelumbonaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. Version: 3 May 2006.
• Nelumbonaceae in the Flora of North America
• Nelumbonaceae in the Flora of China
• NCBI Taxonomy Browser
• links at CSDL