List of Presidents of the United States

The White House in Washington, D.C. is the president's official residence, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.

The Official Seal of the President of the United States.

Under the United States Constitution, the President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and face of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives, should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.^[1] Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the vice president assumes the office. The president must be at least 35 years of age, has to have lived in the United States for 14 years, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of the United States.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect on March 4, 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress.^[2] The list does not include any acting presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been 43 people sworn into office, and 44 presidencies, as Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the 22nd and 24th president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison,^[3] Zachary Taylor,^[4] Warren G. Harding,^[5] and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln,^[6] James A. Garfield,^[6][7] William McKinley,^[8] and John F. Kennedy) and one resigned (Richard Nixon).^[9]

George Washington, the first president, was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous vote of the Electoral College. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office with 32 days in 1841. Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest with over twelve years, but died shortly into his fourth term in 1945; he is the only president to have served more than two terms. A constitutional amendment, affecting presidents after Harry Truman, was passed to limit the number of times an individual can be elected president. Andrew Jackson, the seventh president, was the first to be elected by white men of all classes in 1828 after most laws barring non-land-owners from voting were repealed. Warren Harding was the first elected after women gained voting rights in 1920. Four presidents – John Q. Adams, Rutherford B. Hayes, Benjamin Harrison and George W. Bush – lost the popular vote but assumed office; Bush was subsequently re-elected with a popular majority. John F. Kennedy has been the only president of Roman Catholic faith, and the current president, Barack Obama, is the first president of African descent.^[10]

List of presidents

Independent (1)       Federalist (1)       Democratic-Republican (4)       Democratic (16)       Whig (4)       Republican (18)
№	Portrait	President		Term of office	Party	Term [n 1]	Previous office	Vice President
1			George Washington February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799 (aged 67) [11][12][13]	April 30, 1789 [n 2] – March 4, 1797	Non-partisan [14]	1 (1789)	Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783)		John Adams
						2 (1792)
2			John Adams October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826 (aged 90) [15][16][17]	March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 [n 3]	Federalist	3 (1796)	1st Vice President of the United States		Thomas Jefferson
3			Thomas Jefferson April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826 (aged 83) [18][19][20]	March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1809	Democratic- Republican	4 (1800)	2nd Vice President of the United States		Aaron Burr March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805
						5 (1804)			George Clinton March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812 [n 4]
4			James Madison March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836 (aged 85) [21][22][23]	March 4, 1809 – March 4, 1817	Democratic- Republican	6 (1808)	5th United States Secretary of State (1801–1809)
								Vacant April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813 [n 5]
						7 (1812)			Elbridge Gerry March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814 [n 4]
								Vacant November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817 [n 5]
5			James Monroe April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831 (aged 73) [24][25][26]	March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825	Democratic- Republican	8 (1816)	7th United States Secretary of State (1811–1817)		Daniel D. Tompkins
						9 (1820)
6			John Quincy Adams July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848 (aged 80) [27][28][29]	March 4, 1825 – March 4, 1829 [n 3]	Democratic- Republican	10 (1824)	8th United States Secretary of State (1817–1825)		John C. Calhoun March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832 [n 6]
7			Andrew Jackson March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845 (aged 78) [30][31][32]	March 4, 1829 – March 4, 1837	Democratic	11 (1828)	U.S. Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee (1823–1825)
								Vacant December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833 [n 5]
						12 (1832)			Martin Van Buren March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837
8			Martin Van Buren December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862 (aged 79) [33][34][35]	March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 [n 3][n 7]	Democratic	13 (1836)	8th Vice President of the United States		Richard Mentor Johnson
9			William Henry Harrison February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841 (aged 68) [36][37][38]	March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 [n 4]	Whig	14 (1840)	United States Minister to Colombia (1828–1829)		John Tyler
10			John Tyler March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862 (aged 71) [39][40][41]	April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845	Whig April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841		10th Vice President of the United States [n 8]	Vacant [n 5]
					Independent September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845 [n 9]
11			James K. Polk November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849 (aged 53) [42][43][44]	March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849	Democratic	15 (1844)	9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841)		George M. Dallas
12			Zachary Taylor November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850 (aged 65) [45][46][47]	March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850 [n 10][n 4]	Whig	16 (1848)	Major General of the 1st Infantry Regiment United States Army (1846–1849)		Millard Fillmore
13			Millard Fillmore January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874 (aged 74) [48][49][50]	July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853 [n 7]	Whig		12th Vice President of the United States	Vacant [n 5]
14			Franklin Pierce November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869 (aged 64) [51][52][53]	March 4, 1853 – March 4, 1857	Democratic	17 (1852)	Brigadier General of the 9th Infantry United States Army (1847–1848)		William R. King March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853 [n 4][n 10]
								Vacant April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857 [n 5]
15			James Buchanan April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868 (aged 77) [54][55][56]	March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861	Democratic	18 (1856)	United States Minister to the Court of St James's (1853–1856)		John C. Breckinridge
16			Abraham Lincoln February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865 (aged 56) [57][58][59]	March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865 [n 10][n 11]	Republican	19 (1860)	U.S. Representative for Illinois' 7th (1847–1849)		Hannibal Hamlin March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865
					Republican National Union [n 12]	20 (1864)			Andrew Johnson March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865
17			Andrew Johnson December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875 (aged 66) [60][61][62]	April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869	Democratic National Union Not Affiliated [n 12][n 13]		16th Vice President of the United States	Vacant [n 5]
18			Ulysses S. Grant April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885 (aged 63) [63][64][65]	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1877	Republican	21 (1868)	Commanding General of the U.S. Army (1864–1869)		Schuyler Colfax March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873
						22 (1872)			Henry Wilson March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875 [n 4][n 10]
								Vacant November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877 [n 5]
19			Rutherford B. Hayes October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893 (aged 70) [66][67][68]	March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881	Republican	23 (1876)	32nd Governor of Ohio (1868–1872, 1876–1877)		William A. Wheeler
20			James A. Garfield November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881 (aged 49) [69][70][71]	March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 [n 10][n 11]	Republican	24 (1880)	U.S. Representative for Ohio's 19th (1863–1881)		Chester A. Arthur
21			Chester A. Arthur October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886 (aged 57) [72][73][74]	September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885	Republican		20th Vice President of the United States	Vacant [n 5]
22			Grover Cleveland March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908 (aged 71) [75][76]	March 4, 1885 – March 4, 1889 [n 3]	Democratic	25 (1884)	28th Governor of New York (1883–1885)		Thomas A. Hendricks March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885 [n 4][n 10]
								Vacant November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889 [n 5]
23			Benjamin Harrison August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901 (aged 67) [77][78][79]	March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893 [n 3]	Republican	26 (1888)	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Indiana (1881–1887)		Levi P. Morton
24			Grover Cleveland March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908 (aged 71) [75][76]	March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897	Democratic	27 (1892)	22nd President of the United States (1885–1889)		Adlai Stevenson
25			William McKinley January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901 (aged 58) [80][81][82]	March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901 [n 10][n 11]	Republican	28 (1896)	39th Governor of Ohio (1892–1896)		Garret Hobart March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899 [n 4]
								Vacant November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901 [n 5]
						29 (1900)			Theodore Roosevelt March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901
26			Theodore Roosevelt October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919 (aged 60) [83][84][85]	September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909 [n 7]	Republican		25th Vice President of the United States	Vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905 [n 5]
						30 (1904)			Charles W. Fairbanks March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909
27			William Howard Taft September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930 (aged 72) [86][87][88]	March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913 [n 3]	Republican	31 (1908)	42nd United States Secretary of War (1904–1908)		James S. Sherman March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912 [n 4][n 10]
								Vacant October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913 [n 5]
28			Woodrow Wilson December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924 (aged 67) [89][90][91]	March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921	Democratic	32 (1912)	34th Governor of New Jersey (1911–1913)		Thomas R. Marshall
						33 (1916)
29			Warren G. Harding November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923 (aged 57) [92][93][94]	March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 [n 10][n 4]	Republican	34 (1920)	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Ohio (1915–1921)		Calvin Coolidge
30			Calvin Coolidge July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933 (aged 60) [95][96][97]	August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1929	Republican		29th Vice President of the United States	Vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925 [n 5]
						35 (1924)			Charles G. Dawes March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929
31			Herbert Hoover August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964 (aged 90) [98][99][100]	March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 [n 3]	Republican	36 (1928)	3rd United States Secretary of Commerce (1921–1928)		Charles Curtis
32			Franklin D. Roosevelt January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945 (aged 63) [101][102][103]	March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945 [n 10][n 4]	Democratic	37 (1932) [n 14]	44th Governor of New York (1929–1932)		John Nance Garner March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941
						38 (1936)
						39 (1940)			Henry A. Wallace January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945
						40 (1944)			Harry S. Truman January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945
33			Harry S. Truman May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972 (aged 88) [104][105][106]	April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1953	Democratic		34th Vice President of the United States	Vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949 [n 5]
						41 (1948)			Alben W. Barkley January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953
34			Dwight D. Eisenhower October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969 (aged 78) [107][108][109]	January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 [n 15]	Republican	42 (1952)	Supreme Allied Commander Europe (1949–1952)		Richard Nixon
						43 (1956)
35			John F. Kennedy May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963 (aged 46) [110][111][112]	January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 [n 10][n 11]	Democratic	44 (1960)	U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Massachusetts (1953–1960)		Lyndon B. Johnson
36			Lyndon B. Johnson August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973 (aged 64) [113][114]	November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1969	Democratic		37th Vice President of the United States	Vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965 [n 5]
						45 (1964)			Hubert Humphrey January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969
37			Richard Nixon January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994 (aged 81) [115][116][117]	January 20, 1969 – August 9, 1974 [n 6]	Republican	46 (1968)	36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961)		Spiro Agnew January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973 [n 6]
						47 (1972)
								Vacant October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973 [n 5]
									Gerald Ford December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38			Gerald Ford July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006 (aged 93) [118][119][120]	August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 [n 3][n 16]	Republican		40th Vice President of the United States	Vacant August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974 [n 5]
									Nelson Rockefeller December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39			Jimmy Carter Born: October 1, 1924 [121][122][123]	January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 [n 3]	Democratic	48 (1976)	76th Governor of Georgia (1971–1975)		Walter Mondale
40			Ronald Reagan February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004 (aged 93) [124][125][126]	January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989	Republican	49 (1980)	33rd Governor of California (1967–1975)		George H. W. Bush
						50 (1984)
41			George H. W. Bush Born: June 12, 1924 [127][128][129]	January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 [n 3]	Republican	51 (1988)	43rd Vice President of the United States		Dan Quayle
42			Bill Clinton Born: August 19, 1946 [130][131][132]	January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001	Democratic	52 (1992)	40th & 42nd Governor of Arkansas (1979–1981, 1983–1992)		Al Gore
						53 (1996)
43			George W. Bush Born: July 6, 1946 [133][134]	January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009	Republican	54 (2000)	46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000)		Dick Cheney
						55 (2004)
44			Barack Obama Born: August 4, 1961 [135][136]	January 20, 2009 – Incumbent	Democratic	56 (2008)	U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Illinois (2005–2008)		Joe Biden
						57 (2012)

Living former presidents

Currently, there are four living former presidents. The most recent death of a former president was that of Gerald Ford (1974–77) on December 26, 2006, aged 93. Pictured in order of service:

• 

  Jimmy Carter
  (1977–1981)
  October 1, 1924
• 

  George H. W. Bush
  (1989–1993)
  June 12, 1924
• 

  Bill Clinton
  (1993–2001)
  August 19, 1946
• 

  George W. Bush
  (2001–2009)
  July 6, 1946

(From Left:) President Obama with former presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush and Jimmy Carter at the dedication of the George W. Bush Presidential Center at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas in April 2013

Timeline

See also

• Founding Fathers of the United States
• Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States
• List of burial places of Presidents of the United States
• List of educational institutions named after U.S. presidents
• List of fictional Presidents of the United States
• Jefferson Davis, the only President of the Confederate States of America
• List of Presidents of the United States, sortable by previous experience
• List of Vice Presidents of the United States
• Presidential portrait (United States)
• Presidential $1 Coin Program
• U.S. presidents on U.S. postage stamps
• List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots

Notes

1. For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Upon the resignation of 37th president Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford became the 38th president even though he simply served out the remainder of Nixon's second term and was never elected to the presidency in his own right. Grover Cleveland was both the 22nd president and the 24th president because his two terms were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.
2. Instead of being inaugurated on March 4, 1789, George Washington's first-term inaugural was postponed 57 days (1 month and 27 days) to April 30, 1789, because the U.S. Congress had not yet achieved a quorum.
3. Unseated (lost re-election).
4. Died in office of natural causes.
5. Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no mechanism by which a vacancy in the Vice Presidency could be filled. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
6. Resigned.
7. Later sought election or re-election to a non-consecutive term.
8. Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "acting president", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
9. Former Democrat who ran for vice president on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
10. Died in office
11. Assassinated.
12. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
13. Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party left Johnson without a party.
14. The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1933, moving the 1937 inauguration day from March 4 to January 20, and shortening this term by 43 days.
15. Dwight Eisenhower is the first president to have been legally prohibited by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution from seeking a third term.
16. Sought an election for a full term, but was unsuccessful

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External links

• Whitehouse.gov: The Presidents
• Hauenstein Center | Presidential Leadership Studies – Grand Valley State University
• POTUS: Presidents of the United States – Internet Public Library
• List of Presidents of the United States – CardDia
• US Presidents List of 44 American Presidents, Who Served United States of America - Edyoucatives
• Mnemonic device (rhyme) to remember all U.S. Presidents