Outline of poetry

The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to poetry:

Poetry – a form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic qualities, in addition to, or instead of, its apparent meaning.

Defining poetry

Poetry can be described as all of the following things:

One of the arts – as an art form, poetry is an outlet of human expression, that is usually influenced by culture and which in turn helps to change culture. Poetry is a physical manifestation of the internal human creative impulse.
- A form of literature – literature is composition, that is, written or oral work such as books, stories, and poems.
- Fine art – in Western European academic traditions, fine art is art developed primarily for aesthetics, distinguishing it from applied art that also has to serve some practical function. The word "fine" here does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question, but the purity of the discipline according to traditional Western European canons.

Types of poetry

Common poetic forms

Epic – lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation. Milman Parry and Albert Lord have argued that the Homeric epics, the earliest works of Western literature, were fundamentally an oral poetic form. These works form the basis of the epic genre in Western literature.
Sonnet – poetic form which originated in Italy; Giacomo Da Lentini is credited with its invention.
Jintishi – literally "Modern Poetry", was actually composed from the 5th century onwards and is considered to have been fully developed by the early Tang dynasty. The works were principally written in five- and seven-character lines and involve constrained tone patterns, intended to balance the four tones of Middle Chinese within each couplet.
Villanelle – nineteen-line poetic form consisting of five tercets followed by a quatrain. There are two refrains and two repeating rhymes, with the first and third line of the first tercet repeated alternately until the last stanza, which includes both repeated lines. The villanelle is an example of a fixed verse form.
Tanka –
Ode –
Ghazal –
Haiku –

Periods, styles and movements

For movements, see List of poetry groups and movements.

History of poetry

History of poetry – the earliest poetry is believed to have been recited or sung, such as in the form of hymns (such as the work of Sumerian priestess Enheduanna), and employed as a way of remembering oral history, genealogy, and law. Many of the poems surviving from the ancient world are recorded prayers, or stories about religious subject matter, but they also include historical accounts, instructions for everyday activities, love songs, and fiction.

List of years in poetry

Elements of poetry

Main article: Meter (poetry)

Accents
Caesura
Couplets – a pair of lines of meter in poetry. It usually consists of two lines that rhyme and have the same meter. While traditionally couplets rhyme, not all do.
Elision
Foot
Intonation
Meter
Mora
Prosody
Rhythm
Scansion
Stanza
Syllable

Methods of creating rhythm

Main articles: Timing (linguistics), tone (linguistics) and pitch accent

See also: Parallelism, inflection, intonation and foot

Scanning meter

Main article: Systems of scansion

spondee – two stressed syllables together
iamb – unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable
trochee – one stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable
dactyl – one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables
anapest – two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable

The number of metrical feet in a line are described in Greek terminology as follows:

dimeter – two feet
trimeter – three feet
tetrameter – four feet
pentameter – five feet
hexameter – six feet
heptameter – seven feet
octameter – eight feet

Common metrical patterns

Main article: Meter (poetry)

Iambic pentameter
- Example: Paradise Lost,^[1] by John Milton
Dactylic hexameter
- Examples:
  - Iliad,^[2] by Homer
  - The Metamorphoses, by Ovid
Iambic tetrameter
- Examples:
  - To His Coy Mistress, by Andrew Marvell
  - Eugene Onegin,^[3] by Aleksandr Pushkin
Trochaic octameter
- Example: The Raven,^[4] by Edgar Allan Poe
Anapestic tetrameter
- Examples:
  - The Hunting of the Snark,^[5] by Lewis Carroll
  - Don Juan,^[6] by Lord Byron
Alexandrine – also known as iambic hexameter.
- Example: Phèdre,^[7] by Jean Racine

Rhyme, alliteration and assonance

Rhyming schemes

Main article: Rhyme scheme

Stanzas and verse paragraphs

Main article: stanza

2-line stanza: couplet or distich
3-line stanza: triplet or tercet
4-line stanza: quatrain
5-line stanza: quintain or cinquain)
6-line stanza: sestet
8-line stanza: octet
verse paragraph

Poetic diction

Main article: Poetic diction

Poetics

Main article: Poetics

Some famous poets and their poems

Main articles: List of poets and List of poems

References

↑ Two versions of Paradise Lost are freely available on-line from Project Guttenberg, Project Gutenberg text version 1 and Project Gutenberg text version 2
↑ The original text, as translated by Samuel Butler, is available at Wikisource.s:The Iliad
↑ The full text is available online both in Russian and as translated into English by Charles Johnston. Please see the pages on Eugene Onegin and on Nabokov's Notes on Prosody and the references on those pages for discussion of the problems of translation and of the differences between Russian and English iambic tetrameter.
↑ The full text of "The Raven" is available at Wikisource s:The Raven (Poe)
↑ The full text of "The Hunting of the Snark" is available at Wikisource.s:The Hunting of the Snark
↑ The full text of Don Juan is available on-line
↑
See the Text of the play in French as well as an English translation,
- Phaedra at Project Gutenberg

External links

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