Political positions of the Republican Party

The platform of the Republican Party of the United States is generally based on conservatism,[1][2][3] in contrast to the modern liberalism of the Democrats. The Republican Party's conservatism involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, business, a strong national defense, deregulation, restrictions on labor unions, social-conservative policies, and traditional values, usually with a Christian foundation.[4] The party is generally split on the issue of how to deal with illegal immigration.[5]

Economic policies

Republicans strongly believe that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity. To this end, they advocate in favor of laissez-faire economics, fiscal conservatism, and the elimination of government run welfare programs in favor of private sector nonprofits and encouraging personal responsibility.

A leading economic theory advocated by modern Republicans is supply side economics. Some fiscal policies influenced by this theory were popularly known as Reaganomics, a term popularized during the Presidential administrations of Ronald Reagan. This theory holds that reduced income tax rates increase GDP growth and thereby generate the same or more revenue for the government from the smaller tax on the extra growth.[6] This belief is reflected, in part, by the party's long-term advocacy of tax cuts. Many Republicans consider the income tax system to be inherently inefficient and oppose graduated tax rates, which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is usually more efficient than government spending. Republicans oppose the estate tax.

Most Republicans agree there should be a "safety net" to assist the less fortunate; however, they tend to believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor than government is; as a result, Republicans support giving government grants to private charitable organizations (including faith-based organizations) to supplant welfare spending. Republicans also believe that limits on eligibility and benefits must be in place to ensure the safety net is not abused. Republicans introduced and strongly supported the welfare reform of 1996, which was signed into law by Democratic President Clinton, and which limited eligibility for welfare, successfully leading to many former welfare recipients finding jobs.[7][8]

The party opposes a government-run single-payer health care system, claiming such a system constitutes socialized medicine, and is in favor of a personal or employer-based system of insurance, supplemented by Medicare for the elderly and Medicaid, which covers approximately 40% of the poor.[9] The Republican Party has a mixed record of supporting the historically popular Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid programs. Congressional Republicans and the Bush administration supported a reduction in Medicaid's growth rate;[10] however, congressional Republicans expanded Medicare, supporting a new drug plan for seniors starting in 2006.

In 2011, House Republicans overwhelmingly voted for a proposal named The Path to Prosperity and for major changes to Medicare, Medicaid, and the 2010 Health Care Legislation. Many Republicans support increased health insurance portability, laws promoting coverage of pre-existing medical conditions, a cap on malpractice lawsuits, the implementation of a streamlined electronic medical records system, an emphasis on preventative care rather than emergency room care, and tax benefits aimed at making health insurance more affordable for the uninsured and targeted to promote universal access. They generally oppose government funding for elective abortions.[11]

Labor unions

Since the 1920s Republicans have generally been opposed by labor union organizations and members; they comprise a major component of the Democratic New Deal coalition. Although unions have lost membership in the private sector since the 1970s, they have gained among public sector unions (such as school teachers). Republicans at the state level generally support various right to work laws that weaken unions. At the national level Republicans supported the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, which gives workers the right not to participate in unions, as opposed to a closed shop, which prohibits workers from choosing not to join unions in workplaces. Most Republicans are opposed to increases in the minimum wage, believing that such increases hurt many businesses by forcing them to cut jobs and services, export jobs overseas, and raise the prices of goods to compensate for the decrease in profit. As Taylor Dark has emphasized in his analysis of the enduring alliance between labor unions and the Democrats, the unions' "most virulent opponents have moved into the Republican Party".[12]

Republicans elected with Tea Party support in 2010, most notably Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin, have launched major efforts against public sector unions due in part to state government pension obligations along with the allegation that the unions are too powerful.[13] Walker was challenged by a coalition of unions and Democrats, but beat back a recall effort and was reelected in 2014.[14]

Separation of powers and balance of powers

Many contemporary Republicans voice support of strict constructionism, the judicial philosophy that the Constitution should be interpreted narrowly and as close to the original intent as is practicable rather than a more flexible "living Constitution" model.[15] Most Republicans point to Roe v. Wade as a case of judicial activism, where the court overturned most laws restricting abortion on the basis of a right to privacy inferred from the Bill of Rights and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Some Republicans have actively sought to block judges whom they see as being activist judges and have sought the appointment of judges who claim to practice judicial restraint. The issue of judicial deference to the legislature is a matter of some debate—like the Democrats, most Republicans criticize court decisions that overturn their own (conservative) legislation as overstepping bounds and support decisions that overturn opposing legislation. Some commentators have advocated that the Republicans take a more aggressive approach and support legislative supremacy more firmly.[16]

The Republican Party has supported various bills within the last decade to strip some or all federal courts of the ability to hear certain types of cases, in an attempt to limit judicial review. These jurisdiction stripping laws have included removing federal review of the recognition of same-sex marriage with the Marriage Protection Act,[17] the constitutionality of the Pledge of Allegiance with the Pledge Protection Act, and the rights of detainees in Guantanamo Bay in the Detainee Treatment Act. The Supreme Court overruled the last of these limitations in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld.

Compared to Democrats, many Republicans believe in a more robust version of federalism with greater limitations placed upon federal authorities and a larger role reserved for those of the individual States. Following this view on federalism, Republicans often take a less expansive reading of congressional power under the Commerce Clause, such as in the opinion of William Rehnquist in United States v. Lopez. Many Republicans on the more libertarian wing wish for a more dramatic narrowing of Commerce Clause power by revisiting, among other cases, Wickard v. Filburn, a case that held that growing wheat on a farm for consumption on the same farm fell under congressional power to "regulate commerce ... among the several States".

President George W. Bush was a proponent of the unitary executive theory and cited it within his Signing statements about legislation passed by Congress.[18] The administration's interpretation of the unitary executive theory was called seriously into question by Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, where the Supreme Court ruled 5–3 that the President does not have sweeping powers to override or ignore laws through his power as commander in chief,[19] stating "the Executive is bound to comply with the Rule of Law that prevails."[20] Following the ruling, the Bush administration has sought Congressional authorization for programs started only on executive mandate, as was the case with the Military Commissions Act, or abandoned programs it had previously asserted executive authority to enact, in the case of the National Security Agency domestic wiretapping program.

Environmental policies

Historically, more progressive leaders in the Republican party supported environmental protection. For example, Republican President Theodore Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist whose policies eventually led to the creation of the modern National Park Service.[21] Republican President Richard Nixon was responsible for establishing the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970.[22]

In 2006, Arnold Schwarzenegger, then the Republican Governor of California, signed into law a set of carbon emission regulations that were the country's first cap on greenhouse gases, and included vehicle emissions standards higher than those of the Federal Government. These regulations were opposed by the Bush administration.[23] President George W. Bush publicly opposed ratification of the Kyoto Protocols on the grounds that they unfairly targeted Western industrialized nations such as the United States while favoring major polluters such as China and India.[24]

In 2000, the Republican Party adopted as part of its platform support for the development of market-based solutions to environmental problems. According to the platform, "economic prosperity and environmental protection must advance together, environmental regulations should be based on science, the government's role should be to provide market-based incentives to develop the technologies to meet environmental standards, we should ensure that environmental policy meets the needs of localities, and environmental policy should focus on achieving results processes."[25]

The Bush administration,[26] along with several of the candidates that sought the Republican Presidential nomination in 2008,[27][28][29] supported increased Federal investment into the development of clean alternative fuels, increased nuclear power, as well as fuels such as ethanol, as a way of helping the U.S. achieve energy independence, as opposed to supporting less use of carbon dioxide-producing methods of generating energy. The Republican party rejects cap-and-trade policy.[30] Some Republicans support increased oil drilling in protected areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge,[31] a position that has drawn sharp criticism from some activists. Republicans are deeply divided over the human causes of climate change and global warming.[32]

Green conservatism manifested itself as a movement in groups such as ConservAmerica, which seeks to strengthen the Republican Party's stance on environmental issues and support efforts to conserve natural resources and protect human and environmental health.[33]

Social policies

The Republican Party is generally associated with social conservative policies, although it does have dissenting centrist and libertarian factions. The social conservatives want laws that uphold their traditional values, such as opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana.[34] Most conservative Republicans also oppose gun control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration.[34][35]

Abortion and embryonic stem cell research

A majority of the party's national and state candidates are pro-life and oppose elective abortion on religious or moral grounds. However, many hold exceptions in the case of incest, rape or the mother's life being at risk. When Congress voted on the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, Congressional Republicans voted overwhelmingly to support the ban.

Although Republicans have voted for increases in government funding of scientific research, some members actively oppose the federal funding of embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos, while arguing for applying research money into adult stem cell or amniotic stem cell research.[36][37][38] The stem cell issue has garnered two vetoes on research funding bills from President Bush, who said the research "crossed a moral boundary".

In August 2012, the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions, without exceptions for the cases of rape or incest. The text specifically stated that "the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed." It also opposed using public revenues to promote abortions, to perform them, or to fund organizations that do either such things.[39]

Civil rights

Republicans are generally against affirmative action for women and some minorities, often describing it as a 'quota system' system, and believing that it is not meritocratic and that it is counter-productive socially by only further promoting discrimination. Many Republicans support race-neutral admissions policies in universities, but support taking into account the socioeconomic status of the student.[40][41]

Gun ownership

Republicans generally support gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns.

Drugs

Republicans have historically supported the War on Drugs, and oppose the legalization of drugs, believing that drugs are immoral and wrong, and the country should do its best to protect people from illegal drugs, and support Just Say No. More recently, several prominent Republicans have advocated for the reduction and reform of mandatory sentencing laws with regards to drugs.[42]

Education

Most Republicans support school choice through charter schools and school vouchers for private schools; many have denounced the performance of the public school system and the teachers' unions. The party has insisted on a system of greater accountability for public schools, most prominently in recent years with the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Many Republicans, however, opposed the creation of the United States Department of Education when it was initially created in 1979.

LGBT issues

Republicans have traditionally opposed same-sex marriage and other LGBT rights.

Groups advocating for LGBT issues inside the party include the Log Cabin Republicans, Young Conservatives for the Freedom to Marry, and College Republicans.

In the aftermath of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges that ended bans on same-sex marriage nationwide, the Republican Party is divided as to whether to accept the ruling or to fight it by measures such as a possible amendment to the Constitution. Individuals such as 2016 Presidential candidates Ted Cruz and Scott Walker have supported an amendment to re-expand government and re-ban same-sex marriages, while other Republican figures such as Jeb Bush (also a 2016 Presidential candidate) have disagreed.[43]

A November/December 2013 Public Religion Research Institute poll sponsored by the Ford Foundation found that Republicans are divided in their perceptions of their own party: 45% think Republicans are friendly toward LGBT people, while 41% think the party is unfriendly toward them.[44]

The 1992 Republican presidential platform was the first to oppose same-sex marriage.[45]

Support for same-sex marriage in the Republican Party (2013)
Republican Party % of support of same-sex marriage
Millennial Republican[44] 50 50
 
Generation X Republican[44] 42 42
 
Non-evangelical Republican[44] 42 42
 
All Republicans[46] 40 40
 
Conservative Republican[46] 28 28
 
Baby Boomer Republican[44] 27 27
 
Silent Generation Republican[44] 18 18
 
White evangelical Protestant Republican[44] 18 18
 

A May 2012 poll found that 37% of Republicans supported a constitutional amendment defining marriage between a man and a woman.[47] A November/December 2013 poll found that 63% of Republicans believe same-sex marriage should be left up to individual states to decide.[44]

Military service

The 1992 Republican Party platform adopted support for continuing to exclude homosexuals from the military as a matter of good order and discipline.[45] The support for the exclusion of homosexuals from military service would remain in the Republican Party platform until the 2012 Republican Party platform, which removed that language from it.[48]

A May 2012 United Technologies/National Journal Congressional Connection Poll found that only 41% of Republicans supported restoring the prohibition against gays serving openly in the military.[47]

Anti-discrimination laws

The 1992 Republican Party platform adopted opposition to including sexual preference into anti-discrimination statutes.[45] The 2000 Republican Party platform included the statement: "We support the First Amendment right of freedom of association and stand united with private organizations, such as the Boy Scouts of America, and support their positions."[49] The 2004 Republican Party platform removed both parts of that language from the platform and stated that the party supports anti-discrimination legislation.[50] The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statues based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent on sexual orientation and gender identity.[48][51]

A November/December 2013 Public Religion Research Institute poll sponsored by the Ford Foundation found that 61% of Republicans support laws protecting gay and lesbian people against employment discrimination, with only 33% opposing such laws.[44] A 2007 Gallup poll showed 60% of Republicans supported expanding federal hate crime laws to include sexual orientation and gender identity, with only 30% opposing such laws.[52]

Foreign aid

The 2012 Republican Party platform opposes the Obama administration from attempting to impose what it considers a "cultural agenda", including a "homosexual rights agenda" in other countries by restricting foreign aid.[48] However, Republicans themselves have also frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.[53][54][55]

Foreign policy and national defense

Republicans supported Woodrow Wilson's call for American entry into World War I in 1917, complaining only that he was too slow to go to war. Republicans in 1919 opposed his call for entry into the League of Nations. A majority supported the League with reservations; a minority opposed membership on any terms. Republicans sponsored world disarmament in the 1920s, and isolationism in the 1930s.[56] Most Republicans staunchly opposed intervention in World War II until the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. By 1945, however, internationalists became dominant in the party which supported the Cold War policies such as the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and NATO.

Neoconservatives

Main article: Neoconservatism

Many intellectual liberal Democrats in the 1960s and 1970s who became disenchanted with the leftward movement of their party often became "neoconservatives" ("neocons").[57] Many became politically prominent during the five presidential terms under Reagan, and the Bushes. They played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[58] Vice President Dick Cheney and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, while not identifying themselves as neoconservatives, listened closely to neoconservative advisers regarding foreign policy, especially the defense of Israel, the promotion of democracy in the Middle East, and the buildup of American military forces to achieve these goals. Neocons show a preference for unilateral American activism, along with skepticism regarding the United Nations. The neocons had little influence in the Obama White House, but neoconservatism remains a staple in Republican Party arsenal.[59]

Public opinion on foreign policy

In June 2014 the Quinnipiac Poll asked Americans which foreign policy they preferred:

A) The United States is doing too much in other countries around the world, and it is time to do less around the world and focus more on our own problems here at home. B) The United States must continue to push forward to promote democracy and freedom in other countries around the world because these efforts make our own country more secure.

Democrats chose A over B by 65%-32%; Republicans chose A over B by 56% to 39%; Independents chose A over B by 67% to 29%.[60]

Policies

As a result, some in the Republican Party support unilateralism on issues of national security, believing in the ability and right of the United States to act without external support in matters of its national defense. In general, Republican thinking on defense and international relations is heavily influenced by the theories of neorealism and realism, characterizing conflicts between nations as struggles between faceless forces of international structure, as opposed to being the result of the ideas and actions of individual leaders. The realist school's influence shows in Reagan's Evil Empire stance on the Soviet Union and George W. Bush's Axis of evil.

Republicans secured gains in the 2002 and 2004 elections, with the War on Terror being one of the top issues favoring them. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, some in the party support neoconservative policies with regard to the War on Terror, including the 2001 war in Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

The doctrine of preemptive war, wars to disarm and destroy potential military foes based on speculation of future attacks rather than in defense against actual attack, has been advocated by prominent members of the Bush administration, but the war within Iraq has undercut the influence of this doctrine within the Republican Party. Rudy Giuliani, mayor of New York at the time of the September 11 terrorist attacks, and a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in 2008, has stated his support for that policy, saying America must keep itself "on the offensive" against terrorists.

The George W. Bush administration took the position that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful combatants, saying they apply to soldiers serving in the armies of nation states and not terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda. The Supreme Court overruled this position in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, which held that the Geneva Conventions were legally binding and must be followed in regards to all enemy combatants. Some prominent Republicans such as John McCain, Mike Huckabee, Ted Cruz and Ron Paul strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture.[61]

History

Other international policies

Canada

Republicans support the construction of the Keystone Pipeline, which would connect the Athabasca oil sands in Canada to refineries in the United States. American and Canadian environmentalists have strongly opposed the pipeline's construction, although the Canadian government has lobbied for it.[62]

Israel

The Republican Party generally supports a strong alliance with Israel and efforts to secure peace in the Middle East between Israel and its Arab neighbors.[63][64]

Russia

The Republican Party says the U.S. should promote friendship not only between the United States and Russia, but also between Russia and its neighbors. The party argues that with Russia, the U.S. needs to display patience, consistency, and a principled reliance on democratic forces. It also argues that Russia must stop encouraging the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.[65] The party stresses the common interests of the two countries, which include ending terrorism, combating nuclear proliferation, promoting bilateral trade.[66] Leading Republicans have been split on how to respond to the Russian military interventions in Ukraine and Syria, with some advocating a more hawkish approach, and others urging a more cautious and conciliatory response.[67]

Trade

The party, through former U.N. Ambassador John Bolton, has advocated reforms in the United Nations to halt corruption such as that which afflicted the Oil-for-Food Program. Most Republicans oppose the Kyoto Protocol. The party promotes free trade agreements, most notably North American Free Trade Agreement, Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement and an effort to go further south to Brazil, Peru and Colombia, although some have a protectionist view of trade.

Immigration

Republicans are divided on how to confront illegal immigration between a platform that allows for migrant workers and easing citizenship guidelines, and border enforcement-first approach. In general, pro-growth advocates within the Republican Party support more immigration, and traditional or populist conservatives oppose it. In 2006, the White House supported and Republican-led Senate passed comprehensive immigration reform that would eventually allow millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens, but the House, also led by Republicans, took an enforcement-first approach, and the bill failed to pass the conference committee.[68]

Lately, after the defeat in the 2012 presidential elections, and considering the low percent of Latino Americans that voted for Republicans, several Republicans are advocating a friendlier approach to immigrants. Former U.S. Secretary of Commerce Carlos Gutierrez is promoting the creation of a SuperPAC for immigration reform.[69]

Proposals calling for systematic reform of the U.S. immigration system such that residents that have come into the U.S. illegally have a pathway to legal citizenship have attracted broad Republican support in some polls. For example, the Public Religion Research Institute found in late 2013 that 60% of Republicans supported the pathway concept, compared to 63% of Americans as a whole.[70]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Grigsby, Ellen (2008). Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Florence: Cengage Learning. pp. 106–7. ISBN 0-495-50112-3. In the United States, the Democratic Party represents itself as the liberal alternative to the Republicans, but its liberalism is for the most the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.
  2. ↑ Arnold, N. Scott (2009). Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation. Florence: Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-495-50112-3. Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.
  3. ↑ Levy, Jonah (2006). The state after statism: new state activities in the age of liberalization. Florence: Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN 0-495-50112-3. In the corporate governance area, the center-left repositioned itself to press for reform.
  4. ↑ Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12
  5. ↑ Jacobson, Robin Dale; Wadsworth, Nancy D. (2012). Faith and Race in American Political Life. U. of Virginia Press. p. 254.
  6. ↑ "Diving into the rich pool". The Economist. 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2012-01-13.
  7. ↑ Welfare Reforms Reduce Poverty at the Wayback Machine (archived April 28, 2006)
  8. ↑ Welfare Reforms Reduce Welfare Dependence at the Wayback Machine (archived February 26, 2006)
  9. ↑ Unsettling Scores: A Ranking of State Medicaid Programs, P. 15
  10. ↑ Wachino, V (2005-03-10). "The House Budget Committee's Proposed Medicaid and SCHIP Cuts Are Larger Than Those The Administration Proposed". Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved 2006-11-18.
  11. ↑ "Bobby Jindal on the Issues". Ontheissues.org. Retrieved 2010-05-16.
  12. ↑ Taylor E. Dark (2001). The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance. Cornell University Press. p. 137.
  13. ↑ Nelson Lichtenstein, "Can This Election Save the Unions?", Dissent Summer 2012.
  14. ↑ Jason Stein and Patrick Marley, More than They Bargained For: Scott Walker, Unions, and the Fight for Wisconsin (2013) is favorable toward Walker.
  15. ↑ "Supreme Court". The New York Times. September 5, 2008. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  16. ↑ McCarthy, AC. "Judicial Restraint". National Review. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  17. ↑ "House to debate court stripping". The Washington Times. 2004-07-22. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  18. ↑ Savage, Charlie (2006-04-30). "Bush challenges hundreds of laws". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
  19. ↑ Cole, D. "Why The Court Said No". New York Review of Books. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
  20. ↑ Opinion of the court, Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, p. 72
  21. ↑ Filler, Daniel. "Theodore Roosevelt: Conservation as the Guardian of Democracy". Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  22. ↑ Nixon, Richard (1970-07-09). "Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970". Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  23. ↑ "Schwarzenegger takes center stage on warming". NBC News. MSNBC News. 27 September 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  24. ↑ Bush, George W. (2001-03-13). "Text of a Letter from the President". Archived from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  25. ↑ "Encourage Market-Based Solutions to Environmental Problems". OnTheIssues. 2000-08-12.
  26. ↑ "Fact Sheet: Harnessing the Power of Technology for a Secure Energy Future". 2007-02-22. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  27. ↑ Kudlow & Company (2007-03-26). "Interview with Rudy Giuliani". Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  28. ↑ "Issue Watch: Achieving Energy Independence". Archived from the original on 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  29. ↑ "The Candidates: Rep. Duncan Hunter". The Washington Post. 2007-10-12. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
  30. ↑ "Our GOP: The Party of Opportunity". Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  31. ↑ John Collins Rudolf (December 6, 2010). "On Our Radar: Republicans Urge Opening of Arctic Refuge to Drilling". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  32. ↑ "GOP Deeply Divided Over Climate Change". PewResearch Center for the People & the Press. November 1, 2013. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  33. ↑ James, Frank (22 April 2014). "Green GOP Group Caught Between 'Rock And A Hard Place'". npr. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  34. 1 2 Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 704–5.
  35. ↑ Chapman, Roger (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M. E. Sharpe. p. passim.
  36. ↑ Stem cells: What they are and what they do. MayoClinic.com (2013-03-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
  37. ↑ Watson, Stephanie. (2004-11-11) HowStuffWorks "Embryonic Stem Cells". Science.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
  38. ↑ FAQs [Stem Cell Information]. Stemcells.nih.gov. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
  39. ↑ GOP OKs platform barring abortions, gay marriage retrieved 31 October 2012
  40. ↑ "Bush criticizes university 'quota system'". CNN. 2003-01-15. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
  41. ↑ Eilperin, Juliet (1998-05-12). "Watts Walks a Tightrope on Affirmative Action". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
  42. ↑ Greg Newburn (July 18, 2014). "Top GOP Presidential Contenders Support Mandatory Minimum Reform". Families Against Mandatory Minimums. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  43. ↑ Woodruff, Betsy (June 26, 2015). "GOP Field Split on Anti-Gay Marriage Amendment". The Daily Beast. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A Shifting Landscape
  45. 1 2 3 "Republican Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 1992".
  46. 1 2 "Overall, do you support or oppose allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally?". Washington Post.
  47. 1 2 "Public Opposes Gay Weddings at Military Facilities". National Journal. May 21, 2012.
  48. 1 2 3 Republican Party Platform of 2012
  49. ↑ "Republican Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 2000".
  50. ↑ Republican Party Platform of 2004
  51. ↑ "Republican Party Platforms: 2008 Republican Party Platform".
  52. ↑ "Public Favors Expansion of Hate Crime Law to Include Sexual Orientation". Gallup. May 17, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2013.
  53. ↑ Erik Wasson (July 18, 2013). "House GOP unveils spending bill with $5.8B cut to foreign aid". The Hill. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  54. ↑ David Rogers (February 1, 2011). "GOP seeks to slash foreign aid". Politico. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  55. ↑ Mario Trujillo (July 1, 2014). "Republicans propose halting foreign aid until border surge stops". The Hill. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  56. ↑ Alex Goodall, "US Foreign Relations under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover," in Katherine A.S. Sibley, ed., A Companion to Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover (2014) pp: 53-76 online.
  57. ↑ Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism: The biography of a movement (Harvard UP, 2010) pp 6-11.
  58. ↑ Jeffrey Record (2010). Wanting War: Why the Bush Administration Invaded Iraq. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 47–50.
  59. ↑ Alexandra Homolar-Riechmann, "The moral purpose of US power: neoconservatism in the age of Obama." Contemporary Politics 15.2 (2009): 179-196. abstract
  60. ↑ See "July 3, 2014 - Iraq - Getting In Was Wrong; Getting Out Was Right, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll" Quinnipiac University Poll item #51
  61. ↑ "Cruz: 'America Does Not Need Torture to Protect Ourselves'". December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  62. ↑ Theophilos Argitis; Andrew Mayeda (June 12, 2014). "Canada Tries Turning Up Heat on Obama as Keystone Stalled". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
  63. ↑ Lipton, Eric (4 April 2015). "G.O.P.'s Israel Support Deepens as Political Contributions Shift". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  64. ↑ "Republican Platform: American Exceptionalism". Republican National Committee. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  65. ↑ Republican Platform adopted at GOP National Convention Aug 12, 2000
  66. ↑ 2008 Republican Party Platform, September 1, 2008
  67. ↑ David A. Fahrenthold (November 10, 2015). "GOP candidates split sharply on foreign intervention and ISIS". Washington Post.
  68. ↑ Blanton, Dana (2006-11-08). "National Exit Poll: Midterms Come Down to Iraq, Bush". Fox News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-06.
  69. ↑ Peter Wallsten (17 Nov 2012). "New super PAC hopes to give cover to pro-immigration Republicans". The Washington Post.
  70. ↑ Frumin, Aliyah (November 25, 2013). "Obama: 'Long past time' for immigration reform". MSNBC. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, April 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.