Piromelatine

Piromelatine
Systematic (IUPAC) name

N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-4-oxopyran-2-carboxamide
Identifiers
CAS Number	946846-83-9
PubChem	CID 24815904
ChemSpider	32700981
Chemical data
Formula	C₁₇H₁₆N₂O₄
Molar mass	312.32 g/mol
SMILES COC1=CC2=C(C=C1)NC=C2CCNC(=O)C3=CC(=O)C=CO3
InChI InChI=1S/C17H16N2O4/c1-22-13-2-3-15-14(9-13)11(10-19-15)4-6-18-17(21)16-8-12(20)5-7-23-16/h2-3,5,7-10,19H,4,6H2,1H3,(H,18,21) Key:PNTNBIHOAPJYDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Piromelatine (Neu-P11) is a multimodal sleep drug under development by Neurim Pharmaceuticals. It is an agonist at melatonin MT₁/MT₂ and serotonin 5-HT_1A/5-HT_1D receptors. Nuerim is doing a phase II randomized, placebo controlled trial of cognitive and sleep effects in Alzheimer's disease.

Results of a phase II trial on insomnia in 120 adults were announced in 2013, finding piromelatine 20/50 mg improved sleep over 4 weeks vs placebo.^[1] Phase 1A/1B studies in 2011, showed safe dose-dependent improvement in sleep.^[2] Pre-clinical studies showed antinociceptive^[3] antihypertensive^[4] and cognitive benefits^[5] in rat disease models of pain, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease.

References

↑ http://www.neurim.com/news/2013-02-18/positive-phase-2-clinical-trial-results-of-piromelatine-for-the-treatment-of-insomnia/
↑ http://www.neurim.com/news/2011-07-24/positive-results-from-phase-i-and-ib-clinical-trials-with-neu-p11/
↑ Liu, YY; Yin, D; Chen, L; Qu, WM; Chen, CR; Laudon, M; Cheng, NN; Urade, Y; Huang, ZL (October 2014). "Piromelatine exerts antinociceptive effect via melatonin, opioid, and 5HT1A receptors and hypnotic effect via melatonin receptors in a mouse model of neuropathic pain". Psychopharmacology 231 (20): 3973–85. doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3530-5. PMID 24700387.
↑ Huang, L; Zhang, C; Hou, Y; Laudon, M; She, M; Yang, S; Ding, L; Wang, H; Wang, Z; He, P; Yin, W (September 2013). "Blood pressure reducing effects of piromelatine and melatonin in spontaneously hypertensive rats.". European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 17 (18): 2449–56. PMID 24089222.
↑ He, P; Ouyang, X; Zhou, S; Yin, W; Tang, C; Laudon, M; Tian, S (2013). "A novel melatonin agonist Neu-P11 facilitates memory performance and improves cognitive impairment in a rat model of Alzheimer' disease". Hormones and Behavior 64 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.04.009. PMID 23651610.

Melatonergics

Receptor (ligands)	Agonists: 2-Iodomelatonin 2-Phenylmelatonin 5-Methoxyluzindole 6-Chloromelatonin 6-Fluoromelatonin 6-Hydroxymelatonin 6-Methoxymelatonin 6,7-Dichloro-2-methylmelatonin 8-M-PDOT Agomelatine AMMTC GR-135,531 (of MT₃) GR-196,429 Melatonin N-Acetylserotonin (normelatonin) N-Acetyltryptamine N-Butanoylmelatonin N-Propionylmelatonin Piromelatine Ramelteon S-24268 S-25150 Tasimelteon TIK-301 (LY-156,735) Antagonists: 4-P-ADOT 4-P-PDOT Afobazole DH-97 Luzindole N-Acetyltryptamine (of MT₃) Prazosin (of MT₃) S-20928 S-22153 S-24601 S-25567 S-26131

Others	Precursors: L-Tryptophan → 5-HTP → Serotonin → N-Acetylserotonin (normelatonin) Cofactors: Ferrous Iron (Fe²⁺) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) S-Adenosyl-L-methionine Tetrahydrobiopterin Vitamin B3 (Niacin Nicotinamide → NADPH) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate) Vitamin B9 (Folic acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Zinc (Zn²⁺)

See also: Adrenergics • Dopaminergics • Serotonergics

Serotonergics

5-HT₁ receptor ligands

5-HT_1A

Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT Adatanserin Amphetamine Antidepressants (e.g., etoperidone, nefazodone, trazodone, vilazodone, vortioxetine) Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clozapine, lurasidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone) Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, eptapirone, gepirone, perospirone, tandospirone) Bay R 1531 Befiradol BMY-14802 Cannabidiol Dimemebfe Dopamine Ebalzotan Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) F-11461 F-12826 F-13714 F-14679 F-15063 F-15599 Flesinoxan Flibanserin Flumexadol Lesopitron LY-293284 LY-301317 mCPP MKC-242 Naluzotan NBUMP Osemozotan Oxaflozane Pardoprunox Piclozotan Rauwolscine Repinotan Roxindole RU-24969 S-14506 S-14671 S-15535 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) SSR-181507 Sunepitron Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MT, bufotenin, DMT, indorenate, N-Me-5-HT, psilocin, psilocybin) TGBA01AD U-92016A Urapidil Vilazodone Xaliproden Yohimbine

Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., iloperidone, risperidone, sertindole) AV965 Beta blockers (e.g., alprenolol, cyanopindolol, iodocyanopindolol, oxprenolol, pindobind, pindolol, propranolol, tertatolol) BMY-7378 CSP-2503 Dotarizine Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) Flopropione GR-46611 Isamoltane Lecozotan Mefway Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-117 (WF-516) MPPF NAN-190 Robalzotan S-15535 SB-649915 SDZ 216-525 Spiperone Spiramide Spiroxatrine UH-301 WAY-100135 WAY-100635 Xylamidine

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))

5-HT_1B

Agonists: CGS-12066A CP-93129 CP-94253 CP-122,288 CP-135807 Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) mCPP RU-24969 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) TFMPP Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, DMT) Vortioxetine

Antagonists: AR-A000002 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Isamoltane LY-393558 Metitepine (methiothepin) SB-216641 SB-224289 SB-236057 Yohimbine

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, ergometrine (ergonovine), lisuride)

5-HT_1D

Agonists: CP-122,288 CP-135807 CP-286601 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LSD, methysergide) GR-46611 L-694247 L-772405 mCPP PNU-109291 PNU-142633 Serotonin (5-HT) TGBA01AD Triptans (e.g., almotriptan, avitriptan, donitriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-Et-DMT, 5-MT, 5-(nonyloxy)tryptamine, DMT)

Antagonists: Alniditan BRL-15572 Elzasonan Ergolines (e.g., metergoline) GR-127935 Ketanserin LY-310762 LY-367642 LY-393558 LY-456219 LY-456220 Metitepine (methiothepin) Mianserin Ritanserin Yohimbine Ziprasidone

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, lysergol, pergolide)

5-HT_1E

Agonists: BRL-54443 Ergolines (e.g., methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., tryptamine)

Antagonists: Metitepine (methiothepin)

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine)

5-HT_1F

Agonists: BRL-54443 CP-122,288 Ergolines (e.g., bromocriptine, lysergol, methylergometrine (methylergonovine) methysergide) Lasmiditan LY-334370 Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., eletriptan, naratriptan, sumatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-MT)

Antagonists: Mianserin Metitepine (methiothepin)

5-HT₂ receptor ligands

5-HT_2A

Agonists: 25H/NB series (e.g., 25I-NBF, 25I-NBMD, 25I-NBOH, 25I-NBOMe, 25B-NBOMe, 25C-NBOMe, 25TFM-NBOMe, 2CBCB-NBOMe, 25CN-NBOH, 2CBFly-NBOMe) 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 2C-B-FLY 2CB-Ind 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) AL-34662 AL-37350A Bromo-DragonFLY Dimemebfe DMBMPP DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., 1P-LSD, ALD-52, bromocriptine, cabergoline, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), pergolide) Flumexadol Jimscaline Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA) O-4310 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 PNU-22394 PNU-181731 RH-34 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) Serotonin (5-HT) TCB-2 TFMFly Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)

Antagonists: 5-I-R91150 5-MeO-NBpBrT AC-90179 Adatanserin Altanserin AMDA APD-215 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amperozide, aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, carpipramine, clocapramine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, gevotroline, iloperidone, melperone, mosapramine, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, zicronapine, ziprasidone, zotepine) Cinanserin CSP-2503 Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Dotarizine Eplivanserin Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fananserin Flibanserin Glemanserin Irindalone Ketanserin KML-010 Lubazodone LY-393558 Medifoxamine Mepiprazole Metitepine (methiothepin) MIN-101 Nantenine Nefazodone Phenoxybenzamine Pimavanserin Pirenperone Pizotifen Pruvanserin Rauwolscine Ritanserin S-14671 Sarpogrelate Setoperone Spiperone Spiramide SR-46349B TGBA01AD Teniloxazine Temanogrel Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, loxapine, perphenazine, pimozide, pipamperone, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene, trifluoperazine) Volinanserin Xylamidine Yohimbine

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergotamine, ergometrine (ergonovine), nicergoline) MIN-117 (WF-516)

5-HT_2B

Agonists: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Amphetamines (eg., chlorphentermine, cloforex, dexfenfluramine, fenfluramine, levofenfluramine, norfenfluramine) BW-723C86 DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., cabergoline, dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, methylergometrine (methylergonovine), methysergide, pergolide) MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA) Piperazines (e.g., mCPP) PNU-22394 Ro60-0175 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, α-Me-5-HT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine)

Antagonists: Agomelatine Asenapine Cyproheptadine EGIS-7625 Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, lisuride, LY-53857, LY-272015, mesulergine) Ketanserin LY-393558 Metadoxine Metitepine (methiothepin) Pirenperone Propranolol PRX-08066 Rauwolscine Ritanserin RS-127445 Sarpogrelate SB-200646 SB-204741 SB-206553 SB-215505 SB-221284 SB-228357 SDZ SER-082 Tegaserod Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) TIK-301 Yohimbine

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine))

5-HT_2C

Agonists: 2Cs (e.g., 2C-B, 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-T-2, 2C-T-7, 2C-T-21) 5-Methoxytryptamines (5-MeO-DET, 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-MeO-DMT, 5-MeO-DPT, 5-MT) α-Alkyltryptamines (e.g., 5-Cl-αMT, 5-Fl-αMT, 5-MeO-αET, 5-MeO-αMT, α-Me-5-HT, αET, αMT) A-372159 AL-38022A Alstonine CP-809101 Dimemebfe DOx (e.g., DOB, DOC, DOI, DOM) Ergolines (e.g., ALD-52, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergine (LSA), ergotamine, lisuride, LA-SS-Az, LSB, LSD, LSD-Pip, LSH, LSP, pergolide) Flumexadol Lorcaserin MDxx (e.g., MDA, MDMA, MDOH, MMDA) MK-212 Org 12962 Org 37684 Oxaflozane PHA-57378 Phenethylamines (e.g., lophophine, mescaline) Piperazines (e.g., aripiprazole, BZP, mCPP, quipazine, TFMPP) PNU-22394 PNU-181731 Ro60-0175 Ro60-0213 Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-BT, 5-CT, bufotenin, DET, DiPT, DMT, DPT, psilocin, psilocybin, tryptamine) Vabicaserin WAY-629 WAY-161503 YM-348

Antagonists: Adatanserin Agomelatine Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, melperone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, ziprasidone, zotepine) Captodiame CEPC Cinanserin Cyproheptadine Deramciclane Dotarizine Eltoprazine Ergolines (e.g., amesergide, bromocriptine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Etoperidone Fluoxetine FR-260010 Irindalone Ketanserin Ketotifen Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Medifoxamine Metitepine (methiothepin) Nefazodone Pirenperone Pizotifen Propranolol Ritanserin RS-102221 S-14671 SB-200646 SB-206553 SB-221284 SB-228357 SB-242084 SB-243213 SDZ SER-082 Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, aptazapine, esmirtazapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) TIK-301 Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine, pimozide, pipamperone, thioridazine) Xylamidine

Unknown/unsorted: Efavirenz Ergolines (e.g., ergometrine (ergonovine), methylergometrine (methylergonovine))

5-HT₃

Agonists: Alcohols (e.g., butanol, ethanol, trichloroethanol) m-CPBG Phenylbiguanide Piperazines (e.g., BZP, mCPP, quipazine) RS-56812 Serotonin (5-HT) SR-57227 SR-57227A Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-CT, bufotenidine (5-HTQ)) Volatiles/gases (e.g., halothane, isoflurane, toluene, trichloroethane) YM-31636

Antagonists: Alosetron AS-8112 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine) Azasetron Batanopride Bemesetron (MDL-72222) Cilansetron CSP-2503 Dazopride Dolasetron Galanolactone Granisetron ICS-205930 Lerisetron Memantine Ondansetron Palonosetron Ramosetron Renzapride Ricasetron Tedatioxetine Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin, mirtazapine) Thujone Tropanserin Tropisetron Typical antipsychotics (e.g., loxapine) Volatiles/gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, xenon) Vortioxetine Zacopride Zatosetron

Unknown/unsorted: LY-53857 Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

5-HT₄

Agonists: 5-MT BIMU8 Cinitapride Cisapride CJ-033466 Dazopride Metoclopramide Mosapride Prucalopride PRX-03140 Renzapride RS-67333 RS-67506 Serotonin (5-HT) SL65.0155 Tegaserod Velusetrag Zacopride

Antagonists: GR-113808 GR-125487 L-Lysine Piboserod RS-39604 RS-67532 SB-203186 SB-204070

5-HT_5A

Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), ergotamine, LSD) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT) Valerenic Acid

Antagonists: Asenapine Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-699551 Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., metergoline, methysergide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

5-HT₆

Agonists: Ergolines (e.g., dihydroergocryptine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, lisuride, LSD, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide) Serotonin (5-HT) Tryptamines (e.g., 2-Me-5-HT, 5-BT, 5-CT, 5-MT, Bufotenin, E-6801, E-6837, EMD-386088, EMDT, LY-586713, N-Me-5-HT, tryptamine) WAY-181187 WAY-208466

Antagonists: ABT-354 Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, tiospirone) AVN-101 AVN-211 AVN-322 AVN-397 BGC20-760 BVT-5182 BVT-74316 Cerlapirdine EGIS-12233 GW-742457 Idalopirdine Ketanserin Latrepirdine (dimebolin) Metitepine (methiothepin) MS-245 PRX-07034 Ritanserin Ro04-6790 Ro 63-0563 SB-258585 SB-271046 SB-357134 SB-399885 SB-742457 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, mianserin) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, nortriptyline) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, loxapine)

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), bromocriptine, lergotrile, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

5-HT₇

Agonists: 8-OH-DPAT AS-19 Bifeprunox E-55888 Ergolines (e.g., LSD) LP-12 LP-44 RU-24969 Sarizotan Serotonin (5-HT) Triptans (e.g., frovatriptan) Tryptamines (e.g., 5-CT, 5-MT, bufotenin, N-Me-5-HT)

Antagonists: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., amisulpride, aripiprazole, asenapine, clorotepine, clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine, risperidone, sertindole, tiospirone, ziprasidone, zotepine) Butaclamol DR-4485 EGIS-12233 Ergolines (e.g., 2-Br-LSD (BOL-148), amesergide, bromocriptine, cabergoline, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, LY-53857, LY-215840, mesulergine, metergoline, methysergide, sergolexole) Ketanserin LY-215840 Metitepine (methiothepin) Ritanserin SB-258719 SB-258741 SB-269970 SB-656104 SB-656104A SB-691673 SLV-313 SLV-314 Spiperone SSR-181507 Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine) Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, imipramine) Typical antipsychotics (e.g., acetophenazine, chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, fluphenazine, loxapine, pimozide) Vortioxetine

Unknown/unsorted: Ergolines (e.g., lisuride, pergolide) Piperazines (e.g., naphthylpiperazine)

Reuptake inhibitors

SERT

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): Alaproclate Cericlamine Citalopram Dapoxetine Desmethylcitalopram Escitalopram Femoxetine Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Indalpine Ifoxetine Omiloxetine Panuramine Paroxetine Pirandamine RTI-353 Seproxetine Sertraline Vilazodone Zimelidine

Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs): Bicifadine BTS-54505 Desvenlafaxine Duloxetine Eclanamine Levomilnacipran McN-5652 Milnacipran N-Methyl-PPPA PPPA Sibutramine Venlafaxine WY-45233

Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs): (S)-Duloxetine 3,3-Diphenylcyclobutanamine Amifitadine Ansofaxine Bicifadine Brasofensine Centanafadine Cocaine Dasotraline Desmethylsertraline Diclofensine DOV-102677 DOV-216303 EXP-561 Fezolamine HDMP-28 Indatraline JNJ-7925476 JZ-IV-10 Liafensine Mazindol Naphyrone Nefazodone Nefopam NS-2359 Perafensine PRC200 SEP-228431 SEP-228432 Tedatioxetine Tesofensine

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs): Amitriptyline Butriptyline Cianopramine Clomipramine Desipramine Dosulepin Doxepin Imipramine Lofepramine Nortriptyline Pipofezine Protriptyline Trimipramine

Others: A-80426 Amoxapine Antihistamines (e.g., brompheniramine, chlorphenamine, dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, mepyramine (pyrilamine), pheniramine, tripelennamine) Arylcyclohexylamines (e.g., esketamine, ketamine, phencyclidine) CP-39332 Cyclobenzaprine Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Efavirenz Etoperidone EXP-561 Fezolamine Litoxetine LY-393558 Loxapine Lubazodone Medifoxamine Mesembrine Mifepristone MIN-117 (WF-516) N-Me-5-HT Opioids (e.g., dextropropoxyphene, methadone, pethidine (meperidine), levorphanol) PIM-35 Pridefine Roxindole SB-649915 TGBA01AD Tofenacin Trazodone Tropanes (e.g., cocaine) Vortioxetine Ziprasidone

VMATs

Amiodarone
Amphetamines (e.g., amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA)
APP
AZIK
Bietaserpine
Deserpidine
Dihydrotetrabenazine
Efavirenz
GBR-12935
GZ-793A
Ibogaine
Ketanserin
Lobeline
Methoxytetrabenazine
NBI-98854
Reserpine
Rose bengal
SD-809
Tetrabenazine
Vanoxerine (GBR-12909)

Releasing agents

Aminoindanes: 5-IAI AMMI ETAI MDAI MDMAI MMAI TAI

Aminotetralins: 6-CAT 8-OH-DPAT MDAT MDMAT

Oxazolines: 4-Methylaminorex Aminorex Clominorex Fluminorex

Phenethylamines: 2-Methyl-MDA 4-CAB 4-FA 4-FMA 4-HA 4-MTA 5-APDB 5-Methyl-MDA 6-APDB 6-Methyl-MDA AEMMA Amiflamine BDB BOH Brephedrone Butylone Chlorphentermine Cloforex Amfepramone Metamfepramone DCA Dexfenfluramine DFMDA DMA DMMA EBDB EDMA Ethylone Etolorex Fenfluramine Flephedrone Flucetorex IAP IMP Iofetamine Levofenfluramine Lophophine MBDB MDA MDEA MDHMA MDMA MDMPEA MDOH MDPEA Mephedrone Methedrone Methylone MMA MMDA MMDMA MMMA NAP Norfenfluramine 4-TFMA pBA pCA pIA PMA PMEA PMMA TAP

Piperazines: 2C-B-BZP 3-MeOPP BZP DCPP MBZP mCPP MDBZP MeOPP Mepiprazole pCPP pFPP pTFMPP TFMPP

Tryptamines: 4-Methyl-αET 4-Methyl-αMT 5-CT 5-MeO-αET 5-MeO-αMT 5-MT αET αMT DMT Tryptamine

Others: Indeloxazine Tramadol Viqualine

Non-selective: Benmoxin Caroxazone Echinopsidine Furazolidone Hydralazine Indantadol Iproclozide Iproniazid Isocarboxazid Isoniazid Linezolid Mebanazine Metfendrazine Nialamide Octamoxin Paraxazone Phenelzine Pheniprazine Phenoxypropazine Pivalylbenzhydrazine Procarbazine Safrazine Tranylcypromine

MAO-A-selective: Amiflamine Bazinaprine Befloxatone Brofaromine Cimoxatone Clorgiline Eprobemide Esuprone Harmala alkaloids (e.g., harmine, harmaline, harman, norharman, tetrahydroharmine) Methylene blue Metralindole Minaprine Moclobemide Pirlindole Sercloremine Tetrindole Toloxatone Tyrima

Others

Precursors	L-Tryptophan → 5-HTP

Cofactors	Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) Tetrahydrobiopterin Vitamin B₃ (Niacin Nicotinamide → NADPH) Vitamin B₆ (Pyridoxine Pyridoxamine Pyridoxal → Pyridoxal phosphate) Vitamin B₉ (Folic Acid → Tetrahydrofolic acid) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Zinc (Zn²⁺)

Neurotoxins	3-CA 4-CAB 5,7-DHT α-Me-DA (3,4-DHA) αET αMT DCA MDA MDMA PBA PCA PIA

Others	Activity enhancers: BPAP PPAP

See also: Adrenergics
Dopaminergics
Melatonergics

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Piromelatine

See also

References