High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program

"HAARP" redirects here. For the live CD/DVD package by Muse named after the project, see HAARP (album).
High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program Research Station
Established 1993
Field of research
 Ionosphere
Location Gakona, Alaska, United States
Operating agency
 University of Alaska Fairbanks

The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) was an ionospheric research program jointly funded by the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Navy, the University of Alaska, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA),[1] designed and built by BAE Advanced Technologies (BAEAT).

Its purpose was to analyze the ionosphere and investigate the potential for developing ionospheric enhancement technology for radio communications and surveillance.[2] The HAARP program operated a major sub-arctic facility, named the HAARP Research Station, on an Air Force-owned site near Gakona, Alaska.

The most prominent instrument at the HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high-power radio frequency transmitter facility operating in the high frequency (HF) band. The IRI is used to temporarily excite a limited area of the ionosphere. Other instruments, such as a VHF and a UHF radar, a fluxgate magnetometer, a digisonde (an ionospheric sounding device), and an induction magnetometer, were used to study the physical processes that occur in the excited region.

Work on the HAARP Station began in 1993. The current working IRI was completed in 2007, and its prime contractor was BAE Systems Advanced Technologies.[1] As of 2008, HAARP had incurred around $250 million in tax-funded construction and operating costs. It was reported to be temporarily shut down in May 2013, awaiting a change of contractors. In May 2014, it was announced that the HAARP program would be permanently shut down later in the year.[3] Ownership of the facility and its equipment was transferred to the University of Alaska Fairbanks in mid-August 2015.[4]

HAARP was a target of conspiracy theorists, who claimed that it was capable of modifying weather, disabling satellites and exerting mind control over people, and that it was being used as a weapon against terrorists. Such theorists blamed the program for causing earthquakes, droughts, storms and floods, diseases such as Gulf War syndrome and chronic fatigue syndrome, the 1996 crash of TWA Flight 800, and the 2003 destruction of the space shuttle Columbia. Commentators and scientists say that proponents of these theories are "uninformed", because most theories put forward fall well outside the abilities of the facility and often outside the scope of natural science.[5][6]

History

The HAARP program began in 1990. A U.S. senator from Alaska, Republican Ted Stevens, helped win approval for the facility,[7] whose construction began in 1993.

In early May 2013, HAARP was temporarily shut down, awaiting a change between contractors who operated the facility. In July 2013, HAARP program manager James Keeney said, "Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is expected on site as a client to finish up some research in fall 2013 and winter 2014."[8][9] The temporary shutdown was described as being due to "a contractor regime change." Ahtna, Incorporated, the Alaska Native corporation serving the region of Alaska where the HAARP site is located, was reportedly in talks to take over the facility administration contract from Marsh Creek, LLC.[10]

In May 2014, the Air Force announced that the HAARP program would be shut down later in 2014.[3][11] While experiments ended in the summer of 2014, the complete shutdown and dismantling of the facility was postponed until at least May 2015.[12] In mid-August 2015 control of the facility and its equipment was given to the University of Alaska Fairbanks. The University plan to make the facilities available for researchers on a pay-per-use basis.[13]

Project overview

HAARP antenna array

The HAARP project directs a 3.6 MW signal, in the 2.8–10 MHz region of the HF (high-frequency) band, into the ionosphere. The signal may be pulsed or continuous. Then, effects of the transmission and any recovery period can be examined using associated instrumentation, including VHF and UHF radars, HF receivers, and optical cameras. According to the HAARP team, this will advance the study of basic natural processes that occur in the ionosphere under the natural but much stronger influence of solar interaction, and how the natural ionosphere affects radio signals.

This will enable scientists to develop methods to mitigate these effects to improve the reliability or performance of communication and navigation systems which would have a wide range of both civilian and military uses, such as an increased accuracy of GPS navigation and advances in underwater and underground research and applications. This may lead to improved methods for submarine communication or an ability to remotely sense and map the mineral content of the terrestrial subsurface, and perhaps underground complexes, of regions or countries, among other things. The current facility lacks range to be used in regions like the Middle East, according to one of the researchers involved, but the technology could be put on a mobile platform.[14]

The project was funded by the Office of Naval Research and jointly managed by the ONR and Air Force Research Laboratory, with the principal involvement of the University of Alaska. Many other universities and educational institutions of the United States were involved in the development of the project and its instruments, namely the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Stanford University, Penn State University (ARL), Boston College, UCLA, Clemson University, Dartmouth College, Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Maryland, College Park, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MIT, Polytechnic Institute of New York University, and the University of Tulsa. The project's specifications were developed by the universities, who continued to play a major role in the design of future research efforts.

According to HAARP's original management, the project strove for openness, and all activities were logged and publicly available. Scientists without security clearances, even foreign nationals, were routinely allowed on site. The HAARP facility regularly (once a year on most years according to the HAARP home page) hosted open houses, during which time any civilian could tour the entire facility. In addition, scientific results obtained with HAARP were routinely published in major research journals (such as Geophysical Research Letters, or Journal of Geophysical Research), written both by university scientists (American and foreign) and by U.S. Department of Defense research lab scientists. Each summer, the HAARP held a summer school for visiting students, including foreign nationals, giving them an opportunity to do research with one of the world's foremost research instruments.

Research

HAARP's main goal is basic science research of the uppermost portion of the atmosphere, termed the ionosphere. Essentially a transition between the atmosphere and the magnetosphere, the ionosphere is where the atmosphere is thin enough that the sun's X-rays and UV rays can reach it, but thick enough that there are still enough molecules present to absorb those rays. Consequently, the ionosphere consists of a rapid increase in density of free electrons, beginning at ~70 km, reaching a peak at ~300 km, and then falling off again as the atmosphere disappears entirely by ~1,000 km. Various aspects of HAARP can study all of the main layers of the ionosphere.

The profile of the ionosphere is highly variable, changing constantly on timescales of minutes, hours, days, seasons, and years. This profile becomes even more complex near Earth's magnetic poles, where the nearly vertical alignment and intensity of earth's magnetic field can cause physical effects like aurorae.

The ionosphere is traditionally very difficult to measure. Balloons cannot reach it because the air is too thin, but satellites cannot orbit there because the air is still too thick. Hence, most experiments on the ionosphere give only small pieces of information. HAARP approaches the study of the ionosphere by following in the footsteps of an ionospheric heater called EISCAT near Tromsø, Norway. There, scientists pioneered exploration of the ionosphere by perturbing it with radio waves in the 2–10 MHz range, and studying how the ionosphere reacts. HAARP performs the same functions but with more power and a more flexible and agile HF beam.

Some of the main scientific findings from HAARP include

  1. Generating very low frequency radio waves by modulated heating of the auroral electrojet, useful because generating VLF waves ordinarily requires gigantic antennas
  2. Generating weak luminous glow (measurable, but below that visible with a naked eye) from absorbing HAARP's signal
  3. Generating extremely low frequency waves in the 0.1 Hz range. These are next to impossible to produce any other way, because the length of a transmit antenna is dictated by the wavelength of the signal it must emit.
  4. Generating whistler-mode VLF signals that enter the magnetosphere and propagate to the other hemisphere, interacting with Van Allen radiation belt particles along the way
  5. VLF remote sensing of the heated ionosphere

Research at the HAARP included

  1. Plasma line observations
  2. Stimulated electron emission observations
  3. Gyro frequency heating research
  4. Spread F observations (blurring of ionospheric echoes of radio waves due to irregularities in electron density in the F layer)
  5. High velocity trace runs
  6. Airglow observations
  7. Heating induced scintillation observations
  8. VLF and ELF generation observations[15]
  9. Radio observations of meteors
  10. Polar mesospheric summer echoes (PMSE) have been studied, probing the mesosphere using the IRI as a powerful radar, and with a 28 MHz radar, and two VHF radars at 49 MHz and 139 MHz. The presence of multiple radars spanning both HF and VHF bands allows scientists to make comparative measurements that may someday lead to an understanding of the processes that form these elusive phenomena.
  11. Research into extraterrestrial HF radar echos: the Lunar Echo experiment (2008).[16][17]
  12. Testing of Spread Spectrum Transmitters (2009)
  13. Meteor shower impacts on the ionosphere
  14. Response and recovery of the ionosphere from solar flares and geomagnetic storms
  15. The effect of ionospheric disturbances on GPS satellite signal quality
  16. Producing high density plasma clouds in Earth's upper atmosphere[18]

Research done at the HAARP facility has allowed the US military to perfect communications with its fleet of submarines by sending radio signals over long distances.[19][20]

Instrumentation and operation

The main instrument at HAARP Station is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI). This is a high power, high-frequency phased array radio transmitter with a set of 180 antennas, disposed in an array of 12x15 units that occupy a rectangle of about 33 acres (13 hectares). The IRI is used to temporarily energize a small portion of the ionosphere. The study of these disturbed volumes yields important information for understanding natural ionospheric processes.

During active ionospheric research, the signal generated by the transmitter system is delivered to the antenna array and transmitted in an upward direction. At an altitude between 70 to 350 km (43 to 217 mi) (depending on operating frequency), the signal is partially absorbed in a small volume several tens of kilometers in diameter and a few meters thick over the IRI. The intensity of the HF signal in the ionosphere is less than 3 µW/cm², tens of thousands of times less than the Sun's natural electromagnetic radiation reaching the earth and hundreds of times less than even the normal random variations in intensity of the Sun's natural ultraviolet (UV) energy which creates the ionosphere. The small effects that are produced, however, can be observed with the sensitive scientific instruments installed at the HAARP Station, and these observations can provide information about the dynamics of plasmas and insight into the processes of solar-terrestrial interactions.[21]

Each antenna element consists of a crossed dipole that can be polarized for linear, ordinary mode (O-mode), or extraordinary mode (X-mode) transmission and reception.[22][23] Each part of the two section crossed dipoles are individually fed from a specially designed, custom built transmitter, that operates at very low distortion levels. The Effective Radiated Power (ERP) of the IRI is limited by more than a factor of 10 at its lower operating frequencies. Much of this is due to higher antenna losses and a less efficient antenna pattern.

The IRI can transmit between 2.7 and 10 MHz, a frequency range that lies above the AM radio broadcast band and well below Citizens' Band frequency allocations. The HAARP Station is licensed to transmit only in certain segments of this frequency range, however. When the IRI is transmitting, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal is 100 kHz or less. The IRI can transmit in continuous waves (CW) or in pulses as short as 10 microseconds (µs). CW transmission is generally used for ionospheric modification, while transmission in short pulses frequently repeated is used as a radar system. Researchers can run experiments that use both modes of transmission, first modifying the ionosphere for a predetermined amount of time, then measuring the decay of modification effects with pulsed transmissions.

There are other geophysical instruments for research at the Station. Some of them are:

The Station is powered by a set of five (5) 2500 kilowatt generators being driven by EMD 20-645-E4 diesel locomotive engines.

Site

The project site (62°23′30″N 145°09′03″W / 62.39167°N 145.15083°W / 62.39167; -145.15083) is north of Gakona, Alaska just west of Wrangell-Saint Elias National Park. An environmental impact statement led to permission for an array of up to 180 antennas to be erected.[24] The HAARP has been constructed at the previous site of an over-the-horizon radar (OTH) installation. A large structure, built to house the OTH now houses the HAARP control room, kitchen, and offices. Several other small structures house various instruments. The HAARP site has been constructed in three distinct phases:[25]

  1. The Developmental Prototype (DP) had 18 antenna elements, organized in three columns by six rows. It was fed with a total of 360 kilowatts (kW) combined transmitter output power. The DP transmitted just enough power for the most basic of ionospheric testing.
  2. The Filled Developmental Prototype (FDP) had 48 antenna units arrayed in six columns by eight rows, with 960 kW of transmitter power. It was fairly comparable to other ionospheric heating facilities. This was used for a number of successful scientific experiments and ionospheric exploration campaigns over the years.
  3. The Final IRI (FIRI) is the final build of the IRI. It has 180 antenna units, organized in 15 columns by 12 rows, yielding a theoretical maximum gain of 31 dB. A total of 3.6 MW of transmitter power will feed it, but the power is focused in the upward direction by the geometry of the large phased array of antennas which allow the antennas to work together in controlling the direction. As of March 2007, all the antennas were in place, the final phase was completed and the antenna array was undergoing testing aimed at fine-tuning its performance to comply with safety requirements required by regulatory agencies. The facility officially began full operations in its final 3.6 MW transmitter power completed status in the summer of 2007, yielding an effective radiated power (ERP) of 5.1 Gigawatts or 97.1 dBW at maximum output. However, the site typically operates at a fraction of that value due to the lower antenna gain exhibited at standard operational frequencies.[26]

Related facilities

In America, there are two related ionospheric heating facilities: the HIPAS, near Fairbanks, Alaska, which was dismantled in 2009, and (currently offline for reconstruction) one at the Arecibo Observatory[27] in Puerto Rico. The European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) operates an ionospheric heating facility, capable of transmitting over 1 GW effective radiated power (ERP), near Tromsø, Norway.[28] Russia has the Sura Ionospheric Heating Facility, in Vasilsursk near Nizhniy Novgorod, capable of transmitting 190 MW ERP.

Conspiracy theories

HAARP is the subject of numerous conspiracy theories. Various individuals have speculated about hidden motives and capabilities of the project. For example, Rosalie Bertell warned in 1996 about the deployment of HAARP as a military weapon.[29] Michel Chossudovsky stated in a book published by the Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform that "recent scientific evidence suggests that HAARP is fully operational and has the ability of triggering floods, droughts, hurricanes and earthquakes."[30] Over time, HAARP has been blamed for triggering catastrophes such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, thunderstorms, earthquakes in Iran, Pakistan, Haiti, Turkey, Greece and the Philippines, major power outages, the downing of TWA Flight 800, Gulf War syndrome, and chronic fatigue syndrome.[6][31][32]

Allegations include the following:

Stanford University professor Umran Inan told Popular Science that weather-control conspiracy theories were "completely uninformed," explaining that "there's absolutely nothing we can do to disturb the Earth's [weather] systems. Even though the power HAARP radiates is very large, it's minuscule compared with the power of a lightning flash—and there are 50 to 100 lightning flashes every second. HAARP's intensity is very small."[5]

Computer scientist David Naiditch characterizes HAARP as "a magnet for conspiracy theorists", saying that HAARP attracts their attention because "its purpose seems deeply mysterious to the scientifically uninformed".[6] Journalist Sharon Weinberger called HAARP "the Moby Dick of conspiracy theories" and said the popularity of conspiracy theories often overshadows the benefits HAARP may provide to the scientific community.[38][39] Austin Baird writing in the Alaska Dispatch said, "What makes HAARP susceptible to conspiracy criticism is simple. The facility doesn't open its doors in the same way as other federally-funded research facilities around the country, and it doesn't go to great efforts to explain the importance of its research to the public."[31]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program.

References

  1. 1 2 "HAARP Fact Sheet". HAARP. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  2. ↑ "Purpose and Objectives of the HAARP Program". HAARP. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  3. 1 2 Dermot Cole (2014-05-14). "Air Force prepares to dismantle HAARP ahead of summer shutdown". Anchorage Daily News.
  4. ↑ Rozell, Ned (6 September 2015). "Under new management, Alaska's HAARP facility open for business again". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 Streep, Abe. "The Military's Mystery Machine: The High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program, or HAARP, has been called a missile-defense tool and a mind-control device. The truth is a bit less ominous". 06.18.2008. Popular Science. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 Naiditch, David (Spring 2003). "Is baked Alaska half-baked?". Skeptic Magazine. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
  7. ↑ Weinberger, Sharon (16 May 2014). "US ionospheric research facility to close". Nature. Nature. Retrieved 18 August 2014.
  8. ↑ "HAARP Facility Shuts Down". ARRL. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  9. ↑ Byrd, Deborah. "Crazy weather? You can't blame HAARP anymore". EarthSky, 16 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Ben (18 July 2013). "Alaska's controversial HAARP facility closed – will it come back online?". Alaska Dispatch. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  11. ↑ Brumfiel, Geoff (10 June 2014). "Bye-Bye To The Home Of A Favorite Internet Conspiracy Theory". NPR. Retrieved 2014-06-11.
  12. ↑ Cole, Dermot (2 July 2014). "HAARP closure postponed until 2015". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
  13. ↑ McCoy, Robert. "Future Operations of HAARP with the UAF's Geophysical Institute". American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.
  14. ↑ Pentagon Scientists Target Iran’s Nuclear Mole Men
  15. ↑ http://www-star.stanford.edu/~vlf/publications/2008-03.pdf
  16. ↑ Reeve, W.D. (2008). "The Lunar Echo Experiment (Part 1)". Radio User 3 (8): 56–58. ISSN 1748-8117.
  17. ↑ Reeve, W.D. (2008). "The Lunar Echo Experiment (Part 2)". Radio User 3 (9): 56–57. ISSN 1748-8117.
  18. ↑ "NRL Scientists Produce Densest Artificial Ionospheric Plasma Clouds Using HAARP" (Press release). U.S. Naval Research Lab. 2013-02-25. Retrieved 5 April 2013. Using the 3.6-megawatt high-frequency (HF) HAARP transmitter, the plasma clouds, or balls of plasma, are being studied for use as artificial mirrors at altitudes 50 kilometers below the natural ionosphere and are to be used for reflection of HF radar and communications signals. Past attempts to produce electron density enhancements have yielded densities of 4×10⁵ electrons per cubic centimeter (cm³) using HF radio transmissions near the second, third, and fourth harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency. This frequency near 1.44 MHz is the rate that electrons gyrate around the Earth's magnetic field. The NRL group succeeded in producing artificial plasma clouds with densities exceeding 9×10⁵ electrons cm³ using HAARP transmission at the sixth harmonic of the electron cyclotron frequency.
  19. ↑ Bailey, Patrick; Worthington, Nancy (27 July 1997). "History and applications of HAARP technologies: the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program". IEEE. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  20. ↑ Barr, R.; Llanwyn Jones, D.; Rodger, C.J. (2000). "ELF and VLF radio waves". Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. Elsevier.
  21. ↑ "Technical Information". HAARP. 12 April 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  22. ↑ "The HAARP Antenna Array". HAARP. Archived from the original on 15 April 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  23. ↑ "Details of the HAARP Antenna Design". HAARP. Archived from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  24. ↑ "The HAARP IRI As Described in the EIS". 17 May 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  25. ↑ "Phases of Completion of the IRI". HAARP. Archived from the original on 1 May 2007.
  26. ↑ "HAARP IRI Performance Calculator". 10 May 2010. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
  27. ↑ Link text
  28. ↑ B. Isham, C. La Hoz, M. T. Rietveld, F. T. Djuth, T. Hagfors, and T. Grydeland (October 2000). "High Latitude HF-Induced Plasma Turbulence". The First S-RAMP Conference. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
  29. ↑ Rosalie Bertell, Background on the HAARP Project. Global Policy Forum, 5 November 1996
  30. ↑ Michel Chossudovsky, Climate Manipulation as a War Weapon, p181-182. In William Krehm ,Meltdown : Money, Debt and Wealth of Nations : how Zero Inflation Policy is Leading the World's Monetary and Economic Systems to Collapse : an Anthology from the First Decade of Economic Reform. COMER Publications, 1 January 1999
  31. 1 2 Baird, Austin (20 September 2011). "HAARP conspiracies: Guide to most far-out theories behind government research in Alaska". Alaska Dispatch. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  32. ↑ Flock, Elizabeth (29 October 2012). "Conspiracy Theorists Say Obama Engineered Hurricane Sandy". US News & World Report. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  33. 1 2 Shachtman, Noah (20 July 2009). "Strange New Air Force Facility Energizes Ionosphere, Fans Conspiracy Flames". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  34. ↑ "EU clashes with US over atmosphere tests". physicsworld.com. IOP Publishing, 27 February 1998. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  35. ↑ "About us - Dr. Nick Begich". Retrieved 2 June 2011.
  36. ↑ Baenen, Jeff. "Ventura seeks out conspiracy theories at Alaska station". Juneau Empire. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  37. ↑ Josh Clark and Charles W. "Chuck" Bryant (December 9, 2014). "How The Hum Works". Stuff You Should Know (Podcast). Blucora. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
  38. ↑ Weinberger, Sharon (23 April 2008). "Atmospheric physics: Heating up the heavens". Nature. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
  39. ↑ Weinberger, Sharon (25 April 2008). "The Strange Life and Times of HAARP". Wired Magazine. Retrieved 21 January 2010.

Further reading

Patents

External links

Coordinates: 62°23′30″N 145°09′00″W / 62.39167°N 145.15000°W / 62.39167; -145.15000

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