Non-Aligned Movement

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Map of the world indicating members and observers of the Non-Aligned Movement
  Member countries
  Observer countries
Coordinating BureauNew York City, New York, U.S.
Membership[1]
  • 120 members
  • 15 observers
Leaders
 •  Principal decision-
making organ		 Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries[2]
 •  Presidency  Iran
 •  Secretary-General Hassan Rouhani
Establishment 1961 in Belgrade as the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries
Website
csstc.org

The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. As of 2012, the movement has 120 members.[1]

The organization was founded in Belgrade in 1961, and was largely conceived by India's first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru; Indonesia's first president, Sukarno; Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser; Ghana's first president Kwame Nkrumah; and Yugoslavia's president, Josip Broz Tito. All five leaders were prominent advocates of a middle course for states in the Developing World between the Western and Eastern Blocs in the Cold War. The phrase itself was first used to represent the doctrine by Indian diplomat V. K. Krishna Menon in 1953, at the United Nations.[3]

In a speech given during the Havana Declaration of 1979, Fidel Castro said the purpose of the organization is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics".[4] The countries of the Non-Aligned Movement represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and contain 55% of the world population. Membership is particularly concentrated in countries considered to be developing or part of the Third World.[5]

Members have at times included the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Argentina, Namibia, Cyprus, and Malta. Although many of the Non-Aligned Movement's members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the super powers, the movement still maintained cohesion throughout the Cold War. Some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. Although the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members of the movement (particularly predominantly Muslim states) condemned it.

Because the Non-Aligned Movement was formed as an attempt to thwart the Cold War,[6] it has struggled to find relevance since the Cold War ended. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its membership was suspended[7] in 1992 at the regular Ministerial Meeting of the Movement, held in New York during the regular yearly session of the General Assembly of the United Nations.[8][9] The successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership, though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union. Belarus is the only member of the Movement in Europe. Azerbaijan and Fiji are the most recent entrants, joining in 2011. The applications of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998, respectively.[9]

The 16th NAM summit took place in Tehran, Iran, from 26 to 31 August 2012. According to MehrNews agency, representatives from over 150 countries were scheduled to attend.[10] Attendance at the highest level includes 27 presidents, 2 kings and emirs, 7 prime ministers, 9 vice presidents, 2 parliament spokesmen and 5 special envoys.[11] At the summit, Iran took over from Egypt as Chair of the Non-Aligned Movement for the period 2012 to 2015.[12] The 17th Summit of the Non Aligned Movement is to be held in Venezuela in 2016.[13]

Origins

The Non-Aligned movement was never established as a formal organization, but became the name to refer to the participants of the Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries first held in 1961. The term "non-alignment" was established in 1953 at the United Nations. Nehru used the phrase in a 1954 speech in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:

A significant milestone in the development of the Non-Aligned Movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno, who gave a significant contribution to promote this movement. Bringing together Sukarno, U Nu, Nasser, Nehru, Tito, Nkrumah and Menon with the likes of Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai, and Norodom Sihanouk, as well as U Thant and a young Indira Gandhi, the conference adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles, and a collective pledge to remain neutral in the Cold War. Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Josip Broz Tito led to the first Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.[14] The term non-aligned movement appears first in the fifth conference in 1976, where participating countries are denoted as members of the movement.[15]

At the Lusaka Conference in September 1970, the member nations added as aims of the movement the peaceful resolution of disputes and the abstention from the big power military alliances and pacts. Another added aim was opposition to stationing of military bases in foreign countries.[6]

The founding fathers of the Non-Aligned Movement were: Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia, Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia, Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as 'The Initiative of Five'.

Organizational structure and membership

The movement stems from a desire not to be aligned within a geopolitical/military structure and therefore itself does not have a very strict organizational structure.[2] Some organizational basics were defined at the 1996 Cartagena Document on Methodology[16] The Summit Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned States is "the highest decision making authority". The chairmanship rotates between countries and changes at every summit of heads of state or government to the country organizing the summit.[16]

Requirements for membership of the Non-Aligned Movement coincide with the key beliefs of the United Nations. The current requirements are that the candidate country has displayed practices in accordance with the ten "Bandung principles" of 1955:[16]

Policies and ideology

The South Africa Conference NAM logo.

Secretaries General of the NAM had included such diverse figures as Suharto, a corrupt[17][18] and militaristic[19] anti-communist, and Nelson Mandela, a democratic socialist and famous anti-apartheid activist. Consisting of many governments with vastly different ideologies, the Non-Aligned Movement is unified by its declared commitment to world peace and security. At the seventh summit held in New Delhi in March 1983, the movement described itself as "history's biggest peace movement".[20] The movement places equal emphasis on disarmament. NAM's commitment to peace pre-dates its formal institutionalisation in 1961. The Brioni meeting between heads of governments of India, Egypt and Yugoslavia in 1956 recognized that there exists a vital link between struggle for peace and endeavours for disarmament.[20]

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the NAM also sponsored campaigns for restructuring commercial relations between developed and developing nations, namely the New International Economic Order (NIEO), and its cultural offspring, the New World Information and Communication Order (NWICO). The latter, on its own, sparked a Non-Aligned initiative on cooperation for communications, the Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool, created in 1975 and later converted into the NAM News Network in 2005.

The Non-Aligned Movement espouses policies and practices of cooperation, especially those that are multilateral and provide mutual benefit to all those involved. Many of the members of the Non-Aligned Movement are also members of the United Nations. Both organisations have a stated policy of peaceful cooperation, yet the successes the NAM has had with multilateral agreements tend to be ignored by the larger, western and developed nation dominated UN.[21] African concerns about apartheid were linked with Arab-Asian concerns about Palestine[21] and multilateral cooperation in these areas has enjoyed moderate success. The Non-Aligned Movement has played a major role in various ideological conflicts throughout its existence, including extreme opposition to apartheid governments and support of guerrilla movements in various locations, including Rhodesia and South Africa.[5]

Role after the Cold War

Since the end of the Cold War and the formal end of colonialism, the Non-Aligned Movement has been forced to redefine itself and reinvent its purpose in the current world system. A major question has been whether many of its foundational ideologies, principally national independence, territorial integrity, and the struggle against colonialism and imperialism, can be applied to contemporary issues. The movement has emphasised its principles of multilateralism, equality, and mutual non-aggression in attempting to become a stronger voice for the global South, and an instrument that can be utilised to promote the needs of member nations at the international level and strengthen their political leverage when negotiating with developed nations. In its efforts to advance Southern interests, the movement has stressed the importance of cooperation and unity amongst member states,[22] but as in the past, cohesion remains a problem since the size of the organisation and the divergence of agendas and allegiances present the ongoing potential for fragmentation. While agreement on basic principles has been smooth, taking definitive action vis-à-vis particular international issues has been rare, with the movement preferring to assert its criticism or support rather than pass hard-line resolutions.[23]

The movement continues to see a role for itself, as in its view, the world's poorest nations remain exploited and marginalised, no longer by opposing superpowers, but rather in a uni-polar world,[24] and it is Western hegemony and neo-colonialism that the movement has really re-aligned itself against. It opposes foreign occupation, interference in internal affairs and aggressive unilateral measures, but it has also shifted to focus on the socio-economic challenges facing member states, especially the inequalities manifested by globalization and the implications of neo-liberal policies. The Non-Aligned Movement has identified economic underdevelopment, poverty, and social injustices as growing threats to peace and security.[25]

Current activities and positions

Criticism of US policy

In recent years the organization has criticized certain aspects of US foreign policy. The 2003 invasion of Iraq and the War on Terrorism, its attempts to stifle Iran and North Korea's nuclear plans, and its other actions have been denounced by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement as attempts to run roughshod over the sovereignty of smaller nations; at the most recent summit, Kim Yong-nam, the head of North Korea's parliament, stated that, "The United States is attempting to deprive other countries of even their legitimate right to peaceful nuclear activities."[26]

Self-determination of Puerto Rico

Since 1961, the organization has supported the discussion of the case of Puerto Rico's self-determination before the United Nations. A resolution on the matter was to be proposed on the XV Summit by the Hostosian National Independence Movement.[27]

Self-determination of Western Sahara

Since 1973, the group has supported the discussion of the case of Western Sahara's self-determination before the United Nations.[28] The movement reaffirmed in its last meeting (Sharm El Sheikh 2009) the support to the Self-determination of the Sahrawi people by choosing between any valid option, welcomed the direct conversations between the parties, and remembered the responsibility of the United Nations on the Sahrawi issue.[29]

Sustainable development

The movement is publicly committed to the tenets of sustainable development and the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, but it believes that the international community has not created conditions conducive to development and has infringed upon the right to sovereign development by each member state. Issues such as globalization, the debt burden, unfair trade practices, the decline in foreign aid, donor conditionality, and the lack of democracy in international financial decision-making are cited as factors inhibiting development.[30]

Reforms of the UN

The movement has been outspoken in its criticism of current UN structures and power dynamics, stating that the organisation has been utilised by powerful states in ways that violate the movement's principles. It has made a number of recommendations that it says would strengthen the representation and power of "non-aligned" states. The proposed UN reforms are also aimed at improving the transparency and democracy of UN decision-making. The UN Security Council is the element it considers the most distorted, undemocratic, and in need of reshaping.[31]

South-South cooperation

The movement has collaborated with other organisations of the developing world – primarily the Group of 77 – forming a number of joint committees and releasing statements and documents representing the shared interests of both groups. This dialogue and cooperation can be taken as an effort to increase the global awareness about the organisation and bolster its political clout.

Cultural diversity and human rights

The movement accepts the universality of human rights and social justice, but fiercely resists cultural homogenisation. In line with its views on sovereignty, the organisation appeals for the protection of cultural diversity, and the tolerance of the religious, socio-cultural, and historical particularities that define human rights in a specific region.[32]

Working groups, task forces, committees[33]
  • Committee on Palestine
  • High-Level Working Group for the Restructuring of the United Nations
  • Joint Coordinating Committee (chaired by Chairman of G-77 and Chairman of NAM)
  • Non-Aligned Security Caucus
  • Standing Ministerial Committee for Economic Cooperation
  • Task Force on Somalia
  • Working Group on Disarmament
  • Working Group on Human Rights
  • Working Group on Peace-Keeping Operations

Summits

16th summit of the NAM, Tehran

The conference of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement Summit is the main meeting within the movement and are held every few years:[34]

Date Host country Host city
1st 1–6 September 1961  Yugoslavia Belgrade
2nd 5–10 October 1964  United Arab Republic Cairo
3rd 8–10 September 1970  Zambia Lusaka
4th 5–9 September 1973  Algeria Algiers
5th 16–19 August 1976  Sri Lanka Colombo
6th 3–9 September 1979  Cuba Havana
7th 7–12 March 1983  India New Delhi
8th 1–6 September 1986  Zimbabwe Harare
9th 4–7 September 1989  Yugoslavia Belgrade
10th 1–6 September 1992  Indonesia Jakarta
11th 18–20 October 1995  Colombia Cartagena de Indias
12th 2–3 September 1998  South Africa Durban
13th 20–25 February 2003  Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
14th 15–16 September 2006  Cuba Havana
15th 11–16 July 2009  Egypt Sharm El Sheikh
16th 26–31 August 2012  Iran Tehran
17th TBA 2016  Venezuela TBA

A variety of ministerial meetings are held between the summit meetings. Some are specialist, such as the meeting on "Inter-Faith Dialogue and Co-operation for Peace", held in Manila, the Philippines, 16–18 March 2010. There is a general Conference of Foreign Ministers every three years. The most recent were in Bali, Indonesia, 23–27 May 2011 and Algiers, Algeria, 26–29 May 2014.

The Non-Aligned Movement celebrated its 50th anniversary in Belgrade on 5–6 September 2011.[35][36]

Secretaries General

Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the Secretary General elected at last summit meeting. The Coordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.

Image Secretary-General Country Party From To
Josip Broz Tito  Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1961 1964
Gamal Abdel Nasser  United Arab Republic Arab Socialist Union 1964 1970
Kenneth Kaunda  Zambia United National Independence Party 1970 1973
Houari Boumediène  Algeria Revolutionary Council 1973 1976
William Gopallawa  Sri Lanka Independent 1976 1978
Junius Richard Jayewardene United National Party 1978 1979
Fidel Castro  Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 1979 1983
Neelam Sanjiva Reddy  India Janata Party 1983
Zail Singh Congress Party 1983 1986
Robert Mugabe  Zimbabwe ZANU-PF 1986 1989
Janez Drnovšek  Yugoslavia League of Communists of Yugoslavia 1989 1990
Borisav Jović Socialist Party of Serbia 1990 1991
Stjepan Mesić Croatian Democratic Union 1991
Branko Kostić Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro 1991 1992
Dobrica Ćosić  Serbia and Montenegro Independent 1992
Suharto  Indonesia Golkar 1992 1995
Ernesto Samper  Colombia Colombian Liberal Party 1995 1998
Andrés Pastrana Arango Colombian Conservative Party 1998
Nelson Mandela  South Africa African National Congress 1998 1999
Thabo Mbeki 1999 2003
Mahathir Mohamad  Malaysia United Malays National Organisation 2003
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi 2003 2006
Fidel Castro[37]  Cuba Communist Party of Cuba 2006 2008
Raúl Castro 2008 2009
Hosni Mubarak  Egypt National Democratic Party 2009 2011
Mohamed Hussein Tantawi Independent 2011 2012
Mohamed Morsi Freedom and Justice Party 2012
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad  Iran Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran 2012 2013
Hassan Rouhani Moderation and Development Party 2013 present

Members, observers and guests

Current members

The following countries are members of the NAM, arranged by continent, showing their year of admission:[1][38]

Africa

Currently every African country (except the newly created South Sudan) is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement.

  1.  Algeria (1961)
  2.  Angola (1964)
  3.  Benin (1964)
  4.  Botswana (1970)
  5.  Burkina Faso (1973)
  6.  Burundi (1964)
  7.  Cameroon (1964)
  8.  Cape Verde (1976)
  9.  Central African Republic (1964)
  10.  Chad (1964)
  11.  Comoros (1976)
  12.  Democratic Republic of the Congo (1961)
  13.  Djibouti (1983)
  14.  Egypt (1961)
  15.  Equatorial Guinea (1970)
  16.  Eritrea (1995)
  17.  Ethiopia (1961)
  18.  Gabon (1970)
  19.  Gambia (1973)
  20.  Ghana (1961)
  21.  Guinea (1961)
  22.  Guinea-Bissau (1976)
  23.  Côte d'Ivoire (1973)
  24.  Kenya (1964)
  25.  Lesotho (1970)
  26.  Liberia (1964)
  27.  Libya (1964)
  28.  Madagascar (1973)
  29.  Malawi (1964)
  30.  Mali (1961)
  31.  Mauritania (1964)
  32.  Mauritius (1973)
  33.  Morocco (1961)
  34.  Mozambique (1976)
  35.  Namibia (1979)
  36.  Niger (1973)
  37.  Nigeria (1964)
  38.  Republic of the Congo (1964)
  39.  Rwanda (1970)
  40.  São Tomé and Príncipe (1976)
  41.  Senegal (1964)
  42.  Seychelles (1976)
  43.  Sierra Leone (1964)
  44.  Somalia (1961)
  45.  South Africa (1994)
  46.  Sudan (1961)
  47.  Swaziland (1970)
  48.  Tanzania (1964)
  49.  Togo (1964)
  50.  Tunisia (1961)
  51.  Uganda (1964)
  52.  Zambia (1964)
  53.  Zimbabwe (1979)

Americas

  1.  Antigua and Barbuda (2006)
  2.  Bahamas (1983)
  3.  Barbados (1983)
  4.  Belize (1976)
  5.  Bolivia (1979)
  6.  Chile (1973)
  7.  Colombia (1983)
  8.  Cuba (1961)
  9.  Dominica (2006)
  10.  Dominican Republic (2000)
  11.  Ecuador (1983)
  12.  Grenada (1979)
  13.  Guatemala (1993)
  14.  Guyana (1970)
  15.  Haiti (2006)
  16.  Honduras (1995)
  17.  Jamaica (1970)
  18.  Nicaragua (1979)
  19.  Panama (1976)
  20.  Peru (1973)
  21.  Saint Kitts and Nevis (2006)
  22.  Saint Lucia (1983)
  23.  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2003)
  24.  Suriname (1983)
  25.  Trinidad and Tobago (1970)
  26.  Venezuela (1989)

Asia

  1.  Afghanistan (1961)
  2.  Azerbaijan (2011)
  3.  Bahrain (1973)
  4.  Bangladesh (1973)
  5.  Bhutan (1973)
  6.  Brunei (1993)
  7.  Cambodia (1961)
  8.  India (1961)
  9.  Indonesia (1961)
  10.  Iran (1979)
  11.  Iraq (1961)
  12.  Jordan (1964)
  13.  Kuwait (1964)
  14.  Laos (1964)
  15.  Lebanon (1961)
  16.  Malaysia (1970)
  17.  Maldives (1976)
  18.  Mongolia (1993)
  19.  Myanmar (1961)
  20.    Nepal (1961)
  21.  North Korea (1976)
  22.  Oman (1973)
  23.  Pakistan (1979)
  24.  State of Palestine (1976)
  25.  Philippines (1993)
  26.  Qatar (1973)
  27.  Saudi Arabia (1961)
  28.  Singapore (1970)
  29.  Sri Lanka (1961)
  30.  Syria (1964)
  31.  Thailand (1993)
  32.  East Timor (2003)
  33.  Turkmenistan (1995)
  34.  United Arab Emirates (1970)
  35.  Uzbekistan (1993)
  36.  Vietnam (1976)
  37.  Yemen (1990) [39]

Europe

  1.  Belarus (1998)

Oceania

  1.  Fiji (2011)
  2.  Papua New Guinea (1993)
  3.  Vanuatu (1983)

Former members

  1.  Argentina (1973–1991)[41]
  2.  Cyprus (1961–2004)[42][43]
  3.  Malta (1973–2004)[43]
  4.  Yugoslavia (1961–1992)[7][44] (including FR Yugoslavia[45])
  5.  Ukraine (2010-2014) (dropped observer status due to the War in Donbass.)[46]

Observers

The following countries and organizations have observer status:[1]

Countries

Organisations

Guests

There is no permanent guest status,[47] but often several non-member countries are represented as guests at conferences. In addition, a large number of organisations, both from within the UN system and from outside, are always invited as guests.

Presidency

NAM's presidency changes every three years. Iran currently holds the Presidency of the Non-Aligned Movement and hosted the 16th NAM summit between 26 and 31 August 2012, after which the presidency was handed to Iran on 1 September. The latest move by the NAM presidency has been to organise a NAM filmmakers' meeting in order to discuss the establishment of a NAM filmmakers' union. The meeting is to be held in February 2013, concurrently with the 31st Fajr International Film Festival in Tehran.[48]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "NAM Members & Observers". 16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Tehran, 26–31 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  2. 1 2 "The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information". Government of Zaire. 21 September 2001. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  3. ↑ Ma'Aroof, Mohammad Khalid (1 January 1987). "Afghanistan in World Politics: (a Study of Afghan-U.S. Relations)". ISBN 978-8-121-20097-4.
  4. ↑ Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the non-aligned countries movement 12 October 1979; "Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement". Board of Investment – Government of Pakistan. 2003.
  5. 1 2 Grant, Cedric. "Equity in Third World Relations: a third world perspective". International Affairs 71, 3 (1995), 567–587.
  6. 1 2 Suvedi, Sūryaprasāda (1996). Land and Maritime Zones of Peace in International Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 169–170. ISBN 978-0-198-26096-7.
  7. 1 2 "The Non-Aligned Movement: Member States". XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  8. ↑ Lai Kwon Kin (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia casts shadow over non-aligned summit". The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2009. Iran and several other Muslim nations want the rump state of Yugoslavia kicked out, saying it no longer represents the country which helped to found the movement.
  9. 1 2 Najam, Adil (2003). "Chapter 9: The Collective South in Multinational Environmental Politics". In Nagel, Stuard. Policymaking and prosperity: a multinational anthology. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 197–240 [233]. ISBN 0-7391-0460-8. Retrieved 10 November 2009. Turkmenistan, Belarus and Dominican Republic are the most recent entrants. The application of Bosnia-Herzegovina and Costa Rica were rejected in 1995 and 1998.
  10. ↑ NAM summit will raise Iran’s profile in the international arena
  11. ↑ NAM summit kicks off in Tehran
  12. ↑ Southern Africa: Media Briefing By Deputy Minister Ebrahim Ebrahim On International Developments
  13. ↑ http://namiran.org/Files/16thSummit/DateAndVenueOfThe17thSummit(NAM2012-INF.9).pdf
  14. ↑ "Belgrade declaration of non-aligned countries". Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  15. ↑ "Fifth conference of heads of state or Government of non-aligned nations". Egyptian presidency website. 6 September 1961. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2011. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 "Meeting of the Ministerial Committee on Methodology of the Movement of the Non-Aligned Countries, Caratagena de Indias, May 14–16, 1996". Head of State and Government of the Non-Aligned Countries. Government of Zaire. 14–16 May 1996. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
  17. ↑ estimates of government funds misappropriated by the Suharto family range from US$1.5 billion and US,5 billion.(Ignatius, Adi (11 September 2007). "Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling". Time. Retrieved 9 August 2009.); Haskin, Colin, "Suharto dead at 86", The Globe and Mail, 27 January 2008
  18. ↑ "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
  19. ↑ Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (9 February 2006). "The Profile of Human Rights Violations in Timor-Leste, 1974–1999". A Report to the Commission on Reception, Truth and Reconciliation of Timor-Leste. Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG).
  20. 1 2 Ohlson, Thomas; Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (1988). Arms Transfer Limitations and Third World Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-198-29124-4.
  21. 1 2 Morphet, Sally. "Multilateralism and the Non-Aligned Movement: What Is the Global South Doing and Where Is It Going?". Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations. 10 (2004), pp. 517–537.
  22. ↑ Putting Differences Aside, Daria Acosta, 18 September 2006.
  23. ↑ Staff (7 August 2009). "Profile: Non-Aligned Movement". BBC News. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  24. ↑ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: Final Document, no. 10-11.
  25. ↑ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: NAM XII Summit: Basic Documents – Final Document: 1 Global Issues. Nam.gov.za. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  26. ↑ Staff (16 September 2006). "Non-Aligned Nations Slam U.S." CBC News. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  27. ↑ Transcript (14 July 2009). "No Alineados preparan apoyo a la libre determinación de Puerto Rico – El texto se presentaría al cierre de la cita del NOAL en Sharm el Sheij" (in Spanish). Radio Cooperativa. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
  28. ↑ "3162 (XXVIII) Question of Spanish Sahara. U.N. General assembly 28th session, 1973" (PDF format). United Nations.
  29. ↑ XV Summit of heads of state and government of the Non Aligned Movement – Final Document. Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.16-04-2009. See points 237, 238 & 239.
  30. ↑ Statement on the implementation of the Right to Development, 7 January 2008.
  31. ↑ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: Final Document, no. 55.
  32. ↑ Declaration on the occasion of celebrating Human Rights Day.
  33. ↑ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 2.4..
  34. ↑ XV Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, Sharm El Sheikh, 11–16 July 2009: Previous Summits
  35. ↑ Non-aligned again in Belgrade
  36. ↑ Secretary-General's Message to Additional Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement
  37. ↑ Fidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery, was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother, Cuba's acting president Raúl Castro. See "Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations". People's Daily. 16 September 2006.
  38. ↑ Cahoon, Ben. "Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)". World Statesmen.org. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  39. ↑  North Yemen is one of the founders in 1961.  South Yemen joined in 1970. In 1990 both were unified into a single state which accepted responsibility for all treaties of its predecessors.[40]
  40. ↑ In a joint letter to the UN Secretary-General sent just prior to unification, the Ministers of Foreign affairs of North and South Yemen stated that "All treaties and agreements concluded between either the Yemen Arab Republic or the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and other States and international organizations in accordance with international law which are in force on 22 May 1990 will remain in effect, and international relations existing on 22 May 1990 between the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and the Yemen Arab Republic and other States will continue."Bühler, Konrad (2001). State Succession and Membership in International Organizations. Martinus Nijhoff Publisher.
  41. ↑ Serrat, Oscar J. (20 September 1991). "Argentina Withdraws from Non-Aligned Movement". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  42. ↑ "Cyprus and the Non – Aligned Movement". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Cyprus. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  43. 1 2 "XIV Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement". South Africa Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
  44. ↑ Final Document of the 7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement -(New Delhi Declaration)
  45. ↑ Kin, Lai Kwok (2 September 1992). "Yugoslavia Casts Shadow over Non-Aligned Summit". The Independent. Reuters. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  46. ↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30587924
  47. ↑ XII Summit, Durban, South Africa, 2–3 September 1998: The Non-Aligned Movement: Background Information 4.4.
  48. ↑ "Iran plans to organize NAM filmmakers’ meeting", Mehr News, 9 December 2012

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