Isotopes of radium
Actinides and fission products by half-life | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinides[1] by decay chain | Half-life range (y) |
Fission products of 235U by yield[2] | ||||||
4n | 4n+1 | 4n+2 | 4n+3 | |||||
4.5–7% | 0.04–1.25% | <0.001% | ||||||
228Ra№ | 4–6 | † | 155Euþ | |||||
244Cm | 241Puƒ | 250Cf | 227Ac№ | 10–29 | 90Sr | 85Kr | 113mCdþ | |
232Uƒ | 238Pu№ | 243Cmƒ | 29–97 | 137Cs | 151Smþ | 121mSn | ||
248Bk[3] | 249Cfƒ | 242mAmƒ | 141–351 |
No fission products | ||||
241Amƒ | 251Cfƒ[4] | 430–900 | ||||||
226Ra№ | 247Bk | 1.3 k – 1.6 k | ||||||
240Pu | 229Th№ | 246Cm | 243Amƒ | 4.7 k – 7.4 k | ||||
245Cmƒ | 250Cm | 8.3 k – 8.5 k | ||||||
239Puƒ№ | 24.1 k | |||||||
230Th№ | 231Pa№ | 32 k – 76 k | ||||||
236Npƒ | 233Uƒ№ | 234U№ | 150 k – 250 k | ‡ | 99Tc₡ | 126Sn | ||
248Cm | 242Pu | 327 k – 375 k | 79Se₡ | |||||
1.53 M | 93Zr | |||||||
237Np№ | 2.1 M – 6.5 M | 135Cs₡ | 107Pd | |||||
236U№ | 247Cmƒ | 15 M – 24 M | 129I₡ | |||||
244Pu№ | 80 M |
... nor beyond 15.7 M years[5] | ||||||
232Th№ | 238U№ | 235Uƒ№ | 0.7 G – 14.1 G | |||||
Legend for superscript symbols |
Radium (Ra) has no stable or nearly stable isotopes, and thus a standard atomic mass cannot be given. The longest lived, and most common, isotope of radium is 226Ra with a half-life of 1,600 years. 226Ra occurs in the decay chain of 238U (often referred to as the radium series.) Radium has 33 known isotopes from 202Ra to 234Ra.
Table
nuclide symbol |
historic name |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[6][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | ||||||||||
202Ra | 88 | 114 | 202.00989(7) | 2.6(21) ms [0.7(+33−3) ms] |
0+ | |||||
203Ra | 88 | 115 | 203.00927(9) | 4(3) ms | α | 199Rn | (3/2−) | |||
β+ (rare) | 203Fr | |||||||||
203mRa | 220(90) keV | 41(17) ms | α | 199Rn | (13/2+) | |||||
β+ (rare) | 203Fr | |||||||||
204Ra | 88 | 116 | 204.006500(17) | 60(11) ms [59(+12−9) ms] |
α (99.7%) | 200Rn | 0+ | |||
β+ (.3%) | 204Fr | |||||||||
205Ra | 88 | 117 | 205.00627(9) | 220(40) ms [210(+60−40) ms] |
α | 201Rn | (3/2−) | |||
β+ (rare) | 205Fr | |||||||||
205mRa | 310(110)# keV | 180(50) ms [170(+60−40) ms] |
α | 201Rn | (13/2+) | |||||
IT (rare) | 205Ra | |||||||||
206Ra | 88 | 118 | 206.003827(19) | 0.24(2) s | α | 202Rn | 0+ | |||
207Ra | 88 | 119 | 207.00380(6) | 1.3(2) s | α (90%) | 203Rn | (5/2−,3/2−) | |||
β+ (10%) | 207Fr | |||||||||
207mRa | 560(50) keV | 57(8) ms | IT (85%) | 207Ra | (13/2+) | |||||
α (15%) | 203Rn | |||||||||
β+ (.55%) | 207Fr | |||||||||
208Ra | 88 | 120 | 208.001840(17) | 1.3(2) s | α (95%) | 204Rn | 0+ | |||
β+ (5%) | 208Fr | |||||||||
208mRa | 1800(200) keV | 270 ns | (8+) | |||||||
209Ra | 88 | 121 | 209.00199(5) | 4.6(2) s | α (90%) | 205Rn | 5/2− | |||
β+ (10%) | 209Fr | |||||||||
210Ra | 88 | 122 | 210.000495(16) | 3.7(2) s | α (96%) | 206Rn | 0+ | |||
β+ (4%) | 210Fr | |||||||||
210mRa | 1800(200) keV | 2.24 µs | (8+) | |||||||
211Ra | 88 | 123 | 211.000898(28) | 13(2) s | α (97%) | 207Rn | 5/2(−) | |||
β+ (3%) | 211Fr | |||||||||
212Ra | 88 | 124 | 211.999794(12) | 13.0(2) s | α (85%) | 208Rn | 0+ | |||
β+ (15%) | 212Fr | |||||||||
212m1Ra | 1958.4(5) keV | 10.9(4) µs | (8)+ | |||||||
212m2Ra | 2613.4(5) keV | 0.85(13) µs | (11)− | |||||||
213Ra | 88 | 125 | 213.000384(22) | 2.74(6) min | α (80%) | 209Rn | 1/2− | |||
β+ (20%) | 213Fr | |||||||||
213mRa | 1769(6) keV | 2.1(1) ms | IT (99%) | 213Ra | 17/2−# | |||||
α (1%) | 209Rn | |||||||||
214Ra | 88 | 126 | 214.000108(10) | 2.46(3) s | α (99.94%) | 210Rn | 0+ | |||
β+ (.06%) | 214Fr | |||||||||
215Ra | 88 | 127 | 215.002720(8) | 1.55(7) ms | α | 211Rn | (9/2+)# | |||
215m1Ra | 1877.8(5) keV | 7.1(2) µs | (25/2+) | |||||||
215m2Ra | 2246.9(5) keV | 1.39(7) µs | (29/2−) | |||||||
215m3Ra | 3756.6(6)+X keV | 0.555(10) µs | (43/2−) | |||||||
216Ra | 88 | 128 | 216.003533(9) | 182(10) ns | α | 212Rn | 0+ | |||
EC (1×10−8%) | 216Fr | |||||||||
217Ra | 88 | 129 | 217.006320(9) | 1.63(17) µs | α | 213Rn | (9/2+) | |||
218Ra | 88 | 130 | 218.007140(12) | 25.2(3) µs | α | 214Rn | 0+ | |||
β+β+ (rare) | 218Rn | |||||||||
219Ra | 88 | 131 | 219.010085(9) | 10(3) ms | α | 215Rn | (7/2)+ | |||
220Ra | 88 | 132 | 220.011028(10) | 17.9(14) ms | α | 216Rn | 0+ | |||
221Ra | 88 | 133 | 221.013917(5) | 28(2) s | α | 217Rn | 5/2+ | |||
CD (1.2×10−10%) | 207Pb 14C | |||||||||
222Ra | 88 | 134 | 222.015375(5) | 38.0(5) s | α | 218Rn | 0+ | Trace[n 3] | ||
CD (3×10−8%) | 208Pb 14C | |||||||||
223Ra[n 4] | Actinium X | 88 | 135 | 223.0185022(27) | 11.43(5) d | α | 219Rn | 3/2+ | Trace[n 5] | |
CD (6.4×10−8%) | 209Pb 14C | |||||||||
224Ra | Thorium X | 88 | 136 | 224.0202118(24) | 3.6319(23) d | α | 220Rn | 0+ | Trace[n 6] | |
CD (4.3×10−9%) | 210Pb 14C | |||||||||
225Ra | 88 | 137 | 225.023612(3) | 14.9(2) d | β− | 225Ac | 1/2+ | |||
226Ra | Radium[n 7] | 88 | 138 | 226.0254098(25) | 1600(7) y | α | 222Rn | 0+ | [n 8] | |
β−β− (rare) | 226Th | |||||||||
CD (2.6×10−9%) | 212Pb 14C | |||||||||
227Ra | 88 | 139 | 227.0291778(25) | 42.2(5) min | β− | 227Ac | 3/2+ | |||
228Ra | Mesothorium 1 | 88 | 140 | 228.0310703(26) | 5.75(3) y | β− | 228Ac | 0+ | Trace[n 6] | |
229Ra | 88 | 141 | 229.034958(20) | 4.0(2) min | β− | 229Ac | 5/2(+) | |||
230Ra | 88 | 142 | 230.037056(13) | 93(2) min | β− | 230Ac | 0+ | |||
231Ra | 88 | 143 | 231.04122(32)# | 103(3) s | β− | 231Ac | (5/2+) | |||
231mRa | 66.21(9) keV | ~53 µs | (1/2+) | |||||||
232Ra | 88 | 144 | 232.04364(30)# | 250(50) s | β− | 232Ac | 0+ | |||
233Ra | 88 | 145 | 233.04806(50)# | 30(5) s | β− | 233Ac | 1/2+# | |||
234Ra | 88 | 146 | 234.05070(53)# | 30(10) s | β− | 234Ac | 0+ |
- ↑ Abbreviations:
CD: Cluster decay
EC: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ↑ Bold for stable isotopes
- ↑ Intermediate decay product of 238U
- ↑ Used for treating bone cancer
- ↑ Intermediate decay product of 235U
- 1 2 Intermediate decay product of 232Th
- ↑ Source of element's name
- ↑ Intermediate decay product of 238U
Notes
- Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
- Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
References
- ↑ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no isotopes have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived isotope in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
- ↑ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of U-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
- ↑ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics 71 (2): 299. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4.
"The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk248 with a half-life greater than 9 y. No growth of Cf248 was detected, and a lower limit for the β− half-life can be set at about 104 y. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 y." - ↑ This is the heaviest isotope with a half-life of at least four years before the "Sea of Instability".
- ↑ Excluding those "classically stable" isotopes with half-lives significantly in excess of 232Th; e.g., while 113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of 113Cd is nearly eight quadrillion years.
- ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (registration required (help)).
- Isotope masses from:
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylo (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
- M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.
- N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
Isotopes of francium | Isotopes of radium | Isotopes of actinium |
Table of nuclides |
Isotopes of the chemical elements | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 H |
2 He | ||||||||||||||||
3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne | ||||||||||
11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar | ||||||||||
19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr |
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe |
55 Cs |
56 Ba |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn | |
87 Fr |
88 Ra |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Uut |
114 Fl |
115 Uup |
116 Lv |
117 Uus |
118 Uuo | |
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
71 Lu | |||
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
103 Lr | |||
|