Cook Islands Māori

Cook Islands Māori
Māori Kūki 'Āirani
Native to	Cook Islands, New Zealand
Ethnicity	Cook Islanders
Native speakers	14,000 in Cook Islands (2011 census)[1] 25,000 Rarotongan in New Zealand (1989)[2] 2,500 Rakahanga-Manihiki in New Zealand (1981)[3]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Polynesian Eastern Polynesian Tahitic Cook Islands Māori
Official status
Official language in	Cook Islands
Regulated by	Kopapa Reo
Language codes
ISO 639-2	rar
ISO 639-3	Variously: rar â€“ Rarotonga pnh â€“ Tongareva (Penrhyn) rkh â€“ Rakahanga-Manihiki
Glottolog	raro1241  (Rarotongan)[4] penr1237  (Penrhyn)[5] raka1237  (Rakahanga-Manihiki)[6]

The Cook Islands Māori language, also called Māori Kūki 'Āirani or Rarotongan, is the official language of the Cook Islands. Most Cook Islanders also call it Te reo Ipukarea, literally "the language of the Ancestral Homeland".

History

Cook Islands Māori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003.^[7] According to Te Reo Maori Act, Māori:

• (a) means the Māori language (including its various dialects) as spoken or written in any island of the Cook Islands; and
• (b) Is deemed to include Pukapukan as spoken or written in Pukapuka; and
• (c) Includes Māori that conforms to the national standard for Māori approved by Kopapa Reo; (see external links).

These dialects^[8] of the Cook Islands Māori are :

• Rakahanga-Manihiki dialect;
• Penrhyn dialect (Tongarevan);^[9]
• the Ngaputoru dialects of Atiu, Mitiaro and Mauke;
• Aitutaki dialect;
• Rarotongan dialect; and
• Mangaia dialect.

It is closely related to Tahitian and New Zealand Māori, and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility with these two languages.

The language is regulated by the kopapa reo created in 2003.

The Pukapukan language is considered by scholars as a distinct language closely related with Sāmoan and the language spoken on the three atolls of Tokelau.

Writing system and pronunciation

There is a debate about the standardization of the writing system. Although the usage of the macron (Ö¾) te makaroni, and the glottal (') (/Ê”/) is recommended, most speakers do not use these two diacritics in everyday writing.

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	Å‹
Plosive	p	t	k	Ê”
Tap		ɾ
Fricative	f^1 v	s^2		h^3

1. Present only in Manihiki
2. Present only in Penrhyn
3. Present only in Manihiki and Penrhyn

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Close-mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

Grammar

As with most South Pacific languages, classical descriptions are generally based on the system used for Indo-European languages, especially concerning grammatical classes. Today linguists try to avoid it, considering it a form of Eurocentrism, even if any such description is adequate. Most of these examples are taken from Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka'a, Auckland, 1995.

Personal pronouns

Person	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st inc	au	tāua	tātou^1
1st exc		māua	mātou^2
2nd	koe	kōrua	kōtou
3rd	aia	rāua	rātou

1. you -2 or more- and I
2. they and I

Singular pronoun examples

Pronoun	Cook Islands Maori	English	Word-to-word and gloss
au	Ka 'aere au ki te 'āpi'i āpōpō  listen	I'm going to school tomorrow.	(unaccomplished asp.)/ go / I / (prep. goal/destination) / the / learn / tomorrow
	Ka 'ārote au inana'i, nō te ua rā, kua 'akakore au	I was going to do the ploughing yesterday, but gave it up because of the rain.	(unaccomplished asp.) / plough / I / yesterday / because (origin) / the / rain / day /(perfect asp.) / give up (litt. "do nothing") /I
koe	Kua kino iā koe tō mātou mōtokā	You damaged our car.	(perfect asp.) / bad / by / you /(possession)/we (exclusive) /car
	Ko koe 'oki, te tangata tā te 'akavā e kimi nei	You are the person the police are looking for.	(subject marker) / you / also / the / man / (possession) / the / police / (progressive asp. with "nei") /look for/here and now.
aia	'Ea'a 'aia i 'aere mai ei	Why did he/she come?	why ('ea'a... ei) / he or she / (accomplished asp) / go / towards me /
	Kāre 'aia i konei	He/she is not here.	(negation asp.) / he or she / (marking position) / here

Dual pronoun examples

Pronoun	Cook Islands Maori	English	Word-to-word and gloss
Tāua	'aere tāua !	Let us go!	go / we two (inclusive)
	Ko tō tāua taeake tērā ake	Here come our friends.	(subject marker) / (possession) / we two (inclusive) / friend or relative of the same generation (brother, sister, cousin either sex) speaking, but not in laws./ that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance)away
we two, us two (he/she and I)	Ka 'oki māua ko Taria ki te kāinga  listen	Taria and I are going back home.	(unaccomplished asp.)/ return / we two (exclusive) / with / Taria/ (prep. goal)/ the / home
	To tāua taeake tērā ake	Here come our friends.	(subject marker) / possession / we two (exclusive) / friend / that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance away)
Kōrua : you two	'āe ! kua rongo kōrua i te nÅ«ti!	Hey! Have you heard the news?	hey (interj) / (perfect asp.) / hear / you two / (object marker) / the / news /
	Na kōrua teia puka	This book belongs to you two.	(Possession) / you two / this (deictic) / book
Rāua : they, them (the two of them)	Tuatua muna tÄ“ia, ka akakite 'ua atu au kia rāua	This is a confidential matter, I shall only tell it to those two.	speak, speech / secret / this / (unaccomplished asp.) / reveal (make known) / only / away (from the speaker)/ I / (prep. ki+a)towards (someone)/ they two
	No 'ea mai rāua ?	Where have the two of them been? / What have they been doing?	from / (time and space interr.) / (indicating progression of time towards present) / they two

Plural pronoun examples

Pronoun	Cook Islands Maori	English	Word-to-word and gloss
Tātou : We, us (you -2 or more- and I)	Ko'ai tā tātou e tiaki nei	Who are we waiting for?	Who (subject marker+identity interr.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / (progressive asp.) / wait for / here and now
	Kāre ā tātou kai toe	We have no more food.	(Negation asp.) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / eat, food / remain, remaining, the rest
Mātou : we, us (they and I)	Ko mātou ma Tere mā i 'aere mai ei	We came with Tere and the others.	(subject marker)/ we (exclusive) / with, and / Tere / (part used only after persons meaning those in company with / (accomplisshed asp.) / go / (movement towards speaker) / (emphasis marks)
	Kua kite mai koe ia mātou	You saw us.	(perfect asp.) / see(towards speaker) / you / at someone (i+a) / we (exclusive)
Kōtou : (all of you)	E 'aere atu kōtou, ka āru atu au	You go on, and I'll follow.	(imperative asp.)/ go / (away from the speaker) / you all / (unaccomplished asp.) / follow / go / (away from the speaker) / I
	Ko kōtou ko'ai mā i aere ei ki te tautai?  listen	Who did you go fishing with?	(Subject marker) / you all / who (identity interr.) / in company with / (accomplished asp.) / go / (emphasis) / (goal/destination) / the / fishing
Rātou : they, them (more than two)	Kua pekapeka rātou ko Tere	They and Tere have quarrelled.	(perfect asp.)/ trouble / they all / (subject marker)/ Tere
	Nō rātou te pupu māro'iro'i	They have the strongest team.	(Possession) / they all / the / team (litt. group of people) / strong

Aspect markers

Marker	Aspect	Examples
Tē... nei	present continuous	Tē manako nei au i te 'oki ki te 'are 'I am thinking of going back to the house' Tē kata nei rātou 'They are laughing' Kāre au e tanu nei i te pia 'I'm not planting any arrowroot'
Kia	Mildly imperative or exhortatory, expressing a desire, a wish rather than a strong command.	Kia vave mai! 'be quick ! (don't be long!)' Kia viviki mai! 'be quick (don't dawdle!)' Kia manuia! 'good luck!' Kia rave ana koe i tÄ“nā 'anga'anga  : would you do that job; Kia tae mai ki te anga'anga ā te pōpongi MōnitÄ“ : come to work on Monday morning; Teia te tātāpaka, kia kai koe : Here's the breadfruit pudding, eat up.
'Ä“	Imperative, order	'Ä“ 'eke koe ki raro : you get down; 'Ä“ tÅ« ki kō : stand over there
'Auraka	interdiction, don't	'Auraka rava koe e 'āmiri i teia niuniu ora, ka 'uti'uti 'ia koe : Don't on any account touch this live wire, you'll get a shock
kāre	indicate the negation, not, nothing, nowhere	Kāre nō te ua : It 'll not rain; Kāre a TÄ« tuatua : TÄ« doesn't have anything to say
e… ana	habitual action or state	E 'aere ana koe ki te 'ura : Do you go to the dance?: E no'o ana 'aia ki Nikao i tÄ“ reira tuātau : he used to live in Nikao at that time
Ka	Refers prospectively to the commencement of an action or state. Often translatable by and English future tense or "going to" construction	Ka 'Ä«mene 'a Mere ākonei ite pō : Mary is going to sing later on tonight; Kua kite au Ä“ ka riri a Tere : I know (or knew) that Tere will (or would) be angry
Kua	translatable by an English simple past or a present tense (with adjectives)	Kua kite mai koe ia mātou : You saw us; Kua meitaki koe ? : Are you better now? Kua oti te tārekareka : the match is over now

Possessives

Like most Polynesian languages (Tahitian, New Zealand Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, …), Cook Islands Māori has two categories of possessives, the ā and ō.

Generally the ā category is used when the possessor has, or had, control of the relationship, is superior or dominant to what is owned or when the possession is considered as alienable. The ō category is used when the possessor has, or had, no control over the relationship, is subordinate or inferior to what is owned or when the possession is considered as inalienable.

The following list indicates the types of things in the different categories

• ā is used in speaking of

– Movable property, instruments,

– Food and drink,

– Husband, wife, children, girlfriend, boyfriend,

– Animals and pets,

– People in an inferior position

Te puaka ā tÄ“rā vaine : the pig belonging to that woman; ā Tere tamariki : Tere's children; Kāre ā Tupe mā ika i napō : Tupe and the rest didn't get any fish last night

Tāku ; Tā'au ; Tāna ; Tā tāua ; Tā māua…. : my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers, our ours…

Ko tāku vaine teia : This is my wife; Ko tāna tāne tera : That's her husband; Tā kotou 'apinga : your possession(s); Tā Tare 'apinga : Tera possession(s);

• ō is used in speaking of

– Parts of anything

– Feelings

– Buildings and transport

– Clothes

– Parents or other relatives (not husband, wife, children…)

– Superiors

Te 'are ō Tere : The house belonging to Tere; ō Tere pare : Tere's hat; Kāre ō Tina no'o anga e no'o ei : Tina hasn't got anywhere to sit;

Tōku ; Tō'ou ; Tōna ; Tō tāua ; Tō māua…: my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers ; our, ours …

Ko tōku 'are teia : This is my house; I tōku manako, kā tika tāna : In my opinion, he'll be right; Teia tōku, tÄ“rā tō'ou : This is mine here, that's yours over there

Vocabulary

Pia : Polynesian arrowroot

Kata : laugh at; laughter; kata 'āviri : ridicule, jeer, mock

Tanu : to plant, cultivate land

'anga'anga : work, job

Pōpongi : morning

Tātāpaka : a kind of breadfruit pudding

'ura : dance, to dance

Tuātau : time, period, season ; Ä“ tuātau 'ua atu : forever

'Ä«mene : to sing, song

Riri : be angry with (ki)

Tārekareka : entertain, amuse, match, game, play game

Dialectology

Although most words of the various dialects of Cook Islands Māori are identical, there are some variations [to be completed]

Rarotonga	Aitutaki	Mangaia	Ngāputoru	Manihiki	Tongareva	English
tuatua	'autara	taratara	Araara	vananga	akaiti	speak, speech
anau				fanau	hanau	family
kūmara	kū'ara	kū'ara		kūmara	kumala	sweet potatoes
kāre	kā'ore, 'Ā'ore	E'i, 'Āore	Aita, kare	Kaua, Kare	kore	no, not
tātā	kiriti	tātā		tātā	tata	write
'ura	koni	'ura	'Ingo,Ori ori,Ura	Hupahupa	kosaki	dance
'akaipoipo	'akaipoipo	'ā'āipoipo	'akaipoipo	fakaipoipo	selenga	wedding
'Ä«koke	koroio	rakiki		Hikoke	mokisi	thin
'are	'are	'are	'are	fare	hare	house
ma'ata	'atupaka	ngao	nui, nunui, ranuinui	kore reka	polia	big
matu, Pete	Ngenengene		Pori Pori	menemene	suesue	fat

Notes

1. Rarotonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Tongareva (Penrhyn) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
   Rakahanga-Manihiki at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
2. Rarotongan at Ethnologue (13th ed., 1996).
3. Rakahanga-Manihiki at Ethnologue (13th ed., 1996).
4. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Rarotongan". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
5. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Penrhyn". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
6. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Rakahanga-Manihiki". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
7. Since 1915, English had been the only official language of the Cook Islands
8. In a sense of mutual intelligibility
9. Tongarevan is sometimes also considered as a distinct language.

Dictionaries, learning methods and books in Cook Islands Māori

• Cook Islands Maori Database Project, An online project created to build a collection of Cook Islands Maori Words based on existing print dictionaries and other sources.
• Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa, edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka'a, Auckland, 1995.
• A dictionary of the Maori Language of Rarotonga, Manuscript by Stephen Savage, Suva : IPS, USP in association with the Ministry of Education of the Cook Islands, 1983.
• Kai Korero : Cook Islands Maori Language Coursebook, Tai Carpentier and Clive Beaumont, Pasifika Press, 1995. (A useful learning Method with oral skills cassette)
• Cook Islands Cook Book by Taiora Matenga-Smith. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies.
• Maori Lessons for the Cook Islands, by Taira Rere. Wellington, Islands Educational Division, Department of Education, 1960.
• Conversational Maori, Rarotongan Language, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga, Government Printer. 1961.
• Some Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga. Curriculum Production Unit, Department of Education. 1976.
• More Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Suva, University of the South Pacific.1976
• Maori Spelling: Notes for Teachers, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga: Curriculum Production Unit, Education Department.1977.
• Traditions and Some Words of the Language of Danger or Pukapuka Island. Journal of the Polynesian Society 13:173-176.1904.
• Collection of Articles on Rarotonga Language, by Jasper Buse. London: University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. 1963.
• Manihikian Traditional Narratives: In English and Manihikian: Stories of the Cook Islands (Na fakahiti o Manihiki). Papatoetoe, New Zealand: Te Ropu Kahurangi.1988
• Te korero o Aitutaki, na te Are Korero o Aitutaki, Ministry of Cultural Development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 1992
• Atiu nui Maruarua : E au tua ta'ito, Vainerere Tangatapoto et al. University of South Pacific, Suva 1984. (in Maori and English)
• Learning Rarotonga Maori, by Maki'uti Tongia, Ministry of Cultural Development, Rarotonga 1999.
• Te uri Reo Maori (translating in Maori), by Maki'uti Tongia, Punanga o te reo. 1996.
• Atiu, e enua e tona iti tangata, te au tata tuatua Ngatupuna Kautai...(et al.), Suva, University of the South Pacific.1993. (Maori translation of Atiu : an island Community)
• A vocabulary of the Mangaian language by Christian, F. W. 1924. Bernice P. Bishop Bulletin 2. Honolulu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum.
• E au tuatua ta'ito no Manihiki, Kauraka Kauraka, IPS, USP, Suva. 1987.

External links

• Cook Islands Maori Database
• Te akataka reo Rarotonga; or, Rarotongan and English grammar by the Rev Aaron Buzacott of the London Missionary Society, Rarotonga. 1854. Old grammar in english and Rarotongan
• "Tuatua mai!" Learn Cook Islands Maori
• Te Reo Maori Act 2003
• SBS Cook Islands Maori Radio Program. Updated each week
• http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/dictionaries.asp
• http://www.cookislandsmaori.com/ Online version of Jasper Buse and Raututi Taringa Dictionary
• Cook Islands Ministry of Cultural Development
• Te Reo Māori KÅ«ki 'Ä€irani i roto i te Kurakarāma o Aotearoa (Cook Islands Maori in the New Zealand Curriculum)
• Collected songs and legends from the southern Cook Islands (c. 1883–1912) at the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre