Patwin language

Patwin
Southern Wintun
Native to	United States
Region	Colusa, Lake, Napa, Solano, and Yolo Counties, northern California
Ethnicity	Patwin
Native speakers	1 (as of 2003)[1]
Revival	[2]
Language family	Wintuan Southern Patwin
Dialects	Hill Patwin River Patwin ?Southern Patwin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pwi
Glottolog	patw1250[3]

Patwin (Patween) is a critically endangered Wintuan language of Northern California. As of 2011, there was "at least one first language speaker of Patwin."^[4] As of 2010, Patwin language classes were taught at the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation (formerly Rumsey Rancheria) tribal school (Dubin 2010).

Patwin has two (excl. Southern Patwin) or three (incl. Southern Patwin) dialects: "River Patwin (or Valley Patwin) was traditionally spoken along the Sacramento River in Colusa County ... Hill Patwin, was spoken in the plains and foothills to the west."^[4][5]

Southern Patwin became extinct shortly after contact. It is very poorly attested, and may be a separate Southern Wintuan language (Mithun 1999).

As of 2012, the Tewe Kewe Cultural Center of the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation has "a California Indian Library Collection and an extensive Patwin language and history research section."^[6]

Phonemes

Consonants

Patwin has 24 consonant phonemes. In the table below, the IPA form(s) of each consonant are given. This is followed by the form commonly used in published Patwin linguistics literature, if this is different from the IPA form.

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			central	lateral
Plosive	voiceless	p	t				k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ				kʰ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ				kʼ
	voiced	b	d
Nasal		m	n
Fricative			s	ɬ ~ t͡ɬ ⟨ƚ⟩				h
Affricate	voiceless				t͡ʃ ⟨č⟩
	ejective			t͡ɬʼ ⟨ƛʼ⟩	t͡ʃʼ ⟨čʼ⟩
Trill/Flap			r̥ ~ ɾ ⟨r⟩
Approximant		w		l		j ⟨y⟩	w

• /ʔ/ is a marginal phoneme, occurring exclusively at morpheme boundaries. Its distribution is not entirely predictable, however.
• Ejective and aspirated consonants occur only syllable-initially.
• Some or all of the "alveolar" consonants (both central and lateral) would be more accurately described as being retracted alveolar consonants.

Vowels

Patwin has 10 vowels:

	Short		Long
	Front	Back	Front	Back
High (close)	i	u	iː ⟨i·⟩	uː ⟨u·⟩
Mid	e	o	eː ⟨e·⟩	oː ⟨o·⟩
Low (open)	a		aː ⟨a·⟩

• Patwin vowels have a simple length distinction (short vs. long).
• All vowels are voiced and oral.

References

1. Golla, Victor (2011). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26667-4.
3. Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Patwin". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
4. "Patwin – Survey of California and Other Indian Languages". Retrieved 2012-08-30.
5. "Quail Ridge Reserve - Human History Patwin". Retrieved 2012-08-30.
6. "Cultural Resources – Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation". Retrieved 2012-08-30.

Further reading

• Dubin, Margaret. "'Pass me that squirrel, toss me my iPod': Language learning at the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation." News From Native California 23 (3), 2010.
• Lawyer, Lewis. 2015. "Patwin Phonemics, Phonetics, and Phonotactics". International Journal of American Linguistics. 81 (2). 221—260
• Mithun, Marianne, ed. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

External links

• Overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• California Language Archive: Patwin
• World Atlas of Language Structures: Patwin
• CILC Patwin ethnographic and linguistic bibliography
• Patwin language bibliography
• Map showing Patwin dialect groups
• OLAC Patwin resources, on Wintu page