Central Kalapuya language

Santiam
(Central) Kalapuya
Region	Northwest Oregon
Extinct	c. 1954[1] with the death of John B. Hudson[2]
Language family	Kalapuyan Santiam
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kyl
Glottolog	kala1400[3]

Central Kalapuyan, or Santiam, was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by various bands of the Kalapuya peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related to Northern Kalapuya, spoken in the Tualatin and Yamhill valleys. Dialects of Central Kalapuya that have been identified include:

• Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern Willamette Valley along the Pudding and Molalla rivers
• Santiam dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the lower Santiam River
• Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the Luckiamute River
• Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Marys River
• Chemapho dialect, spoken in central Willamette Valley along Muddy Creek.
• Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern Willamette Valley along the Long Tom River
• Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the Calapooia River
• Winefelly-Mohawk dialects, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the McKenzie, Mohawk, and Coast Fork Willamette rivers

Phonology

The phonology of the Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below.^[4][5] Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and uvular series.^[5]

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
						Plain	Lab.	Plain	Lab.	Plain	Lab.
Stop	plain	p	t			k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ	kʷʰ	qʰ	qʷʰ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ			kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
	voiced	b	d			g	gʷ	ɢ	ɢʷ
Affricate	plain		ts		tʃ
	aspirated		tsʰ		tʃʰ
	ejective		tsʼ		tʃʼ
	voiced		dz		dʒ
Nasal		m	n			ŋ
Fricative		ɸ	s	ɬ	ʃ	x		χ		h	hʷ
Approximant				l	j	w

The nasals [m] and [n] likely had syllabic forms: [m̩] and [n̩]. Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones.^[5]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Open-Mid	æ~ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Santiam Kalapuya had three dipthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui]. Vowel length may have been phonemic, and /ɔ/ may have been an allophone of /u/.^[5]

References

1. Santiam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
3. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Kalapuya proper". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
4. Jacobs, Melville (1945). Kalapuya Texts. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
5. Banks, Jonathan (2007). "The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya". Northwest Journal of Linguistics 1 (2): 1–98.

External links

• The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)