Nerchinsk
| Nerchinsk (English) ÐерчинÑк (Russian) | |
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.svg.png) Location of Zabaykalsky Krai in Russia | |
  Nerchinsk | |
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| Administrative status (as of January 2014) | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Zabaykalsky Krai[1] |
| Administrative district | Nerchinsky District[1] |
| Administrative center of | Nerchinsky District[1] |
| Municipal status (as of December 2012) | |
| Municipal district | Nerchinsky Municipal District[2] |
| Urban settlement | Nerchinskoye Urban Settlement[2] |
| Administrative center of | Nerchinsky Municipal District,[3] Nerchinskoye Urban Settlement[4] |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census) | 14,959 inhabitants[5] |
| Population (January 2014 est.) | 14,775 inhabitants[1] |
| Time zone | IRKT (UTC+08:00)[6] |
| Postal code(s)[7] | 673400, 673402, 673403, 673429, 673840 |
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| Nerchinsk on Wikimedia Commons | |
Nerchinsk (Russian: ÐеÌрчинÑк, Chinese: 尼布楚) is a town and the administrative center of Nerchinsky District in Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia, located on the left bank of the Nercha River, 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) above its confluence with the Shilka River, 644 kilometers (400 mi) east of Lake Baikal, about 225 kilometers (140 mi) west of the Chinese border, and 305 kilometers (190 mi) east of Chita, the administrative center of the krai. Population: 14,959 (2010 Census);[5] 15,748 (2002 Census);[8] 16,961 (1989 Census);[9] 6,713 (1897).
Town name in other languages
Nerchinsk is mentioned in two important treaties between the Russian Empire and Manchu China: the 1689 Treaty of Nerchinsk and the 1727 Treaty of Kyakhta. Non-Russian comments on these treaties or on the history of the town may mention other names:
- Latin: Nipchou or Nipcha (however, the Treaty of Kyakhta called the town Nipkoa)
- Manchu: Nibcu hoton
- Chinese: 尼布楚; Pinyin: NÃbùchÇ”
History
The fort of Nerchinsk dates from 1654 and the town was founded four years later by Afanasy Pashkov, who in that year opened direct communication between the Russian settlements in Transbaikalia and those on the Amur River which had been founded by Cossacks and fur-traders coming from the Yakutsk region. In 1689, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed between Russia and China, which stopped the farther advance of the Russians into the basin of the Amur for two centuries (see Sino-Russian border conflicts).
After that, Nerchinsk became the chief center for the trade with China. The opening of the western route through Mongolia, by Urga, and the establishment of a custom-house at Kyakhta in 1728 diverted this trade into a new channel. But Nerchinsk acquired fresh importance from the influx of immigrants, mostly exiles, into eastern Dauria, the discovery of rich mines and the arrival of great numbers of convicts to the Nerchinsk katorga, and ultimately it became the chief town of Transbaikalia.
Nerchinsk was visited by the famous English adventurer and engineer Samuel Bentham in 1782. Bentham had seen a potential for Nerchinsk as a base for an access to the Sea of Okhotsk, provided the navigation of the Amur River would be authorized by the Chinese. It would have opened up the possibility of fur trade with the Pacific Ocean, as far as the Chinese port of Canton.
In 1812, Nerchinsk was transferred from the banks of the Shilka to its present site, on account of the floods. The town relinquished its supremacy to Chita in the late 19th century, when it was bypassed by the Trans-Siberian Railway.
20th century
In the early 20th century, Nerchinsk was built of wood, and its lower parts frequently suffered from inundations. The inhabitants supported themselves mainly by agriculture, tobacco-growing and cattle-breeding; a few merchants traded in furs and cattle, in brick-tea from China, and manufactured wares from Russia. Gold-mines in the vicinity were owned and developed by the Butin family of merchants, whose Neo-Moorish palace now stands in disrepair.
Today, Nerchinsk is home to some small electromechanical and food-processing industries. It has a small museum, established in 1884. Among its sights are the Resurrection Cathedral, built in the Neoclassical style in 1825 to commemorate the city's relocation, its belltower destroyed by the Communists. The site of old Nerchinsk is marked by the Assumption Monastery, the oldest in Dauria, founded in 1664. Its cathedral, consecrated in 1712, is the easternmost building in the Muscovite Baroque style.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Nerchinsk serves as the administrative center of Nerchinsky District, to which it is directly subordinated.[1] As a municipal division, the town of Nerchinsk, together with one rural locality (the selo of Makeyevka), is incorporated within Nerchinsky Municipal District as Nerchinskoye Urban Settlement.[2]
Transportation
| Nerchinsk | |||||||||||
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| IATA: none – ICAO: none | |||||||||||
| Summary | |||||||||||
| Airport type | Military | ||||||||||
| Operator | Russian Air Force | ||||||||||
| Location | Nerchinsk | ||||||||||
| Elevation AMSL | 1,575 ft / 480 m | ||||||||||
| Coordinates | 52°0′0″N 116°32′0″E / 52.00000°N 116.53333°E | ||||||||||
| Runways | |||||||||||
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The Nerchinsk Airport is a former air base located 2 kilometers (1.2 mi) northwest of the town. It appears to be abandoned. The substandard runway length suggests a 1950s design.
References
Notes
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of Zabaykalsky Krai
- 1 2 3 Law #317-ZZK
- ↑ Law #316-ZZK
- ↑ Ð¤ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ€Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð°Ñ Ñлужба гоÑударÑтвенной ÑтатиÑтики. Федеральное агентÑтво по технологичеÑкому регулированию и метрологии. №ОК 033-2013 1 ÑÐ½Ð²Ð°Ñ€Ñ 2014 г. «ОбщероÑÑийÑкий клаÑÑификатор территорий муниципальных образований. Код 76 628 101». (Federal State Statistics Service. Federal Agency on Technological Regulation and Metrology. #OK 033-2013 January 1, 2014 Russian Classification of Territories of Municipal Formations. Code 76 628 101. ).
- 1 2 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
- ↑ ПравительÑтво РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации. Федеральный закон â„–107-ФЗ от 3 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2011 г. «Об иÑчиÑлении времени», в ред. Федерального закона â„–248-ФЗ от 21 Ð¸ÑŽÐ»Ñ 2014 г. «О внеÑении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об иÑчиÑлении времени"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу по иÑтечении шеÑтидеÑÑти дней поÑле Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¾Ð¿ÑƒÐ±Ð»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ (6 авгуÑта 2011 г.). Опубликован: "РоÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð³Ð°Ð·ÐµÑ‚Ð°", â„–120, 6 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
- ↑ Почта РоÑÑии. Информационно-вычиÑлительный центр ОÐСУ РПО. (Russian Post). ПоиÑк объектов почтовой ÑвÑзи (Postal Objects Search) (Russian)
- ↑ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "ЧиÑленноÑÑ‚ÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¾ÑÑии, Ñубъектов РоÑÑийÑкой Федерации в ÑоÑтаве федеральных округов, районов, городÑких поÑелений, ÑельÑких наÑелённых пунктов – районных центров и ÑельÑких наÑелённых пунктов Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñелением 3 Ñ‚Ñ‹ÑÑчи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Ð’ÑероÑÑийÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014.
- ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Ð’ÑеÑÐ¾ÑŽÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 1989 г. ЧиÑленноÑÑ‚ÑŒ наличного наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñоюзных и автономных реÑпублик, автономных облаÑтей и округов, краёв, облаÑтей, районов, городÑких поÑелений и Ñёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Ð’ÑеÑÐ¾ÑŽÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÐ¿Ð¸ÑÑŒ наÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). ИнÑтитут демографии Ðационального иÑÑледовательÑкого универÑитета: Ð’Ñ‹ÑÑˆÐ°Ñ ÑˆÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð° Ñкономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
Sources
- МиниÑтерÑтво территориального Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ñ‚Ð¸Ñ Ð—Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð¹ÐºÐ°Ð»ÑŒÑкого краÑ. 1 ÑÐ½Ð²Ð°Ñ€Ñ 2014 г. «РееÑÑ‚Ñ€ админиÑтративно-территориальных единиц и наÑелённых пунктов ЗабайкальÑкого краÑ», в ред. РаÑпорÑÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ â„–209-Ñ€ от 10 Ð¸ÑŽÐ½Ñ 2014 г.. (Ministry of the Territorial Development of Zabaykalsky Krai. January 1, 2014 Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of Zabaykalsky Krai, as amended by the Directive #209-r of June 10, 2014. ).
- Законодательное Собрание ЗабайкальÑкого краÑ. Закон â„–317-ЗЗК от 18 Ð´ÐµÐºÐ°Ð±Ñ€Ñ 2009 г. «О границах ÑельÑких и городÑких поÑелений ЗабайкальÑкого краÑ», в ред. Закона â„–1070-ЗЗК от 31 октÑÐ±Ñ€Ñ 2014 г. «О внеÑении изменений в Закон ЗабайкальÑкого ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ "О границах ÑельÑких и городÑких поÑелений ЗабайкальÑкого краÑ"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу через деÑÑÑ‚ÑŒ дней поÑле Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ опубликованиÑ. Опубликован: "ЗабайкальÑкий рабочий", â„–239–242, 21 Ð´ÐµÐºÐ°Ð±Ñ€Ñ 2009 г. (Legislative Assembly of Zabaykalsky Krai. Law #317-ZZK of December 18, 2009 On the Borders of the Rural and Urban Settlements of Zabaykalsky Krai, as amended by the Law #1070-ZZK of October 31, 2014 On Amending the Law of Zabaykalsky Krai "On the Borders of the Rural and Urban Settlements of Zabaykalsky Krai". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the day of the official publication.).
- Законодательное Собрание ЗабайкальÑкого краÑ. Закон â„–316-ЗЗК от 18 Ð´ÐµÐºÐ°Ð±Ñ€Ñ 2009 г. «О границах муниципальных районов и городÑких округов ЗабайкальÑкого краÑ», в ред. Закона â„–770-ЗЗК от 26 Ð´ÐµÐºÐ°Ð±Ñ€Ñ 2012 г. «О внеÑении изменений в Закон ЗабайкальÑкого ÐºÑ€Ð°Ñ "О границах муниципальных районов и городÑких округов ЗабайкальÑкого краÑ"». Ð’Ñтупил в Ñилу через деÑÑÑ‚ÑŒ дней поÑле Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ„Ð¸Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ опубликованиÑ. Опубликован: "ЗабайкальÑкий рабочий", â„–239–242, 21 Ð´ÐµÐºÐ°Ð±Ñ€Ñ 2009 г. (Legislative Assembly of Zabaykalsky Krai. Law #316-ZZK of December 18, 2009 On the Borders of the Municipal Districts and Urban Okrugs of Zabaykalsky Krai, as amended by the Law #770-ZZK of December 26, 2012 On Amending the Law of Zabaykalsky Krai "On the Borders of the Municipal Districts and Urban Okrugs of Zabaykalsky Krai". Effective as of the day which is ten days after the day of the official publication.).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.