Rogue River Wars

Map of the Rogue River Valley

The Rogue River Wars was an armed conflict in 1855–1856 between the US Army, local militias and volunteers, and the Native American tribes commonly grouped under the designation of Rogue River Indians, in the Rogue River Valley area of what today is southern Oregon.[1] While the conflict designation usually includes only the hostilities that took place during 1855-1856, numerous previous skirmishes, as early as the 1830s, had been escalating in the area, eventually breaking into open warfare.

History

Background

Hoxie Simmons, a Rogue River Indian, c. 1870.

The interaction of the Rogue River Indians and the first settlers who established homesteads in the area was relatively peaceful. However, the situation changed drastically with the opening of the Oregon Trail and the gold rushes in northern California and later in eastern Oregon. Larger groups of settlers and miners entered the area, consuming without restrictions the natural resources upon which the Indians relied on for living, like hunting, fishing and chopping down entire forests of oak trees.

The first recorded hostilities can be traced to American Ewing Young’s travel to Oregon in 1834 when his party murdered several natives and buried their bodies on the island where the party was camped.[2] These bodies were later discovered by the local tribe and led to a retaliation the next year when an American fur trapping party passed through and was attacked by the Indians.[2] Four of the eight European-Americans were killed with William J. Bailey and George Gay as two survivors.[2]

In 1837 (as part of the Willamette Cattle Company) Bailey, Gay and others were herding cattle north to the Willamette Valley when Gay shot and killed a native boy for no other reason than in retaliation for the previous attacks years earlier.[2] The local Indians were unsuccessful in seeking vengeance during the remainder of the cattle drive as only a few animals were lost to their attacks.[2]

Cultural conflict

Formal portrait showing the head and shoulders of a white-haired man wearing a dark cape or coat
Peter Skene Ogden encountered inland Rogue River natives in 1827.

The first contact between the Indians and European occurred when British explorer George Vancouver anchored off Cape Blanco, about 30 miles (48 km) north of the mouth of the Rogue River, and Indians visited the ship in canoes.[3] In 1826, Alexander Roderick McLeod of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) led an overland expedition from HBC's regional headquarters in Fort Vancouver to as far south as the Rogue.[3]

In 1827 an HBC expedition led by Peter Skene Ogden made the first direct contact between whites and the inland Rogue River natives when he crossed the Siskiyou Mountains to look for beaver.[4] Friction between Indians and whites was relatively minor during these early encounters; however, in 1834 an HBC expedition led by Michel Laframboise was reported to have killed 11 Rogue River natives, and shortly thereafter a party led by an American trapper, Ewing Young, shot and killed at least two more.[3]

The name Rogue River apparently began with French fur trappers who called the river La Riviere aux Coquins because they regarded the natives as rogues (coquins).[5][6]

In 1835, Rogue River people killed four whites in a party of eight who were traveling from Oregon to California. Two years later, two of the survivors and others on a cattle drive organized by Young killed the first two Indians they met north of the Klamath River.[3]

The number of whites entering the Rogue River watershed greatly increased after 1846, when a party of 15 men led by Jesse Applegate developed a southern alternative to the Oregon Trail; the new trail was used by emigrants headed for the Willamette Valley.[7] Later called the Applegate Trail, it passed through the Rogue and Bear Creek valleys and crossed the Cascade Range between Ashland and south of Upper Klamath Lake.[8] From 90 to 100 wagons and 450 to 500 emigrants used the new trail later in 1846, passing through Rogue Indian homelands between the headwaters of Bear Creek and the future site of Grants Pass and crossing the Rogue about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) downstream of it.[9] Despite fears on both sides, violence in the watershed in the 1830s and 1840s was limited; "Indians seemed interested in speeding whites on their way, and whites were happy to get through the region without being attacked."[10]

In 1847, the Whitman massacre and the Cayuse War in what became southeastern Washington raised fears among white settlers throughout the region and led to the formation of large volunteer militias organized to fight Indians.[11] Along the Rogue, tensions intensified in 1848 at the start of the California Gold Rush, when hundreds of men from the Oregon Territory passed through the Rogue Valley on their way to the Sacramento River basin.[12] After Indians attacked a group of returning miners along the Rogue in 1850, former territorial governor Joseph Lane negotiated a peace treaty with Apserkahar, a leader of the Takelma Indians. It promised protection of Indian rights and safe passage through the Rogue Valley for white miners and settlers.[13]

Mining in the Rogue River valley

Formal portrait showing the head and shoulders of a white-haired, full-bearded man wearing a dark suit
Joel Palmer, Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs

Miners began prospecting for gold in the watershed, including a Bear Creek tributary called Jackson Creek, where they established a mining camp in 1851 at the site of what later became Jacksonville.[14] Indian attacks on miners that year led to U.S. Army intervention and fighting near Table Rock between Indians and the combined forces of professional soldiers and volunteer miner militias.[15] John P. Gaines, the new territorial governor, negotiated a new treaty with some but not all of the Indian bands, removing them from Bear Creek and other tributaries on the south side of the main stem.[15] At about the same time, more white emigrants, including women and children, were settling in the region. By 1852, about 28 donation land claims had been filed in the Rogue Valley.[16]

Further clashes in 1853 led to the Treaty with the Rogue River that established the Table Rock Indian Reservation across the river from the federal Fort Lane.[17] As the white population increased and Indian losses of land, food sources, and personal safety mounted, bouts of violence upstream and down continued through 1854–55.

War

In 1855 this friction culminated in open conflict, which lasted into 1856, and is now called the Rogue River War.[18] The Guide to the Cayuse, Yakima, and Rogue River Wars Papers 1847-1858 at the University of Oregon summarizes the war as follows:

Throughout the 1850s Governor Stevens of the Washington Territory clashed with the US Army over Indian policy: Stevens wanted to displace Indians and take their land, but the army opposed land grabs. White settlers in the Rogue River area began to attack Indian villages, and Captain Smith, commandant of Fort Lane, often interposed his men between the Indians and the settlers. In October 1855, he took Indian women and children into the fort for their own safety; but a mob of settlers raided their village, killing 27 Indians. The Indians killed 27 settlers expecting to settle the score, but the settlers continued to attack Indian camps through the winter. On May 27, 1856, Captain Smith arranged the surrender of the Indians to the US Army, but the Indians attacked the soldiers instead. The commander fought the Indians until reinforcements arrived the next day; the Indians retreated. A month later they surrendered and were sent to reservations.[19]

Suffering from cold, hunger, and disease on the Table Rock Reservation, a group of Takelma returned to their old village at the mouth of Little Butte Creek in October 1855. After a volunteer militia attacked them, killing 23 men, women, and children, they fled downriver, attacking whites from Gold Hill to Galice Creek.[20] Confronted by volunteers and regular army troops, the Indians at first repulsed them; however, after nearly 200 volunteers launched an all-day assault on the remaining natives, the war ended at Big Bend (at RM 35 or RK 56) on the lower river.[20] By then, fighting had also ended near the coast, where, before retreating upstream, a separate group of natives had killed about 30 whites and burned their cabins near what later became Gold Beach.[21]

Most of the Rogue River Indians were removed in 1856 to reservations further north. About 1,400 were sent to the Coast Reservation, later renamed the Siletz Reservation.[22][23] To protect 400 natives still in danger of attack at Table Rock, Joel Palmer, the Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs, ordered their removal, involving a forced march of 33 days, to the newly established Grande Ronde Reservation in Yamhill County, Oregon.[24]

The Battle of Hungry Hill

The Battle of Hungry Hill, the largest battle of the Rogue River Wars,[25] occurred on Oct. 31, 1855, Two hundred Native Americans, located in the mountains "southwest of present-day Roseburg"[26] and armed with muzzleloaders and bows and arrows managed to hold off a group of "more than 300 ... dragoons, militiamen and volunteers."[26]

The Native Americans were "camped with their women and children" [26] on the top of a hill, with the soldiers located across a narrow ravine about 1,500 feet deep. The U.S. troops had planned a surprise attack, but their position was given away by a warning fire. Seeing that they had been discovered, the soldiers attempted to charge down the ravine and up the other side, but were thwarted, as the Native Americans had good cover in the high ground, and many proved to be good marksmen. "U.S. troops and militiamen retreated out of the mountains ... As many as 36 were dead, missing or severely wounded. Native casualties numbered fewer than 20."[26]

In 2012, the location of the Battle of Hungry Hill was discovered by Southern Oregon University Laboratory of Anthropology archaeologists.[25]

Archaeologist Mark Tveskov, who discovered the site using metal detectors, states that although this battle involving 500 people was a "major defeat" for U.S. troops, it is not well known for a variety of reasons, such as "the disappointment and blame among militiamen and Army regulars over the defeat. Back then, Oregon telegraph cables were in their infancy, and photographers who would document the Civil War several years later were not on hand. If Hungry Hill had happened after the Civil War, it would have been front-page news in the New York Times."[26]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Carl Waldman, "Takelma and Tututni Resistance," Atlas of the North American Indian, Third Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2009; pg. ???
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ewing Young Route," Oregon's Historic Trails. End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center.
  3. 1 2 3 4 E.A. Schwartz, The Rogue River Indian War and Its Aftermath, 1850–1980. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997; pp. 20–25.
  4. ↑ Nathan Douthit, Uncertain Encounters: Indians and Whites at Peace and War in Southern Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press, 2002; pp. 11–19.
  5. ↑ Lewis A. McArthur and Lewis L. McArthur, Oregon Geographic Names. [1928] Seventh edition. Portland: Oregon Historical Society Press, 2003; pg. 822.
  6. ↑ The Oregon Territorial Legislature changed the name to Gold River in 1854 but in response to opposition from Rogue River settlers changed it back to Rogue River a year later. See: Roger Dorband, The Rogue: Portrait of a River. Portland, OR: Raven Studios, 2008; pg. 58.
  7. ↑ Douthit,Uncertain Encounters, pg. 58.
  8. ↑ Loy, et al., pp. 14–15
  9. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pg. 60.
  10. ↑ Douthit,Uncertain Encounters, pg. 63.
  11. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pp. 66–68.
  12. ↑ Schwartz, The Rogue River Indian War and Its Aftermath, pp. 26–27
  13. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pg. 68–69.
  14. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pp. 78–80.
  15. 1 2 Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pp. 76–77.
  16. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pg. 80.
  17. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pg. 106.
  18. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pp. 124–32.
  19. ↑ Rose M. Smith and Barrett Codieck"Guide to the Cayuse, Yakima, and Rogue River Wars Papers, 1847-1858," Eugene, OR: University of Oregon, 2010.
  20. 1 2 Atwood, Kay; Gray, Dennis J. (2003). "Where Living Waters Flow: Place & People: War & Removal". Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved May 18, 2009.
  21. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pp. 150–153.
  22. ↑ Schwartz, The Rogue River Indian War and Its Aftermath, pp. 146–149.
  23. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pp. 157–158.
  24. ↑ Douthit, Uncertain Encounters, pp. 147, 163.
  25. 1 2 ICTMN Staff, "Lost Oregon Indian Battlefield Discovery Attributable to ‘Detective Work,'" Indian Country Today Media Network, Nov. 7, 2012.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Kimberly A.C. Wilson, "Hungry Hill, the Lost Site of Historic Indian Battle in Southern Oregon, is Found," The Oregonian, Oct. 12, 2012.

Further reading

External links

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