List of Presidents of Peru

President of the Republic of Peru
Presidential standard
Incumbent Ollanta Humala since July 28, 2011
Residence	Government Palace
Appointer	Direct popular election
Term length	Five years, not eligible for reelection immediately
Inaugural holder	José de San Martín
Formation	July 28, 1821
Website	www.presidencia.gob.pe

Established in the Constitution of 1993, the President of Peru, officially the President of the Republic (Presidente de la República), is the head of state and head of government of Peru and represents the republic in official international matters. The presidential term is five years, with no immediate reelection. A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term.^[1] Ollanta Humala was elected as president in 2011.

The change of government takes place on July 28, which is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday.

History

During its more than 180 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the War of the Pacific, representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically-elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.

Different titles have been used, such as "Protector of Peru" (used by José de San Martin), and "Supreme Protector" (by Andrés de Santa Cruz).

Presidents of the Republic

The following table contains a list of the individuals who have served as president of Peru.

#	Picture	President (Birth–Death)	Dates in office	Form of entry	Title
1		José de San Martín (1778–1850)	July 28, 1821 – September 20, 1822	Indirect elections	Protector of Peru
2		Francisco de Luna Pizarro	September 20, 1822 – September 22, 1822	Indirect elections	Interim caretaker
3		José La Mar (1778–1830)	September 22, 1822 – February 27, 1823	Elected by Congress	President of the Government Junta
4		José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle (1779–1825)	February 27, 1823 – February 28, 1823	Indirect elections	Interim caretaker
5		José de la Riva Agüero (1783–1858)	February 28, 1823 – June 23, 1823	Elected by Congress
6		Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830)	June 23, 1823 – July 17, 1823	Elected by Congress
7		José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquis of Torre-Tagle (1779–1825)	July 17, 1823 – February 17, 1824	Elected by Congress	Supreme Delegate
8		Simón Bolívar (1783–1830)	February 17, 1824 – January 28, 1827	Elected by Congress
9		Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792–1865)	January 28, 1827 – June 9, 1827	Elected by Congress	President of the Government Council
10		Manuel Salazar y Baquíjano (1777–1850)	June 9, 1827 – August 22, 1827	Elected by Congress	Interim caretaker
11		José La Mar (1778–1830)	August 22, 1827 – June 7, 1829	Direct Elections
12		Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente (1796–1878)	June 7, 1829 – September 1, 1829	Coup d'état
13		Agustín Gamarra (1785–1841)	September 1, 1829 – December 20, 1833	Elected by Congress
14		Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro (1780–1855)	December 20, 1833 – December 21, 1833	Elected by Congress	Interim caretaker
15		Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada (1795–1847)	December 21, 1833 – August 11, 1836	Elected by Congress
16		Pedro Pablo Bermúdez (1793–1852) [2]	January 4, 1833 – April 24, 1834	Coup d'état	Provisional Supreme Ruler
17		Felipe Santiago Salaverry (1805–1836) [3]	February 23, 1835 – February 7, 1836	Coup d'état	Supreme Legislator
18		Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792–1865) [4]	August 11, 1836 – August 25, 1838		Supreme Protector of the Confederation
19		Agustín Gamarra (1785–1841)	August 25, 1838 – November 18, 1841	Elected by Congress
20		Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847)	November 18, 1841 – August 16, 1842	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Council
21		Juan Crisóstomo Torrico (1808–1875)	August 16, 1842 – October 17, 1842	Coup d'état
22		Juan Francisco de Vidal (1800–1863) [5]	October 17, 1842 – March 15, 1843	Coup d'état
23		Justo Figuerola (1771–1854)	March 15, 1843 – March 20, 1843	Coup d'état
24		Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco (1806–1873)	March 20, 1843 – June 17, 1844	Self-proclaimed President
25		Domingo Nieto (1803–1844)	March 20, 1843 – February 17, 1844	Elected by the Government Junta	President of the Government Junta - Grand Marshal of Perú
26		Ramón Castilla (1797–1867)	February 17, 1844 – August 10, 1844	Elected in place of Domingo Nieto
27		Domingo Elías (1797–1867)	June 17, 1844 – August 10, 1844	Self-proclaimed President
28		Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847)	August 10, 1844 – August 11, 1844	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Council
29		Justo Figuerola (1771–1854)	August 11, 1844 – October 7, 1844	Coup d'état
30		Manuel Menéndez (1793–1847)	October 7, 1844 – April 20, 1845	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Council
31		Ramón Castilla (1797–1867)	April 20, 1845 – April 20, 1851	Direct Elections
32		José Rufino Echenique (1808–1887)	April 20, 1851 – January 5, 1855	Direct Elections
33		Ramón Castilla (1797–1867)	January 5, 1855 – October 24, 1862	Coup d'état Direct Elections
34		Miguel de San Román (1802–1863)	October 24, 1862 – April 3, 1863	Direct Elections
35		Ramón Castilla (1797–1867)	April 3, 1863 – April 9, 1863	Revolution Selfproclaimed President
36		Pedro Diez Canseco (1815–1893)	April 3, 1863 – August 5, 1863	Interim caretaker	Second Vicepresident
37		Juan Antonio Pezet (1809–1879)	August 5, 1863 – April 25, 1865		First Vicepresident
38		Mariano Ignacio Prado (1826–1901)	April 25, 1865 – June 24, 1865	Coup d'état
39		Juan Antonio Pezet (1809–1879)	June 24, 1865 – November 8, 1865
40		Pedro Diez Canseco (1815–1893)	November 8, 1865 – November 28, 1865	Interim caretaker
41		Mariano Ignacio Prado (1826–1901)	November 28, 1865 – January 8, 1868	Direct Elections
42		Pedro Diez Canseco (1815–1893)	January 8, 1868 – August 2, 1868	Interim caretaker
43		José Balta (1814–1872)	August 2, 1868 – July 22, 1872	Direct Elections
44		Tomás Gutiérrez (d. 1872)	July 22, 1872 – July 26, 1872	Coup d'état	Supreme Leader of the Nation
45		Francisco Diez Canseco (1821–1884)	July 26, 1872 – July 27, 1872	Interim caretaker
46		Mariano Herencia Zevallos (1820–1873)	July 27, 1872 – August 2, 1872	Interim caretaker
47		Manuel Pardo (1834–1878)	August 2, 1872 – August 2, 1876	Direct Elections
48		Mariano Ignacio Prado (1826–1913)	August 2, 1876 – December 23, 1879	Direct Elections
49		Nicolás de Piérola (1839–1913)	December 23, 1879 – November 28, 1881	Coup d'état	Commander in Chief of the State
50		Francisco García Calderón (1834–1905)	March 12, 1881 – September 28, 1881	Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Lima)	Provisional President of the Republic
51		Lizardo Montero Flores (1832–1905)	September 28, 1881 – November 6, 1881	Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Arequipa)	Provisional President of the Republic
52		Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923)	November 6, 1881 – December 25, 1882	Self-proclaimed Chilean Occupation (Central Peru)	President of the Republic
53		Miguel Iglesias (1830–1909)	November 6, 1881 – December 25, 1882	Elected by Congress Chilean Occupation (Cajamarca)	Regenerator President of the Republic
54		Antonio Arenas (1808–1891)	December 3, 1885 – June 5, 1886	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
55		Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923)	June 5, 1886 – August 10, 1890	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
56		Remigio Morales Bermúdez (1836–1894)	August 10, 1890 – April 1, 1894	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
57		Justiniano Borgoño (1836–1921)	April 1, 1894 – August 10, 1894	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
58		Andrés Avelino Cáceres (1836–1923)	August 10, 1894 – March 20, 1895	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
59		Manuel Candamo (1841–1904)	March 20, 1895 – September 8, 1895	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
60		Nicolás de Piérola (1839–1913)	September 8, 1895 – September 8, 1899	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
61		Eduardo López de Romaña (1847–1912)	September 8, 1899 – September 8, 1903	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
62		Manuel Candamo (1841–1904)	September 8, 1903 – May 7, 1904	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
63		Serapio Calderón (1843–1922)	May 7, 1904 – September 24, 1904	Interim caretaker	President of the Government Junta
64		José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947)	September 24, 1904 – September 24, 1908	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
65		Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1863–1932)	September 24, 1908 – September 24, 1912	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
66		Guillermo Billinghurst (1851–1915)	September 24, 1912 – February 4, 1914	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
67		Óscar Benavides (1876–1945)	February 4, 1914 – August 18, 1915	Coup d'état
68		José Pardo y Barreda (1864–1947)	August 18, 1915 – July 4, 1919	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
69		Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo (1863–1932)	July 4, 1919 – August 25, 1930	Direct Elections Coup d'état	Constitutional President
70		Manuel María Ponce Brousset (1874–1966)	August 25, 1930 – August 27, 1930	Interim caretaker
71		Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889–1933)	August 27, 1930 – March 1, 1931	Coup d'état	President of the Provisional Government Junta
72		Ricardo Leoncio Elías Arias (1874–1951)	March 1, 1931 – March 5, 1931	Coup d'état	President of the Provisional Government Junta
73		Gustavo Jiménez (1886–1933)	March 5, 1931 – March 11, 1931	Coup d'état	President of the Provisional Government Junta
74		David Samanez Ocampo (1866–1947)	March 11, 1931 – December 8, 1931	Interim caretaker	President of the Southern Junta
75		Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro (1889–1933)	December 8, 1931 – April 30, 1933	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
76		Óscar Benavides (1876–1945)	April 30, 1933 – December 8, 1939	Elected by Congress	Constitutional President
77		Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1889–1967)	December 8, 1939 – July 28, 1945	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
78		José Bustamante y Rivero (1894–1989)	July 28, 1945 – October 29, 1948	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
79		Manuel A. Odría (1896–1974)	October 29, 1948 – June 1, 1950	Coup d'état
80		Zenón Noriega Agüero (1900–1957)	June 1, 1950 – July 28, 1950	Interim caretaker
81		Manuel A. Odría (1896–1974)	July 28, 1950 – July 28, 1956	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
82		Manuel Prado y Ugarteche (1889–1967)	July 28, 1956 – July 18, 1962	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
83		Ricardo Pérez Godoy (1905–1982)	July 18, 1962 – March 3, 1963	Coup d'état	1st President of the Military Junta
84		Nicolás Lindley López (1908–1995)	March 3, 1963 – July 28, 1963	Coup d'état	2nd President of the Military Junta
85		Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002)	July 28, 1963 – October 3, 1968	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
86		Juan Velasco Alvarado (1910–1977)	October 3, 1968 – August 30, 1975	Coup d'état	1st President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces
87		Francisco Morales Bermúdez (1921–)	August 30, 1975 – July 28, 1980	Coup d'état	2nd President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces
88		Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912–2002)	July 28, 1980 – July 28, 1985	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
89		Alan García Pérez (1949–)	July 28, 1985 – July 28, 1990	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
90		Alberto Fujimori (1938–)	July 28, 1990 – April 5, 1992	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
90		Alberto Fujimori (1938–)	April 5, 1992 – July 28, 1995	Self-Coup d'État	De facto President
90		Alberto Fujimori (1938–)	July 28, 1995 – July 28, 2000	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
90		Alberto Fujimori (1938–)	July 28, 2000 – November 22, 2000[6]	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
91		Valentín Paniagua (1936–2006)	November 22, 2000 – July 28, 2001	Interim caretaker[7]	President of Transition Government
92		Alejandro Toledo (1946–)	July 28, 2001 – July 28, 2006	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
93		Alan García Pérez (1949–)	July 28, 2006 – July 28, 2011	Direct Elections	Constitutional President
94		Ollanta Humala (1962–)	July 28, 2011 – present	Direct Elections	Constitutional President

Latest election

 Summary of the 10 April and 5 June 2011 Peruvian presidential election result

Candidates – Parties	1^st round		2^nd round
	Votes	%	Votes	%
Ollanta Humala – Peru Wins (Gana Perú)	4,643,064	31.699	7,937,704	51.449
Keiko Fujimori – Force 2011 (Fuerza 2011)	3,449,595	23.551	7,490,647	48.551
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski – Alliance for the Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio)	2,711,450	18.512
Alejandro Toledo – Possible Peru (Perú Posible)	2,289,561	15.631
Luis Castañeda – National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional)	1,440,143	9.832
José Ñique de la Puente – Fonavist Party (Partido Fonavista del Perú)	37,011	0.253
Ricardo Noriega – National Awakening Party (Partido Despertar Nacional)	21,574	0.147
Rafael Belaúnde Aubry – Forward Party (Partido Político Adelante)	17,301	0.118
Juliana Reymer – National Force Party (Partido Fuerza Nacional)	16,831	0.115
Humberto Pinazo – Justice, Technology, Ecology (Justicia, Tecnología, Ecología)	11,275	0.077
Total valid (turnout %)	14,074,682	100.000	15,428,351	100.000
Blank votes	1,406,998	8.855	116,335	0.706
Invalid votes	416,026	2.620	921,711	5.598
Source: National Office of Electoral Processes (ONPE), National Office of Electoral Processes (ONPE)

Titles and styles

The President of the Republic of Peru is the Head of the Peruvian State and the Supreme Commander of the Peruvian Armed Forces

The official style is:

His/Her Excellency - name of the president -

Line of succession

Names of incumbents as of 2015 listed President of the Republic: His Excellency Ollanta Humala Tasso

1- First Vice-President of the Republic: Marisol Espinoza

2- Second Vice-President of the Republic: Vacant

3- President of the Congress of the Republic: Luis Iberico

4- First Vice-President of the Congress of the Republic: Natalie Condori

5- Second Vice-President of the Congress of the Republic: Mariano Portugal

6- Third Vice-President of the Congress of the Republic: Luis Galarreta

Notes

1. "Political Constitution of Peru, Article 112" (PDF).
2. Selfproclaimed President, Parallel government with Orbegoso in Arequipa.
3. Selfproclaimed President, Parallel government with Orbegoso in Lima.
4. The Republic of Peru and the Republic of Bolivia were united into a federal state called the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. Peru was divided in the states of North Peru and South Peru, each one of them with its own President.
5. No effective central government existed after the Coup d'état against Francisco Vidal, with several generals claiming the Presidency in different cities around the country.
6. Alberto Fujimori submitted his resignation on November 19, 2000. His resignation was rejected by the Peruvian Congress, who declared him "Morally Unfit" for the Presidency and impeached him on November 22, 2000.
7. As President of Congress, Paniagua was 3rd in the line of succession. Raised to power after the President was impeached and both VP resigned.

See also

• Peru presidential line of succession
• History of Peru
• Politics of Peru