Relics associated with Buddha

The sharing of the relics of the Buddha, Zenyōmitsu-Temple Museum, Tokyo
Buddha Relic Distribution site, Kushinara (Kushinagar)

After his death, Buddha was cremated and the ashes divided among his disciples. Originally his ashes were to go only to the Sakya clan, to which Buddha belonged; however, seven royal families demanded the body relics. To avoid fighting, a monk divided the relics into ten portions, eight from the body relics, one from the ashes of Buddha's cremation pyre and one from the bucket used to divide the relics.[1] After The Buddha's Parinibbāna, his relics were enshrined and worshipped in stupas by the royals of eight countries.

1. To Ajatasattu, king of Magadha 2. To the Licchavis of Vesali 3. To the Sakyas of Kapilavastu 4. To the Bulis of Allakappa 5. To the Koliyas of Ramagrama 6. To the brahmin of Vethadipa 7. To the Mallas of Pava 8. To the Mallas of Kusinara[2]

When the Chinese pilgrims Fa-hien and Hiuen Tsang visited India centuries later, they reported most of these sites were in ruin.[3] In some versions of the legend of King Ashoka, when he began his journey to collect the relics he still believed them to be held in the original eight stupas.[4]

The Lokapannatti (11th/12th century[5]) tells the story of King Ajatashatru of Magadha who gathered the Buddha's relics and hid them in an underground stupa.[6] The Buddha's relics were protected by spirit-powered mechanical robots (bhuta vahana yanta) from the kingdom of Roma visaya until they were disarmed by King Ashoka.[5][7][note 1] The Ashokavadana narrates how Ashoka redistributed Buddha's relics across 84,000 stupas, with the distribution of the relics and construction of the stupas performed by Yakshas.[8]

The Mahaparinirvana sutra says that of the Buddha's four eye teeth (canines), one was worshipped in Indra's Heaven, the second in the city of Ghandara, the third in Kalinga, and the fourth in Ramagrama by the king of the Nagas.[9] Annually in Sri Lanka and China, tooth relics would be paraded through the streets.[10] In the past relics have had the legal right to own property; and the destruction of stupas containing relics was a capital crime viewed as murder of a living person.[11] A southeast Asian tradition says that after his parinirvana the gods distributed the Buddha's 800,000 body and 900,000 head hairs throughout the universe.[12] In Theravada according to the 5th century Buddhaghosa possessing relics was one of the criteria in Theravada for what constituted a proper monastery.[12] The adventures of many relics are said to have been foretold by Buddha, as they spread the dharma and gave legitimacy to rulers.[13]

It is said all the Buddha's relics will one day gather at the Bodhi tree where he attained enlightenment and will then form his body sitting cross legged and performing the twin miracle.[14] It is said the disappearance of the relics at this point will signal the coming of Maitreya Buddha.[15] In the Nandimitravadana translated by Xuanzang it is said that the Buddha's relics will be brought to parinirvana by sixteen great arhats and enshrined in a great stupa. That stupa will then be worshipped until it sinks into the earth down to the golden wheel underlying the universe. The relics are not destroyed by fire in this version but placed in a final reliquary deep within the earth, perhaps to appear again.[16]

Previous incarnations of the Buddha also left relics; in the Buddhavamsa it mentions that the Sobhita, Paduma, Sumedha, Atthadassi, Phussa, Vessabhu, and Kanagamana buddhas have had their relics dispersed.

Relics in Afghanistan

Sometime in the middle of the fifth century the Chinese pilgrim Daorong traveled to Afghanistan visiting pilgrimage sites. In Nagaharahara was a piece of bone from the top of Buddha's skull four inches long. Also in the city was an enshrined staff, and a jeweled reliquary containing some teeth and hair. A shadow was said to have been projected onto a rock wall, said to have belonged to Buddha, as well as a set of foot prints, and a site venerated for being where Buddha washed his robe. A temple said to have been built by Buddha is sinking into the ground here, with what is said to be his writing on the wall.[17] A tooth of the Buddha was kept in Baktra.[18] In Bamyan a tooth of Buddha was stored along with the tooth of a cakravartin king.[19] An early masterpiece of the Greco Buddhist art of Ghandara, and one of the earliest representations of the Buddha, the Bimaran casket was discovered in a stupa near Jalabad in eastern Afghanistan. Although the casket bears an inscription saying it contained some of the relics of the Buddha; no relics were discovered when the box was opened.[20]

Buddha's first disciples Trapusa and Bhallika received eight strands of hair from him which they brought to their home town of Balkh and enshrined in a golden stupa by the gate.[21]

Relics in America

Lu Mountain temple, East of Los Angeles California has recently received over 10,000 sarira including two teeth and one hair believed to belong to Gautama Buddha.[22] Most of these relics were donated from monasteries across Vietnam.[23] The American author Paul Carus refused a Buddha relic from a Sri Lankan monk, as he believed relic worship was a mistake.[24]

Relics in Bangladesh

A Buddha relic is kept in Buddha Dhatu Jadi Bangladesh beneath four Buddha statues. The Buddha’s Dhatu was given by Ven. U Paññya Jota Mahathero in 1994 by the State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee of Myanmar.[25]

Relics in Bhutan

Ringsels from Buddha, Nagarjuna, Longchenpa, Marapa, and Milarepa visited Chubachu Bhutan from Bodhgaya Sri Lanka, in October 2013.[26]

Relics in Burma

The Shwedagon pagoda in Myanmar houses 8 strands of Buddha's hair taken by his first 2 disciples Tapussa and Bhallika; to the site where three relics of Buddha's previous incarnations had been enshrined. Shwedagon was created with the help of the King of Okkalapa and the king of the nat (spirit)s Sule. Sule Pagoda is also said to contain one of the Buddha's hairs.[27]

The Kanishka casket is said to have contained three bone fragments of the Buddha,[28] which were forwarded to Burma by the British following the excavation,[29] where they still remain. The Uppatasanti Pagoda also holds a tooth relic from China.[30]

Chakesadhatuvamsa or chronicle of the six hair relics of the Buddha was written in Burma. The text says Buddha gave six hairs to disciples at Venuvana in Rajagrha. These were given to 6 bordering countries who had never seen the Buddha.[31]

Burmese and Sri Lankan tradition says that Trapusa and Bhallika lost some of the hair relics to the Naga king Jayesana; who took them to worship in his undersea palace.

The Hledauk Pagoda in Burma crumbled during an earth quake in 1912; exposing 2 relic chambers. Inside was a vessel containing relics from the Buddha and small figures of bronze representing stages of his lives.[6]

On his way flying through the air with 499 disciples to Sunaparanta Buddha stopped at Saccabandha where he talked the heretic teacher of the same name into becoming an arhat. On his way home from Sunapranta Buddha stopped by the banks of the Nammada river where he was welcomed by a devote Buddhist naga king who asked for a memento to honor, so he left an impression of his footprint in the river bank. They visited Saccabandha again who asked for something to honor as well; Buddha obliged by pressing his foot into solid stone.[32]

Relics in Cambodia

A Buddha relic was enshrined at Sakyaminu Chedai 2002 Royal Place in Oudong. Fifty years earlier, this relic was transported from Sri Lanka to Phnom Penh, but was transported again after King Sihanouk voiced concerns about urban decay surrounding Phnom Penh.[33] King Sihanouk of Cambodia received a Buddha relic from the French in 1952.[34] Relics present from the 1950s were recently stolen in Odong mountain and remain missing.[35]

A golden urn said to contain relics of Buddha was snatched from a mountain shrine, sparking a nationwide manhunt, and was recovered on February 5, 2014.

The disappearance of the urn - believed to contain hair, teeth and bones of Buddha and several small statues - came to light in December and prompted an outcry in the Buddhist-majority country.

"Everything is still in the urn," national police spokesman Kirt Chantharith told a news agency.

Relics in China

According to legend, the first Buddha relic in China appeared in a vase in 248 C.E. so that Kang Senghui would have something to show a local ruler.[36] The king of Wu Sun Quan would unsuccessfully attempt to destroy the tooth, by subjecting it to various tests.[37] In legends Daoxuan is attributed with the transmission of the Buddha relic Daoxuans tooth, one of the four tooth relics enshrined in the capital of Chang'an during the Tang dynasty. He is said to have received the relic during a night visit from a divinity associated with Indra.[38] The emperor Taizong tried to burn a tooth relic but was unable to do so.[39]

According to his biography upon his return in 645 C.E. Xuanzang returned from his seventeen-year-long pilgrimage to India with, "over six hundred Mahayana and Hinayana texts, seven statues of the Buddha and more than a hundred sarira relics."[36]

Emperor Wen and Empress Wu of the Sui both venerated Buddha relics. Daoxuan’s Ji gujin fodao lunheng (Collection of [the Documents Related to] the Buddho-Daoist Controversies in the Past and the Present; completed 661) recounts that shortly after being born Yang Jian; was given to Buddhist "divine nun" until the age of 13. Yang Jian, after becoming the Emperor Sui Wendi; lead three Buddha relic redistribution campaigns in 601 602 and 604. The relics were enshrined across 107 pagodas; along with pictures of the divine nun.[40]

In 2010 remains of Gautama Buddha's skull were enshrined at Qixia Temple in Nanjing. The paritial bone had been held in the Pagoda of King Ashoka, constructed in 1011 under the former Changgan Temple of Nanjing.[41][42] In 1987 a chamber was unearthed below Famen temple and a finger bone said to belong to Gautama Buddha was discovered. In 2003 the finger bone was one of 64 culturally significant artifacts officially prohibited from leaving China for exhibitions.[43] In 2009, the relic was enshrined in the world's tallest stupa recently built within the domains of Famen Temple.[44]

Two bone fragments believed to belong to Gautama Buddha are enshrined at Yunju temple.[45] According to Tang Dynasty records, China had 19 pagodas of King Ashoka holding Sakyamuni's relics. Seven of these pagodas are believed to have been found.[41] Currently the tooth relic is kept in Beijing while the knuckle of the middle finger is at Xi'an city Shaanxi province.[46]

In 1072 the Japanese pilgrim Jojin visited the Buddha's tooth in Kaifeng; an imperial emissary had to open the door to the build that housed it in the hall of seven treasures.[47]

The Beijin tooth was discovered in 1900 when it was discovered in the ruins of Zhaoxian pagoda outside of Beijing. The monks of the nearby Lingguang monastery found a box in the rubble with the inscription "The Holy Tooth Relics of Sakyamuni Buddha", written by Shan-hui in 963 C.E. They kept the molar inside until at their monastery until 1955 when they gave it to the Buddhist Association of China.[48] The Burmese ambassador was asked whether Burma could have the relic; to which the Chinese premier Zhou Enlai who offered. When a delegation came to retrieve the tooth it was now housed in a golden jeweled casket instead of glass and would only be loaned to Burma for eight months. The Beijing tooth temple was reconstructed in 1966 in front of Buddhist delegations from 10 countries.[49]

Relics in India

Buddha's relics at the National Museum, New Delhi

Buddha belonged to one of these eight families the Sakyas; who had one eighth of his relics stored at Kapilavastu. According to the PBS series Secrets of the Dead, an urn containing these was discovered in a stupa at Piprahwa near Birdpur [historical British variant as Birdpore], a Buddhist sacred structure in the Basti district of Uttar Pradesh in India by amateur archaeologist William Claxton Peppe in 1898.[50] Piprahwa became identified by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) as Kapilavastu. In 1971 K.M. Srivastava continued excavating the site and discovered 22 bones in two soapstone urns, dating them to the 5th century BCE. The report on these findings was filed 20 years later in 1991. Piprahwa as Kapilavastu is contested by Nepal who believe Tilaurakot to be Kapilavastu; however the relics were displayed by Sri Lanka in 1978.[51]

Mortal remains of Buddha belonging to third or fourth century were found during an excavation in 1962-1963 at Devni Mori which is a Buddhist archaeological site near Shamalaji in Gujarat. Ashes of Lord Buddha were found in a gold bottle wrapped in silk cloth within a copper bowl that was kept in a casket. The 1,700-year-old casket’s inscription in Brahmi script mentions ‘Dashabala Sharira Nilaya’ — which stands for 'abode of the bodily relics of Lord Buddha'. The remains are preserved in the Museum of Department of Archaeology and Ancient History of the Faculty of Arts, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda - Vadodara.[52][53]

Global Vipassana Pagoda, Mumbai
Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath.

When the first dome of the Global Vipassana Pagoda was constructed in October 2006; bone relics of Gautama Buddha were enshrined in the central locking stone of the dome, making it the world's largest structure containing relics of the Buddha. The relics were originally found in the stupa at Bhattiprolu, Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, South India.[54] They have been donated by the Mahabodhi Society of India and the prime minister of Sri Lanka to be kept at the Global Vipassana Pagoda.[55] A casket was discovered in Lalitgiri in Orissa believed to contain bones of Buddha.[56]

The Culvmsa relays the legend Silakala and King Moggallana who went to India in exile. Silakala and became a novice at Bodhgaya where he was given a hair relic; Moggallana took this relic back to Sri Lanka and placed it in a crystal casket; and instigated a regular festival in honor to the hair.[4]

Although king Bimbisaras let the women in his harem visit Buddha in his monastery in the evenings; the women wanted a hair and nail stupa they could use to venerate the Buddha any time. After Bimbisara spoke with Buddha who complied with their request.[57]

In Rajagrha, Buddha went to have his hair shaved, but none of the monks were willing to cut Buddha's hair; so they found a young boy named Upali of the barber cast. In the attempt to cut the hair better he controlled his body posture and breathing going into the fourth level of trance, dhyana. The Buddha's disciple seeing this Ananda took the razor from him; then wondered what to do with the hair; thinking it was an impure thing. Buddha reprimanded him and had Ananda deliver the hair in a pot to the general Gopali who took it into battle, becoming victorious.[58]

According to Xuanzang hundreds of thousands of people came every day to venerate a tooth relic in Kanyakubja.[10]

According to the Pali Dathavamsa (tooth chronicle) a disciple of Buddha named Khema took a tooth from Buddha's funeral pyre and gave it to Brahmadatta king of Kalinga (India).[37] In Dantapura the tooth is taken by niganthas to king Gushava, then the Hindu emperor Pandu who attempts to destroy it in several different ways. Unable to destroy the tooth the king converts to Buddhism and venerates the tooth.

Relics in Indonesia

Borobudur in Java contains one of the Buddha's relics.[59]

Relics in Japan

According to legend in Japan 552 C.E. there was an attempt to destroy a tooth relic, one of the first of Buddha’s to arrive in the country; it was hit by a hammer into an anvil; the hammer and anvil were destroyed but the tooth was not.[60] On January 15, 593, Soga no Umako ordered relics of Buddha deposited inside the foundation stone under the pillar of a pagoda at Asuka-dera.[61] According to Japanese legends the tooth of Indras heaven would be stolen from Drona's turban by a demon called Sokushikki (demon fleet foot); however he was caught by an even faster divinity and the tooth was given to Indra.[38] Although no mention is made of Xuanxang specifically having a tooth, a Japanese tradition claims one was eventually taken by the monk Gishin and kept in Tendai and Fujiwara.[36]

Relics in Kashmir

One hundred years prior to the visit of Xuanzang the ephthalite huns destroyed a number of relics in Kashmir and Gandhara. To escape one of the purges, a monk fled to India and paid pilgrimage to many sacred sites. One day he encountered a herd of wild elephants. He attempted to hide in a tree but was taken by the elephants to one of their young who had a bamboo splinter in his foot. He treated the elephants wound and it rewarded him with a golden casket containing a tooth of Buddha. On the way back he ferried across a river which threatened to sink them mid way. The passengers determined it was Naga's wanting the buddha relic and convinced the monk to throw the tooth in the river. He would spend the next three years learning the proper rituals to tame Naga; subduing their king and reclaiming the tooth.[62]

Relics in Korea

Tongdosa temple, (one of the three Three Jewel Temples of Korea), was founded by Jajang-yulsa after he returned from a pilgrimage to China in 646 AD. The temple houses a robe, begging bowl and a piece of skull said to belong to Buddha.[63] Other temples built by Jajang also house relics. Bongjeongam hermitage is said to possess sarira from Gautama, while Sangwonsa houses bone setting relics. [64][65] Additionally Jeongamsa Temple, and Beopheungsa Temple are said to contain relics.[66] At Bulguksa Temple in South Korea, beneath a three story stone pagoda; 46 sarira have been kept for over 1200 years, 2 more having appeared recently.[67]

It is said that Korean emperor Huizong tried to sink a tooth relic at sea but was unable to do so.[37]

Relics in Laos

Pha That Luang is the most important national symbol of Laos. Buddhist missionaries from the Mauryan Empire are believed to have been sent by the Emperor Ashoka, including Bury Chan or Praya Chanthabury Pasithisak and five Arahata monks who brought a holy relic (believed to be the breast bone) of Lord Buddha to the stupa.[68]

Relics in Malaysia

In January 1898, an archeological survey team led by Peppe were excavating near the present-day Indian-Nepali border at Piphrawa. Peppe’s team discovered a ruined stupa, believed to be the site of ancient Kapilavatthu. During the excavation, a sandstone box, which contained jewels, ornaments and small urns, was discovered among the ruins.

When the sandstone box was opened, the contents and inscription within shocked Peppe and caused a sensation throughout the world! The ancient Brahmi inscription had been translated as: “These Relics of the Lord Buddha have been presented by the Supreme Sakya Lord together with his grandchildren, son and wife.“ The archeologists had discovered one of the original eight portions of the Buddha’s Relics, distributed by the Brahmin Dona to kings throughout India after the Lord’s cremation in Kusinara!

The Relics were enshrined at the Golden Mount in Bangkok. This portion which was discovered at Piphrawa belonged to the Sakyans of Kapilavatthu, kinsmen of the Buddha, who erected a magnificent stupa to enshrine those Relics. Subsequently, the city of Kapilavatthu was completely destroyed by its neighbour Kosala, and thus the location of the stupa and its precious contents was hitherto lost for more than 2,400 years until Peppe’s amazing discovery!

The then colonial government of British-India presented the Sacred Relics to King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) of Siam, who sent high-ranking officials led by Chao Pya Yomaraja to receive them. The Relics were ceremoniously enshrined in the Cetiya on the Golden Mount, Bangkok on 23 May 1899. Befitting a Buddhist monarchy, the Buddha’s Relics were treated as national treasures and seldom displayed to the public.

The Relic Chamber in the Sacred Cetiya This special year however, in commemoration of the auspicious 2600th Anniversary of Buddhism, as well as to mark the 85th Anniversary of His Majesty the King and the 80th Anniversary of Her Majesty the Queen of Thailand, a portion of those Sacred Relics of Lord Buddha were presented to Wat Chetawan in Malaysia, by H. H. Somdej Phrabuddhacharn, President of the Executive Committee of His Holiness the Supreme Patriarch, and Member of the Sangha Supreme Council of Thailand, on 27 June 2012 at Tamnak Somdej, Wat Saket Rajavoramahavihara, to represent the goodwill of Thai Buddhists to Malaysian Buddhists.

This most precious gift attests to the close friendship and trust between Thai and Malaysian Buddhist communities. Wat Chetawan in Petaling Jaya was chosen as the custodian of the Sacred Relics for all Malaysian Buddhists.[69]

Fa Yu Chan Si temples crystal pagoda contains sarira from Gautama Buddha and other Buddhist masters.

In conjunction with 24 hours Metta around the World 2013, a silver-golden casket containing Gautama Buddha's relics was brought by Ven. Dhammananda from Sri Lanka to be enshrined in Samadhi Vihara, Shah Alam.[70]

Relics in Mongolia

According to legend, Avtai Sain Khan was given a Buddha relic by the third Dali Llama. The fourteenth Dali Llama has prayed for this relic during his visit to Mongolia in 2011; its location was kept a close secret for concern it would be taken by the soviet government.[46]

Relics in Nepal

According to UNESCO, Ramagrama stupa is the only undisturbed original stupa containing relics of Lord Buddha; built in the 6th century BCE.[71] Nepal believes Tilaurakot to be Kapilavastu, and nominated it along with Lumbini for world heritage status. An excavation at Tilaurakot in 1962 revealed ancient brick structures but no relics.[51] In 1970's thousands of Buddha relics were said to begin growing out of the east side of the stupa of Swayambhunath in Kathmandu.[12] According to Xuanzang, relics of Koṇāgamana Buddha were held in a stupa in Nigalisagar; visited by Ashoka, in what is now southern Nepal.[72]

Relics in Pakistan

The Kanishka stupa in Peshawar, Pakistan has been described as one of the tallest in the world and has been visited by early Chinese Buddhist pilgrims such as Faxian, Sung Yun and Xuanxang. The stupa was excavated in 1908–1909 by a British archaeological mission; where the Kanishka casket was discovered with three small fragments of bone.[73] In peshawar Faxian reported in the fourth century that the Buddha's begging bowl held 4 liters and was made of stone, made of four bowls bestowed upon him by the four guardian gods of the four quarters of mount Vinataka surrounding mount Sumeru.[74] Another legend is of a Yuezhi king who wanted to take away the bowl but could not with the strength of eight elephants, so he constructed a stupa over it.

Relics in Persia

Xuanzang said that the Buddha's begging bowl had found its way to Persia after spending time in many different countries. It is said the bowl will one day be given to Maitreya Buddha.[75] According to Faxian however, Buddha's alms bowl took several hundred years to travel across several countries before being taken by a naga king. The bowl would then reappear at Mount Vinataka, where it would by divided into the original four bowls and given to the four guardian kings to bestow on Maitreya. Maitreya would then press the bowls together forming one again, with the next thousand buddhas repeating this same process; using the same bowl. According to Daozuan, the Buddha's bowl — given to him at the time he was offered milk rice — was made of clay. It was bestowed by a mountain deity who had been given the bowl by the previous Kassapa Buddha. The bowl was later repaired by Indra and the guardians of the four quarters crafted thousands of stone replicas, which were placed in thousands of stupas all over the world.[76]

Relics in Russia

In 2011 the head of the Buddhist Patriarchy of Sri Lanka met with Kirsan Ilyumzhinov to discuss the movement of relics from Sri Lanka to the Republic of Kalmykia. Former president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov will become the next guardian of these Buddha relics.[77]

Relics in Singapore

The tooth relic is housed in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple and Museum in the Chinatown district of Singapore.[78] It is claimed the relic was found in a collapsed stupa in Myanmar.[79]

Relics in Sri Lanka

In the Mahavamsa, Ashoka chooses not to retrieve Buddha relics in the possession of Naga's at Ramagrama. It was said that on his deathbed Buddha told a prophecy that of the eight dronas of his body relics, one would be venerated by the Koliyas of Ramagrama, then the relics would belong to the Nagas until being enshrined in Sri Lanka. Ashoka is told more prophecy by arhats, who speak of the future enshrinement of these relics by king Dutthagamani.[80]

The two quarts of relics that were enshrined in the village Rāmagāma were, according to The Buddha's determination, destined to be enshrined in the Great Stūpa Ruvanveli.King Dutugemunu who, on the full-moon day of the month of Āsāëha (June–July), under the constellation of Uttarāsāëha, would officiate in the ceremony for the enshrining of the relics in the Great Stūpa, worshipped the Sangha (Order of monks) on the day before the full-moon day, reminded them that tomorrow is the appointed day for the enshrining of the relics and requested them to give him the relics. The Saïgha ordered then the novice Arahant Soõuttara, who was gifted with the six supernormal faculties, to bring the relics, which Arahant Soõuttara manages to bring and offer to the Sangha.

Tradition says that Trapusa and Bhallika visited Sri Lanka and brought a hair relic with them in a golden reliquary to Girihandu. Trapusa and Bhallika had initially been disgusted by the hair and fingernail relics. only after he explains the jataka tale of Sumedha laying his hair at the feet of Dipamkara are they convinced this is meritorious.[81]

Buddha is said to have given hair relics to Maha Sumana the god of Adams peak, which were enshrined at Mahiyangana; he also left a footprint at Sumanakuta.[82]

In 1561 in Portuguese Goa, a tooth taken from Sri Lanka said to belong to the Buddha was crushed, burned in a brazier then tossed into the river in front of a crowd by archbishop Don Gaspar.[83] Don Juan Dharmapala the Christian king of Kotte claimed to have to Kandy tooth. However, according to the Culavamsa; Konnappu Bandara; who had betrayed the Portuguese also claimed to possess the tooth. He used his possession of the tooth along with his marriage to a Kandyan princess to seize the throne.[84] The celebrated precession of the tooth in Kandi coincides with an earlier celebration dedicated to Vishnu.[85]

King Devanampiyatissa built Thuparamaya in which was enshrined the collarbone of the Buddha. It is considered to be the first dagoba built in Sri Lanka.[86]

When the Danta and Hemamala family arrive in Sri Lanka in 362-409 CE, they deliver one of the four eye teeth relics to King Sirimeghavanna; who places it with the bowl relic. The relics remain together in Anuradhapura for 600 years until being moved to the new capital of Polonnaruva; at which point it becomes the most venerated relic in Sri Lanka.[87] It is believed the bowl produces rainfall, a fourteenth century legend says that king Upatissa put an end to a drought by willing the bowl with water, and sprinkling the ground while following a cart with a golden statue of Buddha.[88] It is said the Buddha's disciple Ananda had done with when Vaisali suffered from famine and pestilence from drought. In the twelfth century at Parakkamabahu's festival for the tooth relic a rain cloud filled the ponds but did not rain on the celebration.

Then king Dutugemunu received from the Sangha the Buddha's relics upon his head in a casket and departed from the golden pavilion in the midst of manifold offerings and honours made by gods and Brahmas. He circumambulated the relic-chamber three times, entered to it from the east, and when laid the relic-casket on a silver couch one koñi worth, that was arranged in the north side. An image of the Buddha was then, according to the Buddha's determination, created in the lion's reclining posture (sīhaseyya), and all the relics were enshrined within that image. When the enshrining of the relics in the Great Stūpa Ruvanveli was completed, the two novices Uttara and Sumana closed the relic-chamber with the stone-blocks that were previously hidden to be used as a lid.

In the Thupavamsa numerous types of beings attended the enshrinement of the relics into the Mahathupa; including the Naga king Mahakala who until recently guarded them. The relics were to be placed atop a golden throne crafted by Visvakarman the divine artificer; the throne brought by Indra. Brahma offers his invisible umbrella of sovereignty, with the king Dutthagamani offering his own. The arhat Indagutta creates a metal canopy over the universe, so that Mara will not interfere, as monks chanted the sutra pitaka. Dutthagamani ceremoniously enters with the urn atop his head; but as he is about to place the urn on the golden throne, the relics rise into the air and form Buddha, with each of the 32 major signs and 8 lesser signs of a great man. In this form he performs the twin miracle of fire and water, fulfilling the fifth of his death bed resolutions. One hundred and twenty million gods and humans gain arhatship from this experience. The relics return to the urn and they are laid to rest and the chamber sealed with forty meter stone slabs.[89]

Relics in Thailand

The Piprahwa relics were given to Rama V (the King of Siam) a couple of years after their discovery in 1898, where they still reside.[50] Rama V had Phu Khao Thong, a man-made mountain constructed at Wat Saket. After 1888 the Stupa would house a Buddha relic from Sri Lanka alongside relics from prisoners.[90] Phra Borommathat Chedi is the oldest stupa containing Buddha relics in Thailand.[91] Wat Phra That Doi Suthep was founded after a monk followed a dream and found a shoulder bone that glowed and replicated itself; leading him to believe it was a Buddha relic. (phra that).[92] Wat Com Ping in northern Thailand claims to enshrine over 50,000 buddha relics.[12]

Relics in Tibet

An exhibit donated by the Dalai Lama features relics from Gautama Buddha as well as 40 other Buddhist masters from India, Tibet and China; taken with him out of Tibet after the 1959 invasion. The exhibit was the idea of Lama Zopa Rinpoche; it started in 2001 and has toured 61 countries.[93]

Relics in Vietnam

Xa Loi Pagoda served as the headquarters for Buddhism in South Vietnam during the Vietnamese civil war, its construction began in 1956 to house remains of the Buddha.[94] Giác Lâm Pagoda has housed Buddha relics since they were brought to the temple from Sri Lanka by Narada in 1953.[94] Tịnh Xá Trung Tâm founded in 1965 also houses relics.[95]

Relics in Heaven

It is said the placenta of Buddha ratnavyuha was taken by Brahma to be enshrined in a stupa.[96] When Buddha left the palace to seek enlightenment he severed his hair with a sword. According to theravada sources, throwing his top knot into the air, and says if he is to be Buddha it will remain in the sky. It stays at a height of one league, until it is taken by Indra to Trayastrimsa heaven.[97] Mulasarvastivada Vinaya recounts how a friend of Kasyapa Buddha named Ghatikara gives him a monastric robe, bowl, razor, girdle, needle and water strainer. In another version the bodhisattva encounters this divinity disguised as a hunter and trades him his benares silk robes; which are enshrined in a catiya. Alternatively new robes came to Buddha from ten brothers from Kapulavastu who received hemp robes from their mother, about to parnirvanize they told her to give the robes to the Buddha; foreseeing his birth. The mother gave the robes to her daughter near death; who gave them to a tree spirit to give to the son of Suddhodana. Indra disguises as a hunter, then takes the robes from the tree and gives them to Buddha in exchange for the silk robes; which he enshrines in heaven and dedicates a festival to the robes.[98] The bowl in which Buddha received milk rice after his long fast is said to have floated down the Nairanjana River before sinking down to the naga king Kala putting it with the bowls of the three previous Buddhas.

References

  1. ↑ Donald S. Lope Jr. "Buddha".
  2. ↑ "Asoka and the Buddha-Relics". ntu.edu.tw.
  3. ↑ A. Srivathsan. "Gautama Buddha, Four Bones And Three Countries".
  4. 1 2 John S. Strong (2007). Relics of the Buddha. p. 130. ISBN 0691117640.
  5. 1 2 Strong 2007, p. 133-134.
  6. 1 2 Strong 2007, p. 143.
  7. ↑ K.R. Norman (1983). Pali Literature. ISBN 9783447022859.
  8. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 136-137.
  9. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 185.
  10. 1 2 Strong 2007, p. 180.
  11. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 4.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Strong 2007, p. xiv.
  13. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 7.
  14. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 224.
  15. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 225.
  16. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 226.
  17. ↑ Strong 2007, p. xiii.
  18. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 182.
  19. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 181.
  20. ↑ Senior (2008), pp. 25-27.
  21. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 73-74.
  22. ↑ citeweb|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/relics-arrival-transforms-small-ca-buddhist-temple-20557171|title=Relics Transform Small California Buddhist Temple|author=John Rogers
  23. ↑ "Buddhist relics bring attention to Rosemead temple". latimes.
  24. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 2.
  25. ↑ Arpan Shrestha (2007). http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=41,5693,0,0,1,0#.UmS3qflJOSo. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ "Bodh Gaya sacred relics to be showcased in Bhutan". KuenselOnline.
  27. ↑ F_100542. "Myanmar marks 2600 anniversary of Shwedagon Pagoda". people.com.cn.
  28. ↑ Spooner, D. B. (1908-9): "Excavations at Shāh-ji-Dherī." Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.
  29. ↑ Marshall, John H. (1909): "Archaeological Exploration in India, 1908-9." (Section on: "The stūpa of Kanishka and relics of the Buddha"). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1909, pp. 1056-1061.
  30. ↑ "Than Shwe’s New Pagoda Hides More than a Buddha Relic". The Irrawaddy. March 10, 2009.
  31. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 82.
  32. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 91.
  33. ↑ Stephen C. Berkwitz, ed. (2006-01-01). Buddhism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives. p. 159. ISBN 9781851097821.
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  35. ↑ "Five Arrested For Theft of Buddha Relics author1=Eang Mengleng". December 16, 2013.
  36. 1 2 3 Strong 2007, p. 188.
  37. 1 2 3 Strong 2007, p. 192.
  38. 1 2 Strong 2007, p. 187.
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  40. ↑ Richard SALOMON and Gregory SCHOPEN (2002). "Sarira and Scepter: Empress Wu's Political Use of Buddhist Relics". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies.
  41. 1 2 ""Buddha remains" unveiled in east China temple – Xinhua". News.xinhuanet.com. 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
  42. ↑ "'Buddha remains' unveiled in East China temple". China Daily. 2010-06-12. Retrieved 2011-10-17.
  43. ↑ "八重宝函". The Chinese Cultural Heritage Protection Web Site.
  44. ↑ Cite error: The named reference en.chinagate.cn was invoked but never defined
  45. ↑ http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/beijing/2012-12/19/content_16031223.htm
  46. 1 2 Metawise LLC. "Buddha Relic was introduced to the public". infomongolia.com.
  47. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 203.
  48. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 205.
  49. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 207.
  50. 1 2 K. Kris Hirst. "Bones of the Buddha - Secrets of the Dead". About.com Education.
  51. 1 2 cite web|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/gautama-buddha-four-bones-and-three-countries/|title=Gautama Buddha, Four Bones And Three Countries|author=A. Srivathsan
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  53. ↑ "Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, MSU Baroda".
  54. ↑ "Concept and Planning of Global Vipassana Pagoda - Global Vipassana Pagoda". globalpagoda.org.
  55. ↑ Goenka, S.N. (2007). For The Benefit Of Many. Vipassana Research Institute. ISBN 81-7414-230-4
  56. ↑ "Buddhist relics to be housed in Orissa museum News". inewsone.com.
  57. ↑ John S. Strong (2007). Relics of the Buddha. p. 72. ISBN 0691117640.
  58. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 75.
  59. ↑ "BOROBUDUR (INDONESIA)". ebscohost.com.
  60. ↑ John S. Strong (2007). Relics of the Buddha. p. 192. ISBN 9788120831391.
  61. ↑ Aston, W. G. (2008). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times. New York: Cosimo, Inc. ISBN 978-1-60520-146-7.
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  65. ↑ "Pleasetakemeto". Retrieved 2010-12-14.
  66. ↑ http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/CU/CU_EN_8_3_1_4.jsp
  67. ↑ The Korea Herald. "Buddha’s sarira removed from Bulguksa pagoda". koreaherald.com.
  68. ↑ "Half Day Tour In Vientiane". Lasi Global. May 1, 2009. Retrieved September 26, 2009.
  69. ↑ "Lord Buddha’s Relics Presented to Malaysian Buddhists". nalanda.org.my.
  70. ↑ "Samadhi Vihara - Buddhist Missionary Society Malaysia". bmsm.org.my.
  71. ↑ UNESCO (2014). "Ramagrama, the relic stupa of Lord Buddha". Tentative Lists. Paris: UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
  72. ↑ John S. Strong (2007). Relics of the Buddha. p. 130. ISBN 0691117640.
  73. ↑ Spooner, D. B. (1908–9): "Excavations at Shāh-ji-Dherī." Archaeological Survey of India, p. 49.
  74. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 212.
  75. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 213.
  76. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 215.
  77. ↑ Baira Tsedenova. "Kirsan Ilyumzhinov to become a custodian of the Buddha Shakyamuni relics". fide.com.
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  79. ↑ "Origin of BTRTM". Retrieved 2011-01-05.
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  81. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 74.
  82. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 92.
  83. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 1.
  84. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 196.
  85. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 201.
  86. ↑ http://www.lankalibrary.com/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  87. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 193-194.
  88. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 198.
  89. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 160-171.
  90. ↑ Justin Thomas McDaniel (2011). The Lovelorn Ghost and the Magical Monk: Practicing Buddhism in Modern Thailand. ISBN 9780231527545.
  91. ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. "Wat Phra Mahathat Woramahawihan, Nakhon Si Thammarat". unesco.org.
  92. ↑ "Moon Spotlight Chiang Mai & Northern Thailand". google.com.
  93. ↑ cite web|url=http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_23930592/historical-relics-buddha-and-other-masters-displayed-denver|title=Historical relics of the Buddha and other masters displayed in Denver|author=Electa Draper
  94. 1 2 Thích Đồng Bổn (2001-06-28). "CHÙA XÁ LỢI: TRUYỀN THỐNG & ĐẶC ĐIỂM VĂN HÓA". Buddhism Today (in Vietnamese). Retrieved 2008-02-04.
  95. ↑ McLeod, pp. 70–75.
  96. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 64.
  97. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 65.
  98. ↑ Strong 2007, p. 66-67.
  1. ↑ King Ajatashatru Magadha kingdom was the predecessor of the Maurya Empire of King Ashoka.
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