Peace River

This article is about the river in Canada. For the river in Florida, see Peace River (Florida). For other uses, see Peace River (disambiguation).
Peace River
Rivière de la Paix
Peace River at Peace River, Alberta
Name origin: Peace Point, Alberta, where a treaty marking the river as the boundary between Beaver and Cree was signed in 1781
Country Canada
Province British Columbia, Alberta
Part of Mackenzie River watershed
Tributaries
 - left Finlay River, Halfway River, Beatton River, Clear River (Alberta), Ponton River
 - right Parsnip River, Pine River, Kiskatinaw River, Pouce Coupé River, Smoky River, Wabasca River, Mikkwa River
Cities Fort Saint John, British Columbia, Peace River, Alberta
Primary source Finlay River
 - location Thutade Lake, British Columbia
 - elevation 1,140 m (3,740 ft)
 - coordinates 57°04′29″N 126°53′36″W / 57.07472°N 126.89333°W / 57.07472; -126.89333
Secondary source Parsnip River
 - location Near Mount Barton, British Columbia
 - elevation 5,630 m (18,471 ft)
 - coordinates 54°30′02″N 121°26′26″W / 54.50056°N 121.44056°W / 54.50056; -121.44056
Source confluence Williston Lake (Former confluence of Peace and Parsnip Rivers, now submerged underneath Williston Lake)
 - elevation 748 m (2,454 ft) (Elevation of Williston Lake)
 - coordinates 55°59′21″N 123°50′08″W / 55.98917°N 123.83556°W / 55.98917; -123.83556
Mouth Slave River
 - location Confluence of Peace with Athabasca River, Alberta
 - coordinates 59°00′01″N 111°24′38″W / 59.00028°N 111.41056°W / 59.00028; -111.41056Coordinates: 59°00′01″N 111°24′38″W / 59.00028°N 111.41056°W / 59.00028; -111.41056
Length 1,923 km (1,195 mi)
Basin 306,000 km2 (118,147 sq mi) [1]
Discharge for Peace Point, Alberta
 - average 2,110 m3/s (74,514 cu ft/s) [2]
 - max 9,790 m3/s (345,731 cu ft/s)
 - min 344 m3/s (12,148 cu ft/s)
Map of the Peace River watershed in western Canada

The Peace River (French: rivière de la Paix) is a river in Canada that originates in the Rocky Mountains of northern British Columbia and flows to the northeast through northern Alberta. The Peace River flows into the Slave River, a tributary of the Mackenzie River. The Mackenzie is the 12th longest river in the world, preceded by the Mekong and followed by the Niger River. The Finlay River, the main headwater of the Peace River, is regarded as the ultimate source of the Mackenzie River.

History

The regions along the river are the traditional home of the Danezaa people, called the Beaver by the Europeans. The fur trader Peter Pond is believed to have visited the river in 1785. In 1788 Charles Boyer of the North West Company established a fur trading post at the river's junction with the Boyer River.

In 1792 and 1793, the explorer Alexander Mackenzie travelled up the river to the Continental Divide.[3] Mackenzie referred to the river as Unjegah, from a native word meaning "large river".

The decades of hostilities between the Danezaa and the Cree, (in which the Cree dominated the Danezaa), ended in 1781 when a smallpox epidemic decimated the Cree. The Treaty of the Peace was celebrated by the smoking of a ceremonial pipe. The treaty made the Peace River a border, with the Danezaa to the North and the Cree to the South.[4]

In 1794, a fur trading post was built on the Peace River at Fort St. John; it was the first non-native settlement on the British Columbia mainland.

Post-Settlement

Main article: Peace River Country

The rich soils of the Peace River valley in Alberta have been producing wheat crops since the late 19th century. The Peace River region is also an important centre of oil and natural gas production. There are also pulp and paper plants along the river in Alberta and British Columbia.

The Grenfell was one of the vessels that shipped cargo on the Peace River.

The Peace River has two navigable sections, separated by the Vermilion Chutes, near Fort Vermilion.[5] The first steam-powered vessel to navigate the Peace River was the Grahame, a Hudson's Bay Company vessel built at Fort Chipewyan, on Lake Athabasca. Brothers of the Oblate Order of Mary Immaculate, built the St. Charles, to navigate the upper reaches of the River, from Fort Vermilion to Hudson's Hope. Approximately a dozen vessels were to navigate the river. Most of the early vessels were wood-burning steamships, fueled by wood cut from the river's shore. The last cargo vessel was the Watson's Lake, retired in 1952.

Geography

Course

This river is 1,923 kilometres (1,195 mi) long (from the head of Finlay River to Lake Athabasca). It drains an area of approximately 302,500 square kilometres (116,800 sq mi).[6] At Peace Point, where it drains in the Slave River, it has an annual discharge of 68.2 billion cubic metres (55,300,000 acre·ft).[7]

A large man-made lake, Williston Lake, has been formed on the upper river by the construction of the W. A. C. Bennett Dam for hydroelectric power generation. The river then flows into Dinosaur Lake, which serves as a reservoir for the Peace Canyon Dam. After the dams, the river flows east into Alberta and then continues north and east into the Peace-Athabasca Delta in Wood Buffalo National Park, at the western end of Lake Athabasca. Water from the delta flows into the Slave River east of Peace Point and reaches the Arctic Ocean via the Great Slave Lake and Mackenzie River.

Communities

Peace River in Fort Vermilion, Alberta.
The Peace River as it winds past the town of Peace River during the autumntime.

Communities located directly on the river include:

Many provincial parks and wildland reserves are established on the river, such as Butler Ridge Provincial Park, Taylor Landing Provincial Park, Beatton River Provincial Park, Peace River Corridor Provincial Park in British Columbia and Dunvegan Provincial Park, Dunvegan West Wildland, Peace River Wildland Provincial Park, Greene Valley Provincial Park, Notikewin Provincial Park, Wood Buffalo National Park in Alberta.

A few Indian reserves are also located on the river banks, among them Beaver Ranch 163, John D'Or Prairie 215, Fox Lake 162, Peace Point 222 and Devil's Gate 220.

Tributaries

Tributaries of the Peace River include:

Williston Lake
Northeastern British Columbia
Alberta
  • Moonlight Creek
  • Pouce Coupe River
  • Clear River
  • Sneddon Creek
  • Montagneuse River
  • Fourth Creek, Hamelin Creek
  • Ksituan River
  • Hines Creek, Dunvegan Creek, Boucher Creek
  • Leith River (Little Burnt River)
  • Saddle River (Burnt River)
  • Griffin Creek, Mcallister Creek, Strong Creek
  • Smoky River
  • Heart River
  • Pats Creek, Three Creeks, Carmon Creek
  • Whitemud River
  • Cadotte River
  • Buchanan Creek, Keppler Creek
  • Notikewin River
  • Scully Creek
  • Wolverine River
  • Buffalo River
  • Keg River
  • Steephill Creek
  • Boyer River
  • Caribou River
  • Beaver Ranch Creek
  • Wabasca River
  • Lawrence River
  • Mikkwa River (Little Red River)
  • Dummy Creek, Waldo Creek
  • Pakwanutik River
  • Garden Creek, Drolet Creek, Swan River, Vermilion River, Trident Creek, Portage River
  • Jackfish River
  • Jodoin Creek
  • Claire River
Lake Claire
  • Lake Claire
    • Birch River
    • McIvor River
    • Mamawi Lake
  • Baril River
  • Chenal Des Quatre Fourches
  • Revillon Coupe
  • Scow Channel

See also

References

  1. ↑ Bennett, R.M.; Card, J.R.; Hornby, D.M. (1973-03-09). "Hydrology of Lake Athabasca: Past, Present and Future" (PDF). Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, XVIII. International Association of Hydrological Science. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
  2. ↑ "Peace River at Peace Point". R-ArcticNet. 1959–2000. Retrieved 2010-10-08.
  3. ↑ "Peace River", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2006. Retrieved September 12, 2006, from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service
  4. ↑ Coutts, M. E. (1958). Dawson Creek: Past and Present, An Historical Sketch. Edmonton: Dawson Creek Historical Society.
  5. ↑ Edward L. Affleck. "Steamboating on the Peace River" (PDF). British Columbia History. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-12-06. The brothers built a fleet of small primitive steamers, extending by 1903 to the waters of the Peace above the Vermilion Chutes. In that year the pint—sized sternwheeler St. Charles began to work the 526 mile stretch from Fort Vermilion to Hudson’s Hope, carrying lumber and supplies for the Mission at Fort St. John in British Columbia, as well as goods for the Northwest Mounted Police.
  6. ↑ Atlas of Canada. "Rivers in Canada". Retrieved 2007-05-01.
  7. ↑ Alberta Environment - Alberta river basins

External links

Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Peace River.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, April 18, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.