Pikey

Pikey is a slang term, which may be pejorative when so intended, used mainly in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales[1][2] to refer to people who are of the Traveller Community, a lower-class person, regarded as coarse or disreputable.

The word piker is sometimes used in the United States,[3] but a piker in Australia and New Zealand is someone who refuses to do something within a group.[4] It is not well received among Irish Travellers or Romas, as it is considered an ethnic slur.[5]

Medieval Period

There is some evidence to suggest that forms of the term existed in medieval literature. In Robert Henryson's Fable Collection (late 15th century), in the fable of the Two Mice, the thieving mice are referred to on more than one occasion as 'pykeris':

'And in the samin thay went, but mair abaid, Withoutin fyre or candill birnand bricht For commonly sic pykeris luffis not lycht.'[6]

16th century

The term is strongly associated with itinerant life and constant travel: pikey is directly derived from pike which, c. 1520, meant to "go away from, to go on" and related to the words turnpike (toll-road) and pike-man (toll-collector).[7]

19th century and 20th century

Charles Dickens in 1837 writes disparagingly of itinerant pike-keepers.[7]

The Oxford English Dictionary traced the earliest use of "pikey" to The Times in August 1838, which referred to strangers who had come to the Isle of Sheppey as "pikey-men".[8] In 1847, J. O. Halliwell in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words recorded the use of "pikey" to mean a gypsy.[8] In 1887, W. D. Parish and W. F. Shaw in the Dictionary of Kentish Dialect recorded the use of the word to mean "a turnpike traveller; a vagabond; and so generally a low fellow".[8]

Its Kentish usage became more widespread, as it was also used to include all of the travelling groups who came to the county as "pickers" in the summertime of fruit and hops.

Thomas Acton's Gypsy Politics and Social Change notes John Camden Hotten's Slang Dictionary (1887) as similarly stating:

Hotten's dictionary of slang gives pike at as go away and Pikey as a tramp or a Gypsy. He continues a pikey-cart is, in various parts of the country, one of those habitable vehicles suggestive of country life. Possibly the term has some reference to those who continually use the pike or turnpike road.[9]

The Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society similarly agrees the term pikey solely applied (negatively) to Gypsies.[10][11]

Contemporary usage

The connotation and linkage of gypsies to petty theft, crime and general low socioeconomic activities is well-entrenched.

In 1937, then-Senator Harry S Truman compared the financiers of the 1930s, whom he called "pikers",[3] to bank robber Jesse James.

Pikey remained, as of 1989, common prison slang for Romani people or those who have a (perceived) similar lifestyle of itinerant unemployment and travel.[12]

More recently, pikey was applied to Irish Travellers (also known as tinkers and knackers) and non-Romanichal travellers.[13][14] In the late 20th century, it came to be used to describe "a lower-class person, regarded as coarse or disreputable."[8][15]

Pikey's most common contemporary use is not as a term for the Romani ethnic group, but as a catch-all phrase to refer to people, of any ethnic group, who travel around with no fixed abode.

Among English Romani Gypsies the term pikey refers to a Traveller that is not Romani. It may also refer to a member who has been cast out of the family. If a member of the family is hot-headed or a thief or a troublemaker or brings misfortune on the family, then a family council will be held and that member will be cast out of the family and will have to stay out of the way for ever more. They are regarded as never having even been a part of the family.[16]

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the definition became even looser and is sometimes used to refer to a wide section of the (generally urban) underclass of the country (in England generally known as chavs), or merely a person of any social class who "lives on the cheap" such as a bohemian. Following complaints from Travellers’ groups about racism, when the term was used by presenter Jeremy Clarkson as a pun for Pike’s Peak in the television programme Top Gear, the Editorial Standards Committee of the BBC Trust ruled that, in this instance, the term merely meant “cheap”.[17] In doing so it justified the ascribed meaning by quoting this Wikipedia article.[18]

Negative English attitudes towards "pikeys" were a running theme in the 2000 Guy Ritchie film Snatch.

In 2003 the Firle Bonfire Society burned an effigy of a family of gypsies inside a caravan after travellers damaged local land.[19] The number plate on the caravan read P1KEY. A storm of protests and accusations of racism rapidly followed.[20][21][22][23] Twelve members of the society were arrested but the Crown Prosecution Service decided that there was insufficient evidence to proceed on a charge of 'incitement to racial hatred'.[24]

The Oxford History of English notes that:

"young people who use charver or pikey to identify a contemporary style of dress or general demeanour suggest an aimless "street" lifestyle, unaware of the Romani origin of the first or of connotation with "gypsy" of the second.

Pikey, formed from turnpike roads, as along with pikee and piker been used in the South East [of England] especially since the mid-19th-century to refer to itinerant people of all kinds and been used by travelling people to refer to those of low caste. Scally a corresponding label originating in the North West of England was taken up by the media and several websites, only to be superseded by chav. A very recent survey has unearthed 127 synonyms, with ned favoured in Scotland, charver in North East England and pikey across the South [of England].[25]

'Ned' is particularly a West of Scotland usage and likely derives from the diminutive for the name Edward.[26] The current usage dates from the 1930s, but the Oxford English Dictionary refers to its use for 'hooligan' or 'lout' in the 19th century.[27]

In summary, this word, with its long history, is one of the words used by people to refer to people of the same social class who choose not to pursue the mainstream 'respectable' working class lifestyle.

See also

References

  1. ^ John Ayto (Editor) (1999). The Oxford Dictionary of Slang. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-863157-X. 
  2. ^ T. F. Hoad (Editor) (1986). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-283098-8. 
  3. ^ Tony Thorne (1990). Bloomsbury Dictionary of Contemporary Slang. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 0-7475-4594-4. 

Notes

  1. ↑ "BBC – Suffolk – People – "Very Important Pikey"". BBC. Retrieved 8 November 2009. It was because there's always someone out there, I feared, who was going to tap me on the shoulder and say "you dear, who do you think you are and where do you get off at, you're a gyspy, you're a pikey
  2. ↑ "New Statesman – Andrew Billen – Common problem". New Statesman. Retrieved 8 November 2009. Then, a year or so ago, I noticed the words "pikey" and "chav" were being used as synonyms for "common
  3. 1 2 McCullough, David (2003). Truman. Simon and Schuster. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-7432-6029-9. Retrieved 3 February 2010.
  4. ↑ "Dictionary of Australian Slang". Australiatravelsearch.com.au. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  5. ↑ "How Offensive is the Word Pikey?". BBC NEWS. 11 June 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
  6. ↑ Fox, Denton (1981). The Poems of Robert Henryson. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 11.
  7. 1 2 Partridge, Eric; Simpson, Jacqueline (1973). The Routledge Dictionary of Historical Slang 6th Edition. Routledge. p. 691. ISBN 0-7100-7761-0.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Oxford English Dictionary
  9. ↑ Acton, Thomas (1974). Gypsy politics and social change. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-7100-7838-4. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  10. ↑ Gypsy Lore Society, Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society The Society of Gypsy Lore volume 6: 1912
  11. ↑ Albert Barrère, Charles Godfrey Leland, A Dictionary of Slang, Jargon & Cant embracing English, American, and Anglo-Indian slang, pidgin English, gypsies' jargon and other irregular phraseology Volume 2, G. Bell: 1897, 915 pages:
  12. ↑ Smith, Ken; Wait, Dave (1989). Inside Time. Harrap. p. 235. ISBN 0-245-54720-7.
  13. ↑ Geoghegan, Tom (11 June 2008). "news.bbc.co.uk, How offensive is the word pikey'?". BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  14. ↑ Aidan McGurran (10 June 2008). "mirror.co.uk, Formula 1 commentator in 'pikey' Ofcom probe". Mirror.co.uk. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  15. ↑ Geoghegan, Tom (11 June 2008). "news.bbc.co.uk, How offensive is the word 'pikey'?". BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  16. ↑ Wood, Manfri Frederick (1973). In the life of a Romany gypsy. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 0-7100-7595-2.
  17. ↑ "Top Gear cleared over Pike's Peak pun". BBC News. 17 March 2015..
  18. ↑ "Top Gear cleared by Ofcom after 'pikey' probe". Irish Examiner. 27 July 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  19. ↑ Helm, Toby (15 November 2003). "How tradition lit the fuse for gipsy effigy". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  20. ↑ "Local newspaper article about the Lewes protest". Archive.theargus.co.uk. 29 October 2003. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  21. ↑ Mark Townsend (16 November 2003). "National newspaper article about the Lewes protests". Guardian. Retrieved 12 February 2012.
  22. ↑ Syal, Rajeev (16 November 2003). "Lay off revellers who blew up gipsy caravan on my land, says viscount". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  23. ↑ "Object to travellers and their illegal camps and run the risk of being called racist". Daily Mail (London). 16 April 2009.
  24. ↑ Carey, Rachel (2007). "Safe Communities Initiative: case studies Contingency Planning in Firle". Commission for Racial Equality. Retrieved 16 July 2009.
  25. ↑ Mugglestone, Lynda (2006). The Oxford history of English. Oxford University Press. p. 322. ISBN 0-19-924931-8.
  26. ↑ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/neddy
  27. ↑ http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/ned

External links

Look up pikey in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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