Nucleariid

Nucleariids
Nuclearia thermophila
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukarya
(unranked):	Opisthokonts
Order:	Nucleariida
Genera
Nuclearia Micronuclearia

The nucleariids are a group of amoebae^[1] with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae.

Classification

Nucleariids are opisthokonts,^[2] the group which includes animals, fungi and several smaller groups. Several studies place the nucleariids as a sister group to the fungi.^[3][4]

The genera Rabdiophrys, Pinaciophora, and Pompholyxophrys, freshwater forms with hollow siliceous scales or spines, were formerly included in Nucleariida, but are now placed in Rhizaria.^[5] In the past, nucleariids were included among the heliozoa as the Rotosphaerida.

According to a 2009 paper, Fonticula, a cellular slime mold, is an opisthokont and more closely related to Nuclearia than to fungi.^[6]

• Class Cristidiscoidea Cavalier-Smith 1998^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]}
  • Order Fonticulida Cavalier-Smith 1993
    • Family Fonticulidae Worley, Raper & Hohl 1979
      • Genus Fonticula Worley, Raper & Hohl 1979
        • Species Fonticula alba Worley, Raper & Hohl 1979
  • Order Nucleariida Cavalier-Smith 1993
    • Family Nucleariidae Cann & Page 1979
      • Genus Nuclearia Cienkowski 1865 [Astrodisculus Greeff 1869; Nuclearella Frenzel 1897; Nuclearina Frenzel 1897; Heliosphaerium Frenzel 1897; Nucleosphaerium Cann & Page 1979]
        • Species Astrodisculus minutus Greeff 1869
        • Species Astrodisculus araneiformis Schewiakoff 1893
        • Species Astrodisculus laciniatus Penard 1904 [Chlamydaster lacinatus (Penard 1904) Rainer 1968]
        • Species Astrodisculus affinis Schouteden 1905
        • Species Astrodisculus marinus Kufferath 1952
        • Species N. conspicua West 1903
        • Species N. lohmanni Kufferath 1952
        • Species N. delicatula Cienkowski 1865
        • Species N. flavescens (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus flavescens Greeff 1869]
        • Species N. flavocapsulata (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus flavocapsulata Greeff 1869; Astrodisculus penari Roskin 1929; Astrodisculus serratus Walton 1930; Heliosphaerium polyedricum Frenzel 1897]
        • Species N. leuckarti (Frenzel 1897) Patterson 1984 [Nuclearina leuckarti Frenzel 1897]
        • Species N. moebiusi Frenzel 1897
        • Species N. pattersoni Dyková et al. 2003
        • Species N. polypodia Schewiakoff 1863
        • Species N. radians (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus radians Greeff 1869 sensu Penard 1904 non Stern 1924; Nucleosphaerium radians (Greef 1869); Nucleosphaerium tuckeri Cann & Page 1979; Heliosphaerium aster Frenzel 1897; Heliophrys varians West]
        • Species N. simplex Cienkowsky 1865 [Nuclearella variabilis Frenzel 1897]
        • Species N. thermophila Yoshida, Nakayama & Inouye 2009
        • Species N. rubra (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 [Astrodisculus rubra Greeff 1869; Astrodisculus zonatus Penard 1904; Nuclearia caulescens Penard 1903: pro parte; Nuclearia zonatus (Penard 1904) Siemensma 1981]

Characteristics

Nucleariids (Nuclearia^[2] and Micronuclearia) are usually small, up to about 50 μm in size.

References

1. Zettler; Nerad, T.; O'Kelly, C.; Sogin, M. (2001). "The nucleariid amoebae: more protists at the animal-fungal boundary". The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology 48 (3): 293–297. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2001.tb00317.x. PMID 11411837.
2. Yoshida M, Nakayama T, Inouye I (January 2009). "Nuclearia thermophila sp. nov. (Nucleariidae), a new nucleariid species isolated from Yunoko Lake in Nikko (Japan)". European journal of protistology 45 (2): 147–155. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2008.09.004. PMID 19157810.
3. Steenkamp, E.T.; Wright, J.; Baldauf, S.L. (2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
4. Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge MA, Espelund M, et al. (2008). Aramayo R, ed. "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLoS ONE 3 (5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
5. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E. (2012). "Oxnerella micra sp. n. (Oxnerellidae fam. n.), a Tiny Naked Centrohelid, and the Diversity and Evolution of Heliozoa". Protist 163 (4): 574–601. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.12.005. PMID 22317961.
6. Matthew W. Brown, Frederick W. Spiegel and Jeffrey D. Silberman (2009). "Phylogeny of the "Forgotten" Cellular Slime Mold, Fonticula alba, Reveals a Key Evolutionary Branch within Opisthokonta". Molecular Biology and Evolution 26 (12): 2699–2709. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp185. PMID 19692665.
7. Adl; et al. (2012), "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes" (PDF), Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493, doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
8. Silar, Philippe (2016), "Protistes Eucaryotes : Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", HAL archives-ouvertes: 1–462
9. Ruggiero; et al. (2015), "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", PLoS ONE 10 (4), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
10. Ondřej Zicha (1999), "Nuclearia", BioLib.cz, retrieved 2016-04-21
11. Kaiqin, Xu (2007), "Nuclearia", The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta, retrieved 2016-04-21
12. Kaiqin, Xu (2007), "Astrodisculus", The World of Protozoa, Rotifera, Nematoda and Oligochaeta, retrieved 2016-04-21
13. "Nuclearia", Wikispecies, retrieved 2016-04-21