New Territories West (constituency)
| New Territories West | |
|---|---|
|
Geographical Constituency for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong | |
|
Boundary of New Territories West in Hong Kong | |
| Region | New Territories |
| Electorate | 1,059,046[1] |
| Current constituency | |
| Created | 1998 |
| Number of members | Nine |
| Member(s) |
Lee Cheuk-yan (Lab/CTU) Tam Yiu-chung (DAB) Leung Yiu-chung (NWSC) Albert Chan (People Power) Kwok Ka-ki (Civic) Michael Tien (NPP) Ben Chan (DAB/NTAS) Alice Mak (FTU) Leung Che-cheung (DAB) |
| Created from |
New Territories South-west, New Territories West, New Territories South, New Territories Central, New Territories North-west |
New Territories West, or simply "NT West", refers to the western part of New Territories in Hong Kong. It includes Tsuen Wan District, Kwai Tsing District, Tuen Mun District, Yuen Long District and Islands District. It is one of the geographical constituencies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, the largest geographical constituencies in Hong Kong. Although New Territories West is not the official administration name in Hong Kong (while New Territories is the official name), many government departments use it as one of main regions for administration divisions.
History
The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were New Territories West and New Territories South in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and New Territories South, New Territories West, New Territories Central, New Territories Southwest and New Territories Northwest in the 1995 election. From 1985 to 1991, the seats were elected by the electoral colleges composed of the members of the district boards and Regional Council.
| LegCo members for former New Territories West constituencies, 1985 – 1997 | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Election | 1985 – 1988 | 1988 – 1991 | Election | 1991 – 1995 | Election | 1995 – 1997 | |||||||||||
| West New Territories | Tai Chin-wah | New Territories West | Tai Chin-wah FSHK |
Zachary Wong Meeting Point (1991–94) Democratic (1994–95) |
Becoming part of New Territories North constiteuncy | ||||||||||||
| New Territories North-west | Zachary Wong Democratic |
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| Ng Ming-yam United Democrat |
Tang Siu-tong | New Territories West | Albert Ho Democratic |
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| New Territories Central | Albert Chan Democratic |
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| South New Territories | Richard Lai ADPL (1986–88) |
Daniel Lam | New Territories South | Albert Chan United Democrat (1991–94) Democratic (1994–95) |
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| New Territories South-west | Lee Wing-tat Democratic |
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| Lee Wing-tat United Democrat (1991–94) Democratic (1994–95) |
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| New Territories South | Sin Chung-kai Democratic |
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| Becoming part of New Territories East constituency | Becoming part of New Territories South-east constituency | ||||||||||||||||
Members returned
Below are all the members since the creation of the New Territories West constituency. The number of seats allocated to New Territories has been increased from 5 to 9 between 1998 and 2012 due to the enlargement.
| LegCo members for New Territories West, 1998 onwards | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Election | 1998 (1st LegCo) | 2000 (2nd LegCo) | 2004 (3rd LegCo) | 2008 (4th LegCo) | 2012 (5th LegCo) | ||||||||||||||
| Councillor Party |
Lee Wing-tat Democratic |
Tang Siu-tong HKPA |
Cheung Hok-ming DAB |
Ben Chan DAB NTAS |
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| Councillor Party |
Tam Yiu-chung DAB |
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| Councillor Party |
Albert Ho Democratic |
Kwok Ka-ki Civic |
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| Councillor Party |
Lee Cheuk-yan Frontier (1998–2004) CTU (2000–) Labour (2012–) |
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| Councillor Party |
Leung Yiu-chung NWSC (2000–) |
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| Councillor Party |
New Seat | Albert Chan Democratic (2000–02) Independent (2002–06) LSD (2006–11) People Power (2011–) |
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| Councillor Party |
New Seat | Lee Wing-tat Democratic |
Michael Tien NPP |
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| Councillor Party |
New Seat | Selina Chow Liberal |
Wong Kwok-hing FTU DAB |
Alice Mak FTU |
|||||||||||||||
| Councilor Party |
New Seat | Leung Che-cheung DAB |
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Summary of seats won
| 1998 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ||
| DAB | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | |
| Frontier | 1 | |||||
| NWSC | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| CTU | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| Progressive Alliance | 1 | |||||
| Liberal | 1 | |||||
| FTU | 1 | 1 | ||||
| LSD | 1 | |||||
| Civic | 1 | |||||
| People Power | 1 | |||||
| Labour | 1 | |||||
| NPP | 1 | |||||
| Independent | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Pro-democracy | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | |
| Pro-Beijing | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 | |
| Seats | 5 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 9 | |
Vote share summary
| 1998 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | 39.2 | 34.3 | 26.9 | 23.2 | 11.8 | |
| DAB | 19.4 | 29.6 | 24.9 | 23.1 | 22.8 | |
| Frontier | 12.5 | |||||
| NWSC | 10.3 | 17.3 | 12.7 | 10.7 | 8.8 | |
| ADPL | 5.2 | 3.1 | 1.7 | |||
| CTU | 15.2 | 9.9 | 10.6 | |||
| Liberal | 0.8 | 2.7 | 10.9 | 5.4 | ||
| FTU | 9.0 | 7.1 | ||||
| LSD | 8.1 | 1.9 | ||||
| Civic | 7.0 | 14.5 | ||||
| People Power | 8.9 | |||||
| Labour | 8.2 | |||||
| NPP | 7.6 | |||||
| Independent and Others | 12.7 | 1.0 | 10.6 | 1.0 | 8.5 | |
| Pro-democracy | 71.2 | 66.7 | 60.5 | 61.3 | 54.6 | |
| Pro-Beijing | 28.8 | 32.3 | 38.7 | 37.5 | 43.0 | |
Election Results
The largest remainder method (with Hare quota) of the proportional representative electoral system was introduced in 1998, replacing the single-member constituencies of the 1995 election. Elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the quota + remainder.
2010s
| Legislative Election 2012: New Territories West | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Civic | Kwok Ka-ki Audrey Eu Yuet-mee |
72,185 | 14.48 (11.11+3.37) |
+7.48 | |
| People Power | Albert Chan Wai-yip Jacqueline Chan So-ling, Raymond Lai, Tong Wing-chi |
44,355 | 8.90 | +0.80 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung Wong Yun-tat |
43,799 | 8.78 | −1.92 | |
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung Lung Shui-hing, Yip Man-pan, Mo Shing-fung |
43,496 | 8.72 | −14.38 | |
| Labour | Lee Cheuk-yan Tam Chun-yin |
40,967 | 8.22 | −2.38 | |
| NPP | Michael Tien Puk-sun Clarice Cheung Wai-ching, Wong Cheuk-kin, Ho Kin-cheong |
37,808 | 7.58 | N/A | |
| DAB (NTAS) | Chan Han-pan Poon Chi-shing, Nixie Lam Lam, Chan Chun-chung, Law Kwan, Leung Kar-ming, Tsang Tai |
36,555 | 7.33 | N/A | |
| FTU | Alice Mak Mei-kuen Luk Chung-hung, Manwell Chan, Kot Siu-yuen, Tang Cheuk-him |
35,239 | 7.07 | −1.93 | |
| DAB | Leung Che-cheung Tsang Hin-keung, Lui Kin, Christina Maisenne Lee, Wong Wai-ling, Chui Kwan-siu |
33,777 | 6.77 | N/A | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat, Lam Lap-chi, Lai King-wai | 32,792 | 6.58 | −4.92 | |
| Democratic | Josephine Chan Shu-ying, Zachary Wong Wai-ying, Li Hung-por, Catherine Wong Lai-sheung, Ho Hang-mui | 25,892 | 5.19 | −4.01 | |
| Third Force | Chan Keung, Ting Yin-wah, So Ka-man, Chow Ping-tim, Tang Ka-leung, Nancy Poon Siu-ping, Raju Gurung | 16,767 | 3.36 | N/A | |
| Independent | Chan Yut-wah | 11,997 | 2.41 | N/A | |
| Independent | Ho Kwan-yiu | 10,805 | 2.17 | N/A | |
| LSD | Tsang Kin-shing | 9,280 | 1.86 | N/A | |
| Democratic Alliance | Mak Ip-sing | 2,896 | 0.58 | N/A | |
| Total valid votes | 498,610 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 7,816 | ||||
| Turnout | 506,426 | 51.29 | +9.12 | ||
| Registered electors | 987,333 | ||||
| New Territories West by-election 2010[2] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| LSD | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 109,609 | 81.7 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Li Kwai-fong | 12,555 | 9.4 | ||
| Tertiary 2012 | Kwok Wing-kin | 6,192 | 4.6 | ||
| Independent | Chow Ping-tim | 3,276 | 2.4 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Li Sai-hung | 2,475 | 1.8 | ||
| Majority | 97,054 | 72.3 | |||
| Total valid votes | 134,107 | 100.0 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 5,256 | ||||
| Turnout | 139,363 | 14.7 | |||
| Registered electors | 947,276 | ||||
| LSD hold | Swing | ||||
2000s
| Legislative Election 2008: New Territories West[3] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ±% | |
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung, Cheung Hok-ming Leung Che-cheung, Chan Han-pan, Lung Shui-hing, Leung Kar-ming, Andy Lo Kwong-shing, Lui Kin |
92,037 | 23.1 (12.50+10.61) |
−1.77 | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat Wong Suet-ying, Lam Siu-fat, Cheung Wai-mei, Lam Lap-chi |
45,767 | 11.5 | −1.99 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung Wong Yun-tat |
42,441 | 10.7 | −2.04 | |
| CTU | Lee Cheuk-yan Tam Chun-yin |
42,366 | 10.6 | +0.73 | |
| Democratic | Ho Chun-yan Hui Chi-fung, Lo Man-hon |
36,764 | 9.2 | −4.25 | |
| FTU (DAB) | Wong Kwok-hing Alice Mak Mei-kuen, Marina Tsang Tze-kwan, Tsui Fan, Dennis Leung Tsz-wing, Tang Ka-piu, Yiu Kwok-wai, Manwell Chan |
35,991 | 9.0 | N/A | |
| LSD | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 32,182 | 8.1 | +0.27 | |
| Civic | Fernando Cheung Chiu-hung, Sumly Chan Yuen-sum, Wong Ka-wa | 27,910 | 7.0 | N/A | |
| Liberal | Selina Chow Liang Shuk-yee, Chow Wing-kan | 21,570 | 5.4 | −5.48 | |
| Democratic | Cheung Yin-tung, Kwong Chun-yu | 10,069 | 2.5 | N/A | |
| ADPL | Tandon Lai Chaing, Yeung Chi-hang | 6,771 | 1.7 | −1.44 | |
| Independent | Chow Ping-tim | 1,720 | 0.4 | +0.03 | |
| Blue Intelligent Union | Leung Suet-fong, Thapa Komal | 1,366 | 0.3 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Yuen Wai-chung | 1,338 | 0.3 | N/A | |
| Total valid votes | 398,292 | 100.00 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 2,427 | ||||
| Turnout | 400,719 | 42.49 | −10.99 | ||
| Registered electors | 943,161 | ||||
| Legislative Election 2004: New Territories West[4] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ±% | |
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung, Cheung Hok-ming Leung Che-cheung, Au Yeung Po-chun, Tsui Fan, Chan Han-pan, Andy Lo Kwong-sing, Philip Ng King-wah |
115,251 | 24.87 (12.5+12.37) |
−4.71 | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat Sumly Chan Yuen-sum |
62,500 | 13.49 (12.5+0.99) |
+3.11 | |
| Democratic | Ho Chun-yan Cheung Yin-tung |
62,342 | 13.45 (12.5+0.95) |
+2.25 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung Andrew Wan Siu-kin |
59,033 | 12.74 (12.5+0.24) |
−4.53 | |
| Liberal | Selina Chow Liang Shuk-yee | 50,437 | 10.88 | +8.14 | |
| CTU | Lee Cheuk-yan Ip Ngok-fung |
45,725 | 9.87 | −5.32 | |
| Independent | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 36,278 | 7.83 | −4.86 | |
| ADPL | Yim Tim-sang, Kong Fung-yi, Tai Yin-chiu, Kwun Tung-wing | 14,570 | 3.14 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Stephen Char Shik-ngor | 9,116 | 1.97 | N/A | |
| New Forum | Lui Hau-tuen, Siu Shing-choi, Chan Choi-hi | 4,511 | 0.97 | N/A | |
| Nonpartisan | Ng Tak-leung | 1,920 | 0.41 | N/A | |
| Independent | Chow Ping-tim | 1,725 | 0.37 | N/A | |
| Turnout | 463,408 | 53.48 | +9.75 | ||
| Legislative Election 2000: New Territories West[5] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ±% | |
| DAB (Progressive Alliance) | Tam Yiu-chung, Tang Siu-tong Leung Che-cheung, Chau Chuen-heung, Chan Yau-hoi, Au Yeung Po-chun |
101,629 | 29.58 (16.67+12.91) |
+10.23 | |
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung | 59,348 | 17.27 | +6.97 | |
| CTU (Frontier) | Lee Cheuk-yan | 52,202 | 15.19 | +2.74 | |
| Democratic | Albert Chan Wai-yip Cosmas Kwong Kwok-chuen |
43,613 | 12.69 | N/A | |
| Democratic | Ho Chun-yan Josephine Chan Shu-ying, Cheung Yuet-lan, Catherine Wong Lai-sheung |
38,472 | 11.20 | N/A | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat, Wong Bing-kuen | 35,648 | 10.38 | N/A | |
| Liberal | David Yeung Fuk-kwong | 9,408 | 2.74 | +1.9 | |
| Nonpartisan | Angela Man Yun-fei | 3,274 | 0.95 | N/A | |
| Turnout | 343,594 | 43.73 | −9.52 | ||
1990s
| Legislative Election 1998: New Territories West[6] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| List | Candidates | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat, Ho Chun-yan Zachary Wong Wai-yin, Chan Shu-ying |
147,098 | 39.21 (20%+19.21) |
||
| DAB | Tam Yiu-chung Leung Che-cheung, Chau Chuen-heung, Chan Wan-sang, Hui Chiu-fai |
72,587 | 19.35 | ||
| Frontier | Lee Cheuk-yan Ip Kwok-fun |
38,627 | 12.45 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Leung Yiu-chung | 38,627 | 10.30 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Lam Wai-keung, Tai Kuen, Chow Ping-tim, Chan Ka-mun, Tso Shiu-wai | 25,905 | 6.91 | ||
| ADPL | Yim Tim-sang | 19,500 | 5.2 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Ting Yin-wah | 11,176 | 2.98 | ||
| Independent | Yeung Fuk-kwong | 6,428 | 1.71 | ||
| Liberal | Paul Chan Sing-kong, Liu Kwong-sang, Wong Kwok-keung | 3,138 | 0.84 | ||
| 123DA | Yum Sin-ling, Christopher Chu, Mak Ip-sing, Shung King-fai | 3,050 | 0.81 | ||
| Pioneer | Lam Chi-leung | 968 | 0.26 | ||
| Turnout | 375,173 | 53.25 | |||
1995 Constituencies
New Territories Central
| Legislative Election 1995: New Territories Central[7] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 25,303 | 74.79 | ||
| Independent | Tam Tai-on | 4,433 | 13.10 | ||
| Independent | Ng Wai-kwong | 4,097 | 12.11 | ||
| Majority | 20,870 | 61.69 | |||
| Democratic win (new seat) | |||||
New Territories North-west
| Legislative Election 1995: New Territories North-west[8] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Zachary Wong Wai-yin | 21,527 | 50.07 | ||
| Independent | Tang Siu-tong | 21,470 | 49.93 | ||
| Majority | 57 | 0.06 | |||
| Democratic win (new seat) | |||||
New Territories South
| Legislative Election 1995: New Territories South[9] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Sin Chung-kai | 26,048 | 70.74 | ||
| Independent | Hui Chiu-fai | 8,179 | 22.21 | ||
| Pioneer | Lam Chi-leung | 2,594 | 7.04 | ||
| Majority | 17,869 | 48.53 | |||
| Democratic win (new seat) | |||||
New Territories South-west
| Legislative Election 1995: New Territories South-west[10] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Lee Wing-tat | 29,801 | 65.35 | ||
| ADPL | Ting Yin-wah | 15,798 | 34.65 | ||
| Majority | 14,003 | 30.70 | |||
| Democratic win (new seat) | |||||
New Territories West
| Legislative Election 1995: New Territories West[11] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Democratic | Ho Chun-yan | 25,255 | 54.23 | ||
| ADPL | Yim Tin-sang | 15,166 | 32.56 | ||
| New Territories West Residents Association | Chan Wan-sang | 6,152 | 13.21 | ||
| Majority | 10,089 | 21.67 | |||
| Democratic win (new seat) | |||||
1991 Constituencies
Dual-seat constituency dual vote system was used with two seats to be filled in each constituency.
New Territories South
| Legislative Election 1991: New Territories South | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| United Democrats | Lee Wing-tat | 52,192 | 32.0 | ||
| United Democrats | Albert Chan Wai-yip | 42,164 | 25.9 | ||
| NWSC | Leung Yiu-chung | 38,568 | 23.7 | ||
| PHKS | Yeung Fuk-kwong | 30,095 | 18.5 | ||
| Turnout | 91,780 | 37.0 | |||
| United Democrats win (new seat) | |||||
| United Democrats win (new seat) | |||||
New Territories West
Two by-elections were held on 8 December 1991 and 30 August 1992 for the Tai Chin-wah's seat taken away by the court and Ng Ming-yam died in office respectively.
| New Territories West by-election 1992 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Independent | Tang Siu-tong | 33,038 | 51.3 | +16.7 | |
| United Democrats | Ho Chun-yan | 30,466 | 47.3 | ||
| Independent | Sui See-chun | 743 | 1.2 | ||
| Independent gain from United Democrats | Swing | ||||
| New Territories West by-election 1991 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Meeting Point | Zachary Wong Wai-yin | 21,559 | 39.5 | +20.5 | |
| Independent | Tang Siu-tong | 18,858 | 34.6 | +18.3 | |
| ADPL | Yim Tin-sang | 7,780 | 14.3 | ||
| Independent | Kingsley Sit Ho-yin | 5,745 | 10.5 | ||
| Majority | 2,701 | 4.9 | |||
| Total valid votes | 53,942 | 100.0 | |||
| Rejected ballots | 592 | ||||
| Turnout | 54,534 | 27.4 | |||
| Registered electors | 198,812 | ||||
| Meeting Point gain from FSHK | Swing | ||||
| Legislative Election 1991: New Territories West | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| United Democrats | Stephen Ng Ming-yam | 42,319 | 29.4 | ||
| FSHK | Tai Chin-wah | 30,871 | 21.5 | ||
| Meeting Point | Zachary Wong Wai-yin | 27,243 | 19.0 | ||
| Independent | Tang Siu-tong | 23,389 | 16.3 | ||
| LDF | Tso Shiu-wai | 20,018 | 14.0 | ||
| Turnout | 81,468 | 41.0 | |||
| United Democrats win (new seat) | |||||
| FSHK win (new seat) | |||||
1985–88 Electoral Colleges
South New Territories
| Legislative Election 1988: South New Territories | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Nonpartisan | Daniel Lam Wai-keung | 38 | 38.78 | -6.38 | |
| PHKS | Yeung Fuk-kwong | 31 | 31.63 | -23.21 | |
| ADPL | Richard Lai Sung-lung | 20 | 20.41 | ||
| PHKS | William Wan Hon-cheung | 9 | 9.18 | ||
| Nonpartisan gain from ADPL | Swing | ||||
| Legislative Election 1985: South New Territories | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Nonpartisan | Richard Lai Sung-lung | 34 | 54.84 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Daniel Lam Wai-keung | 28 | 45.16 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Ho Tung-ching | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nonpartisan win (new seat) | |||||
West New Territories
| Legislative Election 1988: West New Territories | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Nonpartisan | Tai Chin-wah | 27 | 60 | +5 | |
| Nonpartisan | William Man For-tai | 18 | 40 | -5 | |
| Nonpartisan hold | Swing | ||||
| Legislative Election 1985: West New Territories | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
| Nonpartisan | Tai Chin-wah | 22 | 55 | ||
| Nonpartisan | William Man For-tai | 18 | 45 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Alfred Tso Shiu-wai | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Kingsley Sit Ho-yin | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nonpartisan | Tang Siu-tong | 0 | 0 | ||
| Nonpartisan win (new seat) | |||||
See also
References
- ↑ "Voter Registration Statistics". Hong Kong Government. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
- ↑ http://www.elections.gov.hk/legco2010by/eng/results_LC4.html
- ↑ "2008 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
- ↑ "2004 Legislative Election". Electoral Affairs Commission. 2004-12-15. Retrieved 2012-03-09.
- ↑ http://www.elections.gov.hk/elections/legco2000/update/result/index_c.htm
- ↑ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199805/25/0525201.htm
- ↑ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
- ↑ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
- ↑ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
- ↑ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
- ↑ http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B35838851.pdf
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Coordinates: 22°20′N 114°00′E / 22.333°N 114.000°E
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