Richard Lugar

Dick Lugar
Chairperson of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
In office January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007
Preceded by	Joe Biden
Succeeded by	Joe Biden
In office January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987
Preceded by	Chuck Percy
Succeeded by	Claiborne Pell
Chairperson of the Senate Agriculture Committee
In office January 20, 2001 – June 6, 2001
Preceded by	Tom Harkin
Succeeded by	Tom Harkin
In office January 4, 1995 – January 3, 2001
Preceded by	Patrick Leahy
Succeeded by	Tom Harkin
United States Senator from Indiana
In office January 3, 1977 – January 3, 2013
Preceded by	Vance Hartke
Succeeded by	Joe Donnelly
44th Mayor of Indianapolis
In office January 1, 1968 – January 1, 1976
Preceded by	John Barton
Succeeded by	William Hudnut
Personal details
Born	Richard Green Lugar April 4, 1932 Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
Political party	Republican
Spouse(s)	Charlene Smeltzer
Alma mater	Denison University Pembroke College, Oxford
Religion	Methodism
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Service/branch	United States Navy
Years of service	1957–1960
Rank	Lieutenant

Richard Green "Dick" Lugar, KBE (born April 4, 1932), is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who served as a United States Senator, representing Indiana from 1977 to 2013.

Born in Indianapolis, Indiana, Lugar is a graduate of Denison University and Oxford University. He served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967 before he was elected to two terms as Mayor of Indianapolis, serving from 1968 to 1976. During his tenure as Mayor, Lugar served as the President of the National League of Cities in 1971 and gave the keynote address at the 1972 Republican National Convention.

In 1974, Lugar ran a failed campaign for the U.S. Senate, losing to incumbent Democratic senator Birch Bayh. He ran again in 1976, defeating Democratic incumbent Vance Hartke. Lugar was reelected in 1982, 1988, 1994, 2000 and 2006. In 2012, Lugar was defeated in a primary challenge by Indiana State Treasurer Richard Mourdock, ending his 36-year tenure in the U.S. Senate. Mourdock went on to lose the general election to Democrat Joe Donnelly. Lugar ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in 1996 but did not win any primaries or caucuses.

During Lugar's tenure, he served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1985 to 1987 and from 2003 to 2007, serving as the ranking member of the committee from 2007 until his retirement in 2013. Lugar also twice served as Chairman of the Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, from 1995 to 2001 and briefly again in part of 2001. Much of Lugar's work in the Senate was toward the dismantling of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons around the world, co-sponsoring his most notable piece of legislation with Georgia Democrat Sam Nunn: the Nunn-Lugar Act.

He is also the longest-serving senator in Indiana's history and until his defeat was the most senior Republican member of the Senate.

After leaving the Senate, Lugar created a nonprofit organization that specializes in the policy areas he pursued while in office. The Lugar Center focuses on food and energy security, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and effective bipartisan governance.^[1] Located in Washington, D.C., the Center works with academics, experts, and policymakers in order to create proposals for these 21st century issues. The Center works to highlight these specific topics and their implications, as well as educating the public on them.

Early life, education, and early career

Richard Lugar was born on April 4, 1932 in Indianapolis, Indiana, the son of Bertha (née Green) and Marvin Lugar.^[2] He is of part German descent.^[3] Lugar attended the Indianapolis Public School. During this time he attained the Boy Scouts' highest rank: Eagle Scout.^[4] Later, he became a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America.^[5] He graduated first in his class at Shortridge High School in 1950 and from Denison University in 1954 where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi.^[6] He went on to attend Pembroke College, Oxford, England, as a Rhodes Scholar, and received a second bachelor's degree and a master's degree in 1956.^[7] He served in the U.S. Navy from 1956 to 1960; one of his assignments was as an intelligence briefer for Admiral Arleigh Burke. He achieved the rank of Lieutenant, Junior Grade.^[8]

Lugar manages his family's 604-acre (244 ha) Marion County corn, soybean and tree farm. Before entering public life, he helped his brother Tom manage the family's food machinery manufacturing business in Indianapolis.^[6]

Indianapolis politics

Lugar served on the Indianapolis Board of School Commissioners from 1964 to 1967. At the age of 35, he was elected mayor of Indianapolis in 1967, defeating incumbent Democrat John J. Barton, and began serving the first of two mayoral terms in 1968. A political cartoon of the time questioned how an Eagle Scout could survive in the world of politics.^[4] He is closely associated with the adoption of Unigov in 1970, which unified the governments of Indianapolis and Marion County. The Unigov plan helped trigger Indianapolis's economic growth and earned Lugar the post of president of the National League of Cities in 1971. In 1972 Lugar was the keynote speaker at the Republican National Convention.^[9] During this time he became known as "Richard Nixon's favorite mayor" owing to his support for devolving federal powers to local communities.^[10] In 1971 he was elected president of the National League of Cities.

U.S. Senate

Elections

1974

Lugar ran for the U.S. Senate in 1974 U.S. Senate election and lost to incumbent Democrat U.S. Senator Birch Bayh (51%-46%).^[11]

1976

Lugar in 1977, during his first term in the Senate

Two years later, he ran against Indiana's other U.S. senator, Democrat Vance Hartke, defeating him by a massive landslide, 59%-40%, a 19-point margin.^[12]

1982

Lugar won reelection to a second term, defeating Democrat U.S. Congressman Floyd Fithian (54%-46%).^[13]

1988

Lugar won reelection to a third term, defeating Democrat Jack Wickes (68%-32%).^[14]

1994

Lugar won reelection to a fourth term, defeating Democratic former U.S. Congressman Jim Jontz (67%-31%).^[15] He became the first Indiana U.S. Senator elected to a fourth term.

2000

Lugar won reelection to a fifth term, defeating Democrat David Johnson (67%-32%).^[16]

2006

Lugar won reelection to a sixth term, defeating Libertarian Steve Osborn (87%-13%).^[17] The Democratic Party did not field a candidate. His was the highest-percentage win of the 2006 Senate elections despite a Democratic takeover of Washington.

2012

Lugar ran for reelection to a seventh term but was defeated in the Republican primary by State Treasurer Richard Mourdock (61%-39%), who went on to lose the general election to Democratic Rep. Joe Donnelly. The only two counties that Lugar carried were Boone and Marion.^[18][19] Lugar is the first six-term U.S. Senator to lose his seat in a primary election since Kenneth McKellar in 1952.

Tenure

Richard Lugar with then-Senator Barack Obama in August 2005 near Perm, Russia.

Future Governor of Indiana Mitch Daniels served as his chief of staff from 1977 to 1982.^[20] During the 1980 Republican National Convention, Lugar was rumored as a potential Vice Presidential nominee for Presidential nominee Ronald Reagan.^[21]

During the August recess of 2005, Lugar and freshman Senator Barack Obama visited Russia, Azerbaijan, and Ukraine to inspect nuclear facilities there.^[22] He was detained for three hours at an airport in the city of Perm, near the Ural Mountains, where they were scheduled to depart for a meeting with the President and the Speaker of the House of Ukraine. He was released after a brief dialogue between U.S. and Russian officials, and the Russians later apologized for this incident. In January 2007, President Bush signed into law the Lugar-Obama Proliferation and Threat Reduction Initiative, which was furthering Lugar's work with Senator Nunn in deactivating weapons in the former Soviet Union. The Lugar-Obama program focuses on terrorists and their use of multiple types of weapons.^[23] In April 2006, Time magazine selected Lugar as one of America's 10 Best Senators.^[24]

Although Lugar's party was in the minority in the Senate, he had good relationships with President Obama and Vice President Joe Biden. Lugar was named an honorary co-chairman of their inauguration.^[25] On the day of the final 2008 presidential debate, Lugar gave a speech at the National Defense University praising Obama's foreign policy approach and warning against the isolationist, reactive policies espoused by Senator McCain.^[26] At that debate, Obama also listed Lugar as among the individuals "who have shaped my ideas and who will be surrounding me in the White House".^[27] There were rumors that either Obama or McCain would select Lugar to be Secretary of State, but that he preferred to keep his Senate seat.^[23][28]

On March 18, 2009, Lugar cast his 12,000th Senate vote, putting him in 13th place for most votes. During his 32 years as senator, he had a 98% attendance record.^[29]

Committee assignments

• Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
• Committee on Foreign Relations

1996 presidential campaign

Lugar ran for the Republican nomination for President in 1996. He declared his candidacy on 19 April 1995 in Indianapolis. The primaries and caucuses began in January 1996. He ran on a campaign slogan of "nuclear security and fiscal sanity", but his campaign failed to gain traction.^[30]

He came in 7th in the Iowa caucuses on 12 February with 4% and he came in 4th in the New Hampshire primary on 20 February with 5%. In the Delaware primary on 24 February he also won 5%, and in the Arizona and North Dakota primaries on 27 February he came in last with 1%. He was on the ballot in seven of the nine contests on Super Tuesday on 5 March, winning 1% in Colorado, Connecticut and Maryland, 2% in Massachusetts, 3% in Maine and Rhode Island and 14% in Vermont, which was the best result he managed, though he still only came in 4th. He quit the race on the next day, 6 March. Lugar's fellow senator, and eventual Republican nominee, Bob Dole had won all nine contests and Lugar endorsed him.^[31]

He remained on the ballot in a number of states, winning 2% of the vote in Florida, then 1% each in Oregon, Illinois, Ohio and California, 5% in Pennsylvania and 1% in North Carolina and West Virginia. He finished sixth overall, with 127,111 votes, or 0.83%, though he did not win any contests or delegates. In retrospective, David Corn of Mother Jones called his presidential campaign "ludicrous".^[32]

Political positions

Senator Richard Lugar meeting with actress Ashley Judd

Abortion

Lugar's 2007 rating from NARAL was 40%.^[33] His 2007–2008 rating from the National Right to Life Committee was 85%.^[34]

Agricultural reform

As Chairman of the Agriculture Committee, Lugar built bipartisan support for 1996 federal farm program reforms, ending 1930s-era federal production controls. He worked to initiate a biofuels research program to help increase U.S. utilization of ethanol and combustion fuels, and led initiatives to streamline the U.S. Department of Agriculture, reform the food stamp program, and preserve the federal school lunch program.

Cuba

Lugar believes that the U.S. sanctions on Cuba have failed and wrote to President Obama that "additional measures are needed...to recast a policy that has not only failed to promote human rights and democracy, but also undermines our broader security and political interests".^[35] He supports the Freedom to Travel to Cuba Act (S.428), which would lift the restrictions on U.S. citizens visiting Cuba that have been in place since the early 1960s.^[36]

Economy

Lugar takes a conservative approach to economics. He voted for Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001.^[37] He voted against the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009.^[38]

Gun control

Lugar is also a supporter of gun control, and has supported a number of gun legislations and weapons bans. Senator Lugar has an F rating from the National Rifle Association of America.^[39] He has an F rating from Gun Owners of America and a 53% positive rating from the Brady Campaign to Prevent Handgun Violence.

Health care reform

Lugar opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation, voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009,^[40] and voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.^[41]

Immigration

Senator Lugar has a generally liberal stance on immigration, supporting the DREAM Act under the Obama Administration and the McCain-Kennedy Comprehensive Immigration Reform bill under the Bush Administration, both of which died in Congress. Both were described by critics as "amnesty".

Iraq War

On June 25, 2007, Senator Lugar, who had been "a reliable vote for President Bush on the war", said that "Bush's Iraq strategy [is] not working and... the United States should downsize the military's role".^[42]

Lugar's blunt assessment has been viewed as significant because it showed the growing impatience and dissatisfaction with President Bush's strategy in Iraq. Lugar's speech had particular resonance given his stature as one of the party's elder statesmen on foreign policy. After Lugar finished his remarks, Senate Majority Whip Richard Durbin (D-IL), a sharp critic of the war, praised Lugar's "thoughtful, sincere and honest" speech, which Durbin said was in "finest tradition of the U.S. Senate".^[43] Senator Durbin urged his Senate colleagues to take a copy of Lugar's speech home over the Fourth of July break and study it before returning to work.^[43] Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid said, in reaction to Lugar's speech: "When this war comes to an end, and it will come to an end, and the history books are written, and they will be written, I believe that Sen. Lugar's words yesterday could be remembered as a turning point in this intractable civil war in Iraq".^[44]

Two days later, on June 27, 2007, Lugar said that Congressional measures aimed at curtailing U.S. military involvement in Iraq – including "so-called timetables, benchmarks" – have "no particular legal consequence", are "very partisan", and "will not work".^[45]

Judicial nominees

Senator Lugar believes that judicial confirmation decisions should not be purely partisan. His view is if an appointee is properly qualified for the position by their education, integrity, and other similar factors, that they should be confirmed by the Senate. Senator Lugar introduced President George W. Bush's appointee, now Chief Justice John Roberts, to the Senate at the beginning of Roberts' confirmation process and was instrumental in securing votes to confirm Roberts for the Supreme Court. Senator Lugar was the first Republican senator to announce his support for President Barack Obama's first Supreme Court nominee United States Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Sonia Sotomayor and also voted in favor of his second Supreme Court nominee Solicitor General Elena Kagan.

LGBT issues

Senator Lugar holds a socially conservative approach on the LGBT issue. He voted for the Federal Marriage Amendment, limiting the definition of marriage to one man and one woman.^[46] However, he has also voted in favor of the Matthew Shepard Act, which expanded the federal hate crime statutes to include sexual orientation and gender identity.^[47] In October 2010, Senator Lugar voted against repeal of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy—which prevented gays and lesbians from serving openly in the armed forces. Although Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut announced on November 18, 2010, that Senator Lugar promised to vote to repeal the policy the next time it comes up for a vote,^[48] Lugar voted against DADT repeal in both the cloture^[49] and final votes on December 18, 2010.^[50]

Nuclear stockpile

Senators Sam Nunn and Lugar leaving the White House in 1991 after briefing President George H. W. Bush on the Nunn-Lugar legislation

Lugar has been influential in gaining Senate ratification of treaties to reduce the world's use, production and stockpiling of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. In 1991 he initiated a partnership with then-Senate Armed Services Committee Chairman Sam Nunn aiming to eliminate latent weapons of mass destruction in the former Soviet Union.^[4] To date, the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction program has deactivated more than 7,500 nuclear warheads. In 2004, Senators Lugar and Nunn were jointly awarded the Heinz Awards Chairman's Medal for their efforts.^[51] He was an important figure in trying to get the New START Treaty approved (which passed 71-26).^[52]

Pakistan

In October 2008 Lugar and Joe Biden, his partner in the Committee on Foreign Relations, received the Hilal-i-Pakistan (Crescent of Pakistan) Award from the government of Pakistan for their continued support of the country. In July 2008 Lugar and Biden introduced a plan that would give $1.5 billion in aid per year to support economic development in Pakistan.^[53]

Electoral history

Indianapolis mayoral election, 1967[54]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar	72,278	53.3
	Democratic	John J. Barton (incumbent)	63,284	46.7

Indianapolis mayoral election, 1971[54]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar	155,164	60.5
	Democratic	John Neff	101,367	39.5

U.S. Senator of Indiana (Class 3), 1974
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Birch Bayh (incumbent)	889,269	50.7
	Republican	Richard Lugar	814,117	46.4
	American	Don L Lee	49,592	2.8

U.S. Senator of Indiana (Class 1), 1976
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar	1,273,833	59.0
	Democratic	Vance Hartke (incumbent)	868,522	40.2
	Independent	Don L Lee	14,321	0.7
	U.S. Labor	David Lee Hoagland	2,511	0.1

U.S. Senator of Indiana (Class 1), 1982
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar (incumbent)	978,301	53.8
	Democratic	Floyd Fithian	828,400	45.6
	American	Raymond James	10,586	0.6

U.S. Senator of Indiana (Class 1), 1988
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar (incumbent)	1,430,525	68.1
	Democratic	Jack Wickes	668,778	31.9

U.S. Senator of Indiana (Class 1), 1994
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar (incumbent)	1,039,625	67.4
	Democratic	Jim Jontz	470,799	30.5
	Libertarian	Barbara Bourland	17,343	1.1
	New Alliance	Mary Catherine Barton	15,801	1.0

U.S. Senator of Indiana (Class 1), 2000
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar (incumbent)	1,427,944	66.6
	Democratic	David L. Johnson	683,273	31.9
	Libertarian	Paul Hager	33,992	1.6

U.S. Senator of Indiana (Class 1), 2006
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Lugar (incumbent)	1,171,553	87.4
	Libertarian	Steve Osborn	168,820	12.6
	Independent	Mark Pool (write in)	444	0.0
	Independent	John H. Baldwin (write in)	294	0.0

Republican US Senate Primary, 2012[55]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Republican	Richard Mourdock	403,268	60.6
	Republican	Richard Lugar (incumbent)	262,388	39.4

Awards and honors

Lugar has received numerous awards, including Guardian of Small Business, the Spirit of Enterprise, Watchdog of the Treasury, and 47 honorary doctorate degrees. In 2001 Lugar received the Democracy Service Medal of the National Endowment for Democracy.^[56] In June 2012 he was conferred with the Order of Lakandula by President Benigno S. Aquino III for his contributions to the enhancement of the Philippine-US alliance and friendship.^[57]

Lugar was knighted as a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for his efforts to reduce Weapons of Mass Destruction and supporting NATO.^[58] Lugar was awarded the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit, from Germany, in 2013 for his work on fostering transatlantic cooperation.^[59] In 2014, Lugar received the Golden Laurel Branch award, the highest honor given by the Bulgarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Lugar was recognized for his contributions to Bulgaria's accession to NATO.^[60]

On August 8, 2013, President Barack Obama named Lugar as a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The citation in the press release read as follows:

Richard Lugar represented Indiana in the United States Senate for more than 30 years. An internationally respected statesman, he is best known for his bipartisan leadership and decades-long commitment to reducing the threat of nuclear weapons. Prior to serving in Congress, Senator Lugar was a Rhodes Scholar and Mayor of Indianapolis from 1968 to 1975. He currently serves as President of the Lugar Center.^[61]

Outside activities

Senator Lugar is a member the Indiana Society of the Sons of the American Revolution^[62] as well as a member of the Society of Indiana Pioneers, based on his descent from very early settlers in the state.^[63]

He joined the Rotary Club of Indianapolis in 1957 and spoke at the club annually during his time in the U.S. Senate. He remains an active Rotarian.^[64][65] On February 16, 2013, Lugar was named the Rotarian of the Century.^[66]

He served on the Board of Directors of the National Endowment for Democracy from 1992 to 2001.^[67]

Lugar is a member of the board of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems, an organization involved in international elections.^[68]

Senator Lugar is a member of the board of the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI).

Lugar is on the Board of Selectors of Jefferson Awards for Public Service.^[69]

The Lugar Center

After the conclusion of his career in the Senate, Senator Lugar established The Lugar Center, a nonprofit public policy institution located in Washington DC. ^[70]

Under the leadership of Senator Lugar, the Lugar Center seeks to become a prominent voice in many of the global issues that defined the Senator's work in Congress. Among these are Global Food Security, WMD Nonproliferation, Foreign Aid Effectiveness, and Bipartisan Governance. Since its inception in January of 2013, the Lugar Center has served as a source of education and awareness on these pertinent issues.

Some of the Center's initiatives include the following: working in conjunction with the McCourt School of Public Policy at Georgetown University to establish the Bipartisan Index, partnering with the Arms Control Association to establish the Bipartisan Nuclear and WMD Policy Dialogue Project, and compiling a comprehensive selection of bibliographical resources for researchers and policymakers interested in global food security.

In addition, the Lugar Center was awarded a grant by the Delegation of the European Union to conduct policy research regarding transatlantic cooperation. The grant permitted the Center to partner with the German Marshall Fund of the United States to work on bolstering trans-Atlantic energy security and economic cooperation, particularly in relation to the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership.

In January of 2015, the University of Pennsylvania’s Think Tank & Civil Societies Program named the Lugar Center a “Best New Think Tank”.

Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research

A biological research facility in Tbilisi, Georgia, is named for Senator Lugar in honor of his efforts to reduce nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons around the world. The Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research is a Georgian biological research facility established with technical assistance from the U.S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) to contain and house dangerous pathogens and support international research efforts. This and other upgraded bio-threat reduction facilities in the region are designed to stop diseases like plague and African swine fever from spreading globally.^[71][72]

Senator Lugar, utilizing the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR) which helped former Soviet Union states dismantle weapons of mass destruction after the Cold War, worked with the country of Georgia on biosafety, biosecurity and biosurveillance efforts through CTR’s Cooperative Biological Engagement Program (CBEP). The main goal was to improve the biosafety, biosecurity, disease surveillance, and establish the Central Public Health Reference Laboratory.^[73]

In 2012 Georgian authorities renamed the facility the Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research; it belongs to and is run by the Georgian National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC). In 2014, then-U.S. Ambassador to Georgia at the time, Richard Norland, signed an agreement with then-Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili to transfer custody of the Center to the NCDC during the 2014 World Congress on Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Science & Consequence Management. At the invitation of the Georgian government, a contingent of U.S. scientists from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Global Disease Detection Program, and the U.S. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research are co-located in the facility. They work collaboratively alongside their Georgian counterparts.^[74][75][76]

Personal life

Lugar married Charlene Smeltzer on September 8, 1956. The couple have four sons and thirteen grandchildren.^[6]

He is a member of the United Methodist Church.

References

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Further reading

• Bergner, Jeffrey T., and Richard Lugar, eds. The Next American Century: Essays in Honor of Richard G. Lugar (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003)
• Shaw, John T. (2012). Richard G. Lugar, Statesman of the Senate: Crafting Foreign Policy from Capitol Hill. Indiana UP. p. 73.

External links

• The Lugar Center
• Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
• Profile at Project Vote Smart
• Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
• Profile at SourceWatch
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Bills sponsored by Senator Lugar in the 110th Congress from the Library of Congress
• The Richard G. Lugar Collection at the Digital Mayoral Archives, University of Indianapolis
• Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy". Washington Monthly. Retrieved May 15, 2010.