Pharaoh (Old English poem)

Pharaoh is the editorial name given to a fragmentary, eight-line Old English poem on folio 122r of the later tenth-century anthology known as the Exeter Book.

Genre

Critical discussion has focused on the genre of the poem.^[1] It is preserved in a collection which also contains the Exeter Book Riddles, but is not technically a riddle in form, but rather a dialogic question about arcane wisdom, and is not traditionally counted among the riddles themselves.^[2] Other question-and-answer texts in Old English include the much longer Solomon and Saturn.

The poem bears a certain affinity to one version of the Ioca monachorum, in which the question is posed how many the Egyptians were who pursued the Israelites, and the answer (1,800) depends on one knowing that where were 600 chariots (Ex. 14.7) and three men in each (according to the canticles in the Roman Psalter). One of the two damages places in the text, Trahern suggests, may actually have provided the reader with the ability to divine the correct answer by referring to three-man chariots.^[3]

Text

As edited in the Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records series, the poem reads:^[4]

"Saga me hwæt þær weorudes wære ealles

on Farones fyrde, þa hy folc godes

þurh feondscipe fylgan ongunn...."

"Nat ic hit be wihte, butan ic wene þus,

þæt þær screoda wære gescyred rime

siex hun... ...a searohæbbendra;

þæt eal fornam yþ...

wraþe wyrde in woruldrice."

As translated by Patrick J. Murphy, this reads:

'Tell me how many troops in Pharaoh's army there were in all, when they in enmity began to pursue God's people.' 'I do not know anything about it, except that I think there was the number of six hundred armed chariots, which the tumult of the waves swept away; it fiercely destroyed it in the kingdom of the earth'^[5]

References

1. Principally Joseph B. Trahern, 'The Ioca Monachorum and the Old English Paraoh’, English Language Notes, 7 (1970-71), 165-68.
2. Patrick J. Murphy, Unriddling the Exteter Riddles (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011), pp. 34-36.
3. Robert D. Fulk, Christopher M. Cain (eds), A History of Old English Literature, 2nd edn (Chichester: Wiley, 2013), citing Joseph B. Trahern, 'The Ioca Monachorum and the Old English Paraoh’, English Language Notes, 7 (1970-71), 165-68.
4. Krapp, George Philip and Elliott Van Kirk Dobbie (eds), The Exeter Book, The Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), p. 223; digitised at http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/ascp/a03_28.htm.
5. Patrick J. Murphy, Unriddling the Exteter Riddles (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011), p. 34.