Oda of Canterbury

Oda
Archbishop of Canterbury
Appointed	941
Term ended	958
Predecessor	Wulfhelm
Successor	Ælfsige
Other posts	Bishop of Ramsbury
Orders
Consecration	between 909 and 927
Personal details
Born	unknown
Died	2 June 958
Sainthood
Feast day	4 July
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church[1] Eastern Orthodox Church
Attributes	Archbishop holding a chalice

Oda (or Odo;^[1] died 958), called the Good or the Severe, was a 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury in England. The son of a Danish invader, Oda became Bishop of Ramsbury before 928. A number of stories were told about his actions both prior to becoming and while a bishop, but few of these incidents are recorded in contemporary accounts. After being named to Canterbury in 941, Oda was instrumental in crafting royal legislation as well as involved in providing rules for his clergy. Oda was also involved in the efforts to reform religious life in England. He died in 958 and legendary tales afterwards were ascribed to him. Later he came to be regarded as a saint, and a hagiography was written in the late 11th or early 12th century.

Early career

Oda's parents were Danish, and he may have been born in East Anglia.^[2] His father was said to have been a Dane who came to England in 865, together with the Viking army of Ubba and Ivar, and presumably settled in East Anglia. Oda's nephew Oswald of Worcester later became Archbishop of York. It is possible that Oswald's relatives Oscytel, afterwards Archbishop of York, and Thurcytel, an abbot, were also relatives of Oda, but this is not known for sure.^[3]

In Byrhtferth of Ramsey's Life of Saint Oswald, Oda is said to have joined the household of a pious nobleman called Æthelhelm, whom he accompanied to Rome on pilgrimage. While on pilgrimage, Oda healed the nobleman's illness.^[4] Other stories, such as those by the 12th-century writer William of Malmesbury, describe Oda as fighting under Edward the Elder and then becoming a priest, but these statements are unlikely. Other statements in the Life have Oda being named "Bishop of Wilton" by the king, who is stated to have been Æthelhelm's brother. The appointment to Wilton is likely to be false, as no English king of the period had a brother named Æthelhelm.^[3] Some sources state that he became a monk at Fleury-sur-Loire in France.^[3][5]

Bishop of Ramsbury

Oda was consecrated Bishop of Ramsbury sometime between 909 and 927,^[6] not to Wilton as stated by both William of Malmesbury and the Life. The appointment was most likely made by King Æthelstan, and the first securely attested mention in documents of the new bishop occurs in 928, when he is a witness to royal charters as bishop.^[3] According to the late tenth-century chronicler, Richer of Rheims, in 936 Æthelstan sent Oda to France to arrange the return to the throne of France of King Louis IV.^{[7][8][lower-alpha 1]} Louis was Æthelstan's nephew^[10] and had been in exile in England for a number of years.^[7] However, this story is not related in any contemporary records.^[3] Oda was said to have fought alongside Æthelstan at the Battle of Brunanburh in 937.^[4][11] It was at this battle that Oda is said to have miraculously provided a sword to the king when the king's own sword slipped out of its scabbard. A Ramsey chronicle records that in the 1170s, the sword was still preserved in the royal treasury, although the chronicler carefully states the story "as is said" rather than as fact.^[12] There are no contemporary records of Oda's appearance at the battle.^[3] In 940, Oda arranged a truce between Olaf III Guthfrithson, king of Dublin and York, and Edmund I, king of England.^{[3][lower-alpha 2]}

Archbishop of Canterbury

In 941 Oda was named Archbishop of Canterbury.^[13] During his time as archbishop, he helped King Edmund with the new royal law-code,^[3] which had a number of laws concerned with ecclesiastical affairs.^[4] The archbishop was present, along with Archbishop Wulfstan of York, at council that proclaimed the first of these law codes and which was held by Edmund^[14] at London, over Easter around 945 or 946.^[15] Oda also settled a dispute over the Five Boroughs with Wulfstan.^[4]

Oda also made constitutions, or rules, for his clergy. His Constitutions of Oda are the first surviving constitutions of a 10th-century English ecclesiastical reformer.^[16] Oda reworked some statutes from 786 to form his updated code, and one item that was dropped were any clauses dealing with paganism.^[17] Other items covered were relations between laymen and the clergy, the duties of bishops, the need for the laity to make canonical marriages, how to observe fasts, and the need for tithes to be given by the laity.^[18] The work is extant in just one surviving manuscript, British Museum Cotton Vespasian A XIV, folios 175v to 177v. This is an 11th-century copy done for Wulfstan II, Archbishop of York.^[19]

At the death of King Eadred of England in 955, Oda was one of the recipients of a bequest from the king, in his case a large amount of gold.^[20] He was probably behind the reestablishment of a bishopric at Elmham, as the line of bishops in that see starts with Eadwulf of Elmham in 956.^[21] Oda crowned King Eadwig in 956, but in late 957 the archbishop joined Eadwig's rival and brother Edgar who had been proclaimed king of the Mercians in 957, while Eadwig continued to rule Wessex.^[22] The exact cause of the rupture between the two brothers that led to the division of the previously united kingdom is unknown, but may have resulted from Eadwig's efforts to promote close kinsmen and his wife. The division was peaceful, and Eadwig continued to call himself "King of the English" in contrast to Edgar's title of "King of the Mercians".^[23] In early 958 Oda annulled the marriage of Eadwig and his wife Ælfgifu, who were too closely related.^[22] This act was likely a political move connected to the division between Eadwig and Edgar, as it is unlikely that the close kinship between Eadwig and Ælfgifu had not been known before their marriage.^[23]

Oda was a supporter of Dunstan's monastic reforms,^[24] and was a reforming agent in the church along with Cenwald the Bishop of Worcester and Ælfheah the Bishop of Winchester. He also built extensively, and re-roofed Canterbury Cathedral after raising the walls higher.^[3] In 948, Oda took Saint Wilfrid's relics from Ripon.^[25] Frithegod's verse Life of Wilfrid has a preface that was written by Oda, in which the archbishop claimed that he rescued the relics from Ripon, which he described as "decayed" and "thorn-covered".^[26] He also acquired the relics of St Ouen, and Frithegod also wrote, at Oda's behest, a verse life of that saint, which has been lost.^[4] He was also an active in reorganizing the diocesan structure of his province, as the sees of Elmham and Lindsey were reformed during his archbishopric.^[18]

The archbishop died on 2 June 958^[13] and is regarded as a saint, with a feast day of 4 July.^[27] Other dates were also commemorated, including 2 June or 29 May. After his death, legendary tales ascribed miracles to him, including one where the Eucharist dripped with blood. Another was the miraculous repair of a sword.^[1] There is no contemporary evidence for veneration being made to Oda, with the first indication of cult coming in the hagiography written by Byrhtferth about Oswald, but no hagiography specifically about Oda was written until Eadmer wrote the Vita sancti Odonis sometime between 1093 and 1125.^[3] Oda was known by contemporaries as "The Good"^[4] and also became known as Severus "The Severe".^{[lower-alpha 3]}

Notes

1. Bishops and archbishops in the medieval period were involved in secular government as well as their ecclesiastical duties.^[9]
2. Olaf, already king of Dublin, had seized control of Northumbria and York from Edmund shortly after Edmund's coronation as king in 939. This truce set the boundary between the two king's realms at Watling Street.^[10]
3. In Michael Drayton's poem Poly-Olbion (Song 24), he is described as "Odo the Severe".

Citations

1. Farmer Oxford Dictionary of Saints p. 393
2. Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury p. 222–224
3. Cubitt and Costambeys "Oda" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
4. Lapidge "Oda" Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
5. Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 448
6. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 220
7. Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 347
8. Foot Æthelstan p. 169
9. Southern Western Society and the Church pp. 173–174
10. Miller "Edmund" Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England pp. 159–160
11. Delaney Dictionary of Saints p. 464
12. Clanchy From Memory to Written Record p. 40
13. Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 214
14. Wormald Making of English Law p. 310
15. Wormald Making of English Law pp. 440–441
16. Stafford Unification and Conquest p. 9–10
17. Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 481 footnote 252
18. Darlington "Ecclesiastical Reform" English Historical Review p. 386
19. Schoebe "Chapters of Archbishop Oda" Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research pp. 75–83
20. Fletcher Bloodfeud p. 24
21. Stenton Anglo-Saxon England p. 437
22. Stafford Unification and Conquest p. 48–49
23. Miller "Eadwig" Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England pp. 151–152
24. Darlington "Ecclesiastical Reform" English Historical Review p. 387
25. Blair Church in Anglo-Saxon Society p. 314
26. Brooks Early History of the Church of Canterbury p. 53
27. Walsh New Dictionary of Saints p. 454–455

References

• Blair, John P. (2005). The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921117-5.
• Brooks, Nicholas (1984). The Early History of the Church of Canterbury: Christ Church from 597 to 1066. London: Leicester University Press. ISBN 0-7185-0041-5.
• Clanchy, C. T. (1993). From Memory to Written Record: England 1066–1307 (Second ed.). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-16857-7.
• Cubitt, Catherine; Costambeys, Marios (2004). "Oda (d. 958)" ((subscription or UK public library membership required)). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/20541. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
• Darlington, R. R. (July 1936). "Ecclesiastical Reform in the Late Old English Period". The English Historical Review 51 (203): 385–428. doi:10.1093/ehr/LI.CCIII.385. JSTOR 553127.
• Delaney, John P. (1980). Dictionary of Saints (Second ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-13594-7.
• Farmer, David Hugh (2004). Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-860949-0.
• Fletcher, R. A. (2003). Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516136-X.
• Foot, Sarah (2011). Æthelstan: The First King of England. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12535-1.
• Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third Edition, revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
• Lapidge, Michael (2001). "Oda". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 339–340. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
• Miller, Sean (2001). "Eadwig". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 151–152–160. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
• Miller, Sean (2001). "Edmund". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald. The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. pp. 159–160. ISBN 978-0-631-22492-1.
• Schoebe, G. (May 1962). "The Chapters of Archbishop Oda (942/6) and the Canons of the Legatine Councils of 786". Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research xxxv (91): 75–83. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1962.tb01415.x.
• Southern, R. W. (1970). Western Society and the Church in the Middle Ages. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-020503-9.
• Stafford, Pauline (1989). Unification and Conquest: A Political and Social History of England in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6532-4.
• Stenton, F. M. (1971). Anglo-Saxon England (Third ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280139-5.
• Walsh, Michael J. (2007). A New Dictionary of Saints: East and West. London: Burns & Oats. ISBN 0-86012-438-X.
• Wormald, Patrick (1999). The Making of English Law: King Alfred to the Twelfth Century. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-22740-7.

External links

• Oda 1 at Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
• Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes