List of political self-immolations

This is a list of notable self-immolations done for political reasons. Non-political self-immolations are not included in the list. Self-immolation has become an increasingly used protest tactic among Tibetans protesting rule of Tibet by China^[1] and Arabs against various Arab governments.^[2]

List

1960s

Date	Name	Age	Country	Protesting	Notes and references
June 11, 1963	Đức, Thích QuảngThích Quảng Đức	66	South Vietnam	Persecution of Buddhists by government of Ngô Đình Diệm	Led to several other monks and nuns committing the same act before Diệm was toppled. The photo, photographed by Malcolm Browne, became well-associated with his political protest.
January 25, 1964	Chinnasami	27	India	For preservation of the Tamil language	Inspired 5 other self-immolations.[3]
March 16, 1965	Herz, AliceAlice Herz	82	United States	Vietnam War	Women Strike for Peace.
November 2, 1965	Morrison, NormanNorman Morrison	31	United States	Vietnam War	Committed act in front of preschool-aged daughter.[4]
November 9, 1965	LaPorte, Roger AllenRoger Allen LaPorte	22	United States	Vietnam War	Catholic Worker.[5]
May 16, 1967	Nhất Chi MaiNhất Chi Mai	34	South Vietnam	Vietnam War	[6]
October 15, 1967	Beaumont, FlorenceFlorence Beaumont	55	United States	Vietnam War	[7]
November 12, 1967	Chūnoshin Yui	73	Japan	Vietnam War	Esperantist.[8][9][10]
September 8, 1968	Siwiec, RyszardRyszard Siwiec	59	Poland	Poland's participation in Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968)	Died in hospital four days later.
November 5, 1968	Makukh, VasylVasyl Makukh	40	Soviet Union	Soviet rule in Ukraine	[11]
January 16, 1969	Palach, JanJan Palach	20	Czechoslovakia	Communist rule in Czechoslovakia	Student. Inspired a number of self-immolations in protest of Soviet satellite states.
January 20, 1969	Bauer, SándorSándor Bauer	17	Hungary	Communist rule in Hungary	[12]
February 25, 1969	Zajíc, JanJan Zajíc	19	Czechoslovakia	Communist rule in Czechoslovakia	Student.
April 2, 1969	Plocek, EvženEvžen Plocek	39	Czechoslovakia	Communist rule in Czechoslovakia	Businessman.
April 9, 1969	Rips, EliyahuEliyahu Rips	20	Soviet Union	Communist rule in Czechoslovakia	Survived, became professor of mathematics.
May 30, 1969	Mayrock, BruceBruce Mayrock	20	United States	Genocide against Biafra in the Nigerian Civil War	Columbia University student. Died in hospital several hours later.

1970s

Date	Name	Age	Country	Protesting	Notes and references
February 13, 1970	Moyses, MártonMárton Moyses	28	Romania	Communist rule in Romania
May 10, 1970	Winne, Jr., GeorgeGeorge Winne, Jr.	23	United States	Vietnam War	Student at the University of California, San Diego. Died the next day.[13]
September 19, 1970	Georgakis, KostasKostas Georgakis	22	Greece	Military rule in Greece	Student at the University of Genoa
September 19, 1970	Joseba Elosegi	54	Spain	Bombing of Guernica in 1937	Survived
November 13, 1970	Jeon Tae-ilJeon Tae-il	22	South Korea	For more robust labour laws and the government's opposition to reform
May 14, 1972	Kalanta, RomasRomas Kalanta	19	Soviet Union	Communist rule in Lithuania	Inspired largest post-war riots in occupied Lithuania and USSR, and 13 other self-immolations
June 6, 1972	Gaulin, HuguetteHuguette Gaulin	28	Canada		[14]
August 10, 1976	Kalinauskas, AntanasAntanas Kalinauskas	19	Soviet Union	Communist rule in Lithuania	In Soviet Army barracks in Gulbene, Latvia. Died next day.
August 22, 1976	Brüsewitz, OskarOskar Brüsewitz	46	East Germany	Communist rule in East Germany	Lutheran pastor
February 10, 1977	Escoffier, AlainAlain Escoffier	27	France	Communism
November 16, 1977	Gründler, HartmutHartmut Gründler	37	West Germany	Atomic policy
January 21, 1978	Hirnyk, OleksaOleksa Hirnyk	65	Soviet Union	Communist rule in Ukraine	An act of protest against Soviet suppression of the Ukrainian language, culture and history. Died on the spot.
June 23, 1978	Mamut, MusaMusa Mamut	46	Soviet Union	Persecution of Crimean Tatars	Died after five days[15]

1980s

Date	Name	Age	Country	Protesting	Notes and references
March 21, 1981	Arosenius, Per-AxelPer-Axel Arosenius	60	Sweden	Taxes
August 10, 1982	Penik, ArtinArtin Penik	61	Turkey	ASALA attack at Esenboğa International Airport
November 2, 1983	Acevedo, SebastiánSebastián Acevedo		Chile	Kidnapping of his children by the Chilean police during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet	[16]
April 7, 1989	Cheng Nan-jungCheng Nan-jung	41	Taiwan	For freedom of speech and Taiwan independence	[17]
May 19, 1989	Chan I-huaChan I-hua	32	Taiwan	For freedom of speech and Taiwan independence	[18]
March 2, 1989	Babeş, Liviu CornelLiviu Cornel Babeş	47	Romania	Communist rule in Romania	[19] Set himself on fire on ski slope, died at hospital two hours later.
March 2, 1989	Vičiulis, VytautasVytautas Vičiulis	37	Soviet Union	Communist rule in Lithuania
March 24, 1989	Pawar, KailashKailash Pawar		India	To draw attention to plight of Bhopal gas victims and protest public indifference	[20] Original story published in The Hindu, March 26, 1990.

1990s

Date	Name	Age	Country	Protesting	Notes and references
April 26, 1990	Žemaitis, StanislovasStanislovas Žemaitis	52	Soviet Union	Communist rule in Lithuania	Protesting Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania. Died next day in Moscow hospital.
April 29, 1990	Park, SungheeSunghee Park	19	South Korea	Political situation in South Korea	Self-immolated during students' protest against the South Korean regime. Died May 19, 1991.
May 9, 1990	Daugintis, RimantasRimantas Daugintis	55	Soviet Union	Communist rule in Lithuania	Lithuanian sculptor self-immolated on Hungarian-Soviet border. Died after a few days.
September 19, 1990	Goswami, RajivRajiv Goswami	19	India	Reservation in India	Survived, but inspired some 150 other self-immolations[21]
October 14, 1990	Klingchuea, ThanawutThanawut Klingchuea	20	Thailand	Government of Chatichai Choonhavan	Ramkhamhaeng University student[22]
February 18, 1991	Levey, GregoryGregory Levey	30	United States	Gulf War	Amherst Common, MA.
September 21, 1991	Abesadze, GiorgiGiorgi Abesadze	35	Georgia	Looming civil war in Georgia	Physician[23]
April 29, 1993	Bamford, GrahamGraham Bamford	unknown	United Kingdom	War in Bosnia and Herzegovina	'The British army must not be a guard of honor at a mass funeral. Bosnian babies, children, and womenfolk are waiting for the politicians to do what they know they should - give them military protection.'[24]
February 21, 1994	Darabi, HomaHoma Darabi	54	Iran	Women's rights after the Iranian Revolution	Biography Rage Against the Veil written by sister Parvin Darabi
April 25, 1995	Elstner, ReinholdReinhold Elstner	75	Germany	Demonization of German soldiers after World War II
September 3, 1995	Kratze, SabineSabine Kratze	25	Vietnam	Trial of six Buddhist monks
October 22, 1996	Change, KathyKathy Change	46	United States	For directly democratic community-based self-government
January 13, 1998	Ormando, AlfredoAlfredo Ormando	29	Italy	Roman Catholic Church's condemnation of homosexuality
April 27, 1998	Ngodup, ThuptenThupten Ngodup	60	India	Political situation in Tibet	Ex-monk. In protest of police interference with unto-death hunger-strike in Delhi. Died two days later in hospital after visit by the Dalai Lama.[25][26][27]
February 16, 1999	Coşkun, NeclaNecla Coşkun	14	United Kingdom	Arrest of Abdullah Öcalan	Survived.[28]

2000s

Date	Name	Age	Country	Protesting	Notes and references
January 21, 2001	various	–	China	See Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident	[29]
April 2, 2001	Kayani, ShahrazShahraz Kayani	48	Australia	Government refusal to grant entry to his wife and daughters	Pakistani refugee[30]
July 21, 2004	Cohen, Mordehai (Hamimo)Mordehai (Hamimo) Cohen	30	Israel	Rejection of work license	Set himself on fire during a City Hall assembly[31]
August 17, 2005	Businov, YelenaYelena Businov	54	Israel	Protest against Israel's unilateral disengagement plan	[32]
August 31, 2005	Ben Menahem, BaruchBaruch Ben Menahem	21	Israel	Protest against Israel's unilateral disengagement plan	[33]
March 28, 2006	Fortulaki, EleftheriyaEleftheriya Fortulaki		Greece	Treatment of Kurds in Turkey	[34]
November 3, 2006	Ritscher, MalachiMalachi Ritscher	52	United States	War in Iraq	Died at the scene.[35]
June 11, 2006	Joshi, PravinPravin Joshi	30	India	Screening of Fanaa	Died 9 days later.[36]
March 7, 2007	Bhandari, UddhavUddhav Bhandari	40	United Kingdom	Asylum policy	Nepali asylum seeker[37]
April 1, 2007	Heo Se-ukHeo Se-uk	54	South Korea	South Korea – United States Free Trade Agreement	[38]
October 1, 2008	Tapia, Ramiro GuillénRamiro Guillén Tapia	65	Mexico	Local government in the city of Xalapa	[39]
January 29, 2009	Muthukumar, KumarKumar Muthukumar	26	India	Killing of Sri Lankan Tamils	Inspired several other self-immolations[40]
February 12, 2009	Varnakulasingham, MurugathasanMurugathasan Varnakulasingham	26	Switzerland	Sri Lankan Government Killing of the Sri Lankan Tamils	Inspired several other self-immolations[41]
February 27, 2009	Tapey, Tapey	mid-20s	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk, Kirti Monastery, Ngaba. Shot[42] by Chinese police while on fire, and then taken away by them. Status unknown.[42]

2010s

Date	Name	Age	Country	Protesting	Notes and references
February 20, 2010	Siripur Yadaiah, Siripur Yadaiah	19	India	Provincial statehood demand for Telangana	Student. Later died in hospital.[43]
February 21, 2010	Yadaiah, SubramSubram Yadaiah	19	India	For re-creating the state of Telangana in present-day Andhra Pradesh	Died in hospital.[44]
July 31, 2010	Eshan Reddy, Eshan Reddy	20's	India	Provincial Statehood demand for Telangana	Student; set himself on fire as an offering for a deity for the cause of statehood.[45]
December 17, 2010	Bouazizi, MohamedMohamed Bouazizi	26	Tunisia	Corruption in government	Inspired the Tunisian revolution leading to ouster of President Ben Ali and further revolutions of the Arab Spring. Died January 4, 2011.[46]
January 16, 2011	Venugopala Reddy, Venugopala Reddy	20's	India	Provincial Statehood demand for Telangana	MCA student immolated himself near his university auditorium,died on the spot.[47]
January 16, 2011	Bouterfif, MohsenMohsen Bouterfif	–	Algeria	Unemployment and housing	Inspired by Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia.[48]
January 16, 2011	Bhavani, Bhavani	18	India	Provincial Statehood demand for Telangana	[49]
January 17, 2011	Dahoud, Yacoub OuldYacoub Ould Dahoud	43	Mauritania	Political situation in Mauritania	[50]
February 21, 2011	Mohd Mustafa, Mohd Mustafa	40	India	Provincial Statehood demand for Telangana	[51]
March 16, 2011	Rigzin Phuntsog, Rigzin Phuntsog	21	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Beaten by police before they extinguished the flames. Died in hospital.[52][53][54][55]
June 15, 2011	Thomas James Ball, Thomas James Ball	58	United States	Father's rights and family court injustice	Self immolated on the steps of a family courthouse in New Hampshire. Died on the spot.[56]
August 15, 2011	Tsewang Norbu, Tsewang Norbu	29	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Nyitso monastery in Kham Tawu. In Tawu. Died soon afterwards.[52][55][57][58]
August 28, 2011	Senkodi, Senkodi	21	India	Tamil Eezham issue	A Tamil girl immolated herself in front of the Tahsil office at Kancheepuram to save the lives of three innocent people (Perarivalan, Murugan and Santhan) in the Rajiv Gandhi assassination case.
September 26, 2011	Lobsang Kunchok, Lobsang Kunchok	18	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Set fire to himself, together with Lobsang Kelsang.[55][59][60]
September 26, 2011	Lobsang Kelsang, Lobsang Kelsang	18	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Set fire to himself, together with Lobsang Kunchok.[55][61]
October 3, 2011	Kelsang Wangchuk, Kelsang Wangchuk	17	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Beaten and taken away by security personnel.[62]
October 7, 2011	Kayang, Kayang	17	China	Political situation in Tibet	Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Clasped hands with Choepel; died.[55][63]
October 7, 2011	Choepel, Choepel	19	China	Political situation in Tibet	Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Clasped hands with Kayang; died.[55][64] China Daily reported they were "slightly injured".[65]
October 15, 2011	Norbu Damdrul, Norbu Damdrul	19	China	Political situation in Tibet	Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Kicked and removed from scene by authorities. Current status unknown.[55][66]
October 17, 2011	Tenzin Wangmo, Tenzin Wangmo	20	China	Political situation in Tibet	Nun of Mame Dechen Chokorling. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died.[55][67]
October 21, 2011	Wang, Wang	42	China	Legal inequalities in China	At Tiananmen Square, Beijing. Taken to hospital by police; evidence at scene erased immediately.[55][68]
October 25, 2011	Dawa Tsering, Dawa Tsering	38	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kardze Monastery. In Kardze, Amdo. Current status unknown.[55][69]
November 3, 2011	Palden Choetso, Palden Choetso	35	China	Political situation in Tibet	Nun in Tawu, Kardze. Reported deceased by Xinhua.[55][70][71]
November 4, 2011	Sherab Tsedor, Sherab Tsedor	25	China	Political situation in Tibet	Layperson. Outside Chinese embassy in New Delhi. Overpowered by police and hospitalized with minor burns.[72][73][74]
November 11, 2011	Gebre, YenesewYenesew Gebre	29	Ethiopia	Corruption of dictatorship government	Inspired by Bouazizi's self-immolation in Tunisia.[75]
December 1, 2011	Tenzin Phuntsok, Tenzin Phuntsok	46[76]	China	Political situation in Tibet	Ex-monk, Karma Monastery, Chamdo.[77][78] Died on December 6, 2011, in Chamdo Hospital in Tibet[76] Reported in China Daily, as a "farmer" who "is considered eccentric".[79]
December 7, 2011	Hutagalung, SondangSondang Hutagalung	22	Indonesia	Disputed	[80]
January 6, 2012	Tennyi, Tennyi	Around 20	China	Political situation in Tibet	[81]
January 6, 2012	Tsultrim, Tsultrim	Around 20	China	Political situation in Tibet	[82]
January 8, 2012	Sopa Tulku/Sonam Wangyal, Sonam Wangyal	42	China	Political situation in Tibet	[83][84]
January 14, 2012	Jamyang Losang, Jamyang Losang	20s	China	Political situation in Tibet	Former monk of Andu monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Deceased.[85]
February 3, 2012	Tsaptai Tsering, Tsaptai Tsering, Kyarel, Kyarel, and unknown name	60, 30, unknown	China	Political situation in Tibet	Three laypersons. In Serthar. Incident published in several places, but unconfirmed.[86][87]
February 8, 2012	Rigzin Dorje, Rigzin Dorje (Rinzin)	Around 18	China	Political situation in Tibet	Former monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died February 21 in hospital.[88]
February 9, 2012	Sonam Rabyang, Sonam Rabyang	30s	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Lab Monastery. In Tridu town, Yushu County, Kham. Taken to hospital; condition unclear.[89]
February 11, 2012	Tenzin Choedron, Tenzin Choedron	18	China	Political situation in Tibet	Nun of Mame Dechen Chokorling. In Ngaba, Amdo. Taken away by soldiers and police, and died shortly afterward.[90][91]
February 13, 2012	Lobsang Gyatso, Lobsang Gyatso	19	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Current status unknown.[92][93]
March 4, 2012	Rinchen, Rinchen	32	China	Political situation in Tibet	Occupation unknown. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died on the spot.[94]
March 5, 2012	Dorje, Dorje (Dorjee)	18	China	Political situation in Tibet	Occupation unknown. In Ngaba, Amdo. Deceased.[95]
March 10, 2012	Gapey, Gapey (Gepey)	18	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died on the spot.[96]
March 13, 2012	Jamyang Palden, Jamyang Palden	30s	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Rongpo monastery, Rebkong, Amdo. Current status unknown.[97]
March 16, 2012	Lobsang Tsultrim, Lobsang Tsultrim	20	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery. In Ngaba, Amdo. Died in custody.[98]
March 17, 2012	Sonam Thargyal, Sonam Thargyal (Dargye, Dhargay)	44	China	Political situation in Tibet	Farmer in Rebkong, Amdo. Died on the spot.[99][100]
March 24, 2012	L Bhoja Naik, L Bhoja Naik	21	India	For the creation of the state of Telangana	MBA student set himself on fire in front of his college. Died on the spot.[101]
March 24, 2012	S Srikanth, S Srikanth	23	India	For creation of state of Telangana	Died in the hospital.[102]
March 26, 2012	Jamphel Yeshi, Jamphel Yeshi	20	India	Political situation in Tibet	Layperson in Delhi. Died 2 days later in hospital.[103][104]
March 26, 2012	Rajmouli	40	India	Telangana	For separate statehood to Telangana[105][106]
March 26, 2012	BR Goud	n/a	India	Telangana	For separate statehood to Telangana[105]
March 27, 2012	Pallavi , Pallavi	17	India	For creation of state of Telangana	Later died in hospital.[107]
March 27, 2012	Kalakanchi Ilaiah , Kalakanchi Ilaiah	30	India	Provincial Statehood demand for Telangana	Scrap dealer.[108]
March 28, 2012	K Uppalaiah , K Uppalaiah	30	India	For creation of state of Telangana	[109]
March 28, 2012	Lobsang Sherab, Lobsang Sherab	20	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Kirti Monastery.[110] In Ngaba, Amdo. Died on the spot.[111][112]
March 30, 2012	Tenpa Dhargyal, Tenpa Dhargyal (Darjey)	22	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Tsodun monastery, Barkham, Amdo. Forcibly removed to hospital by Chinese security forces. Current status unknown.[113][114]
March 30, 2012	Chimey Palden, Chimey Palden (Chime)	21	China	Political situation in Tibet	Monk of Tsodun monastery, Barkham, Amdo. Forcibly removed to hospital by Chinese security forces.[114][115] Died later that day around midnight.[116]
March 30, 2012	Shyamapuri Shankar, Shyamapuri Shankar	24	India	Provincial statehood demand for Telangana	[117]
March 30, 2012	Bandavath Suresh, Bandavath Suresh	25	India	Provincial statehood demand for Telangana	Suffered 50% burns.[118]
July 14, 2012	Moshe Silman, Moshe Silman	57	Israel	Social justice march in Tel Aviv	Social justice activist, suffered 90% burns.[119] Died of his wounds on July 20 in an Israeli hospital.[120]
July 15, 2012	Classified, Classified	30	Israel	Social injustice protest	Protested his debts.[121]
July 16, 2012	Zion Vaknin[122], Zion Vaknin[123]	46	Israel	Social injustice protest	At Beersheba's city hall, in protest of debts.[124]
July 18, 2012	Valentina Gerasimovna, Valentina Gerasimovna	57	Russia		A woman attempted self-immolation at the public reception center of the ruling United Russia party in Novosibirsk. She earlier addressed the party's public reception center for legal advice as an apartment buyer.[125][126] Died in the hospital.[127]
July 20, 2012	Akiva Mafi, Akiva Mafi	45	Israel	social injustice protest	Akiva Mafi[128] (45) Disabled IDF veteran sets himself on fire in Yehud, on behalf of wounded veterans.[129][130] Died August 1, 2012.[131] New agency established to prevent more cases.
July 30, 2012	Dang Thi Kim Lieng, Tạ Phong Tần's mother	64	Vietnam	earlier to a trial against her daughter	Protest against 2011 crackdown on Vietnamese youth activists[132] Set herself on fire in the early morning, died en route to the hospital in the afternoon of the same Monday.[133]
November 26, 2013	Bowatte Indrarathana Thera	30	Sri Lanka	Government allow religious minorities slaughter cows.[134]
June 20, 2014	Thu Hoang	71	United States		Apparent protest by a Vietnamese man of a Chinese state-owned oil rig being placed into waters contested by Vietnam in the South China Sea [135]
June 23, 2014	Charles Moore	79	United States	Social injustice[136]	Set himself alight in a strip mall parking lot, died upon arrival at hospital.
June 29, 2014	A man, A man	63	Japan	Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution[137]	Set himself on fire after making a long speech near Shinjuku Station. He survived.[138]
November 11, 2014	A man, A man		Japan	Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution [139]	Set himself on fire in Hibiya Park, leaving a protest note. Had set up a camera to film his own self-immolation. He died.[138]
December 12, 2014	A man, A man	29	Tilburg, Netherlands		Set himself on fire at the entrance of the city centre's police bureau, after which witnesses saw the man trying to get inside the building. The victim died after being rushed to the hospital.[140][141]
August 12, 2015	Choi Yeon-yeol	80	Seoul, South Korea	Japanese colonization of Korea and military conduct during WWII[142]	Set himself on fire in a flower bed near the Japanese embassy during an anti-Japan protest by "comfort women" (survivors of WWII Japanese military brothels). Injuries sustained were not life-threatening. Condition Pending.[143]
October 18, 2015	Khodayar Amini	30	Melbourne, Australia	Australian Refugee Policy	Mr Amini, who was previously held at the Yongah Hill detention centre, reportedly made a video call to advocates Sarah Ross and Michelle Bui, saying he feared he would be returned to detention because department officials wanted to interview him. Ms Bui said Mr Amini had been living in Sydney but she was unaware of the details of the charges. Asylum seekers living in the community on bridging visas who had "interactions" with police could be taken back to detention, she said, adding Mr Amini was due to speak to immigration officials on Monday, which "directly contributed to the stress that he felt". During the video call he self-immolated.[144]
April 27, 2016	Omid Masoumali	23	Australian Refugee Detention camp on Nauru	Australia's policy of mandatory offshore indefinite detention and permanent exile of refugees and asylum seekers who arrive in Australia by sea	During a visit to the camp by representatives of a UNHCR fundraising arm (Australia For UNHCR) refugees were told to expect to remain on Nauru for "another ten years",[145] the Iranian refugee known as "Omid" covered himself in flammable liquid and set himself alight shouting at the delegation "We're sick and exhausted! You've destroyed our lives! Did you come just to gape at our misery? We lead miserable lives! You've been torturing us for three years!"[146] After more than 24 hours without adequate medical attention he was airlifted by private contractor to Brisbane, Australia where he died on 29 April 2016 from his burns.[147]
May 2, 2016	Hodan Yasi	21	Australian Refugee Detention camp on Nauru	Australia's policy of mandatory offshore indefinite detention and permanent exile of refugees and asylum seekers who arrive in Australia by sea	The young refugee woman from Somalia (variously referred to as Hadon/Hodan and Yasin/Yasi) had been in Brisbane, Australia for medical treatment before being forcibly removed from Australia in the middle of the night on April 27, 2016, with 2 other refugees, and returned to Nauru Detention Camp.[148]

2010s Economic self-immolations

This is a sub-list of self-immolations caused by the European sovereign-debt crisis and related politico-economic reasons. These, while technically due to financial reasons, in reality are also a protest against the political ineffectiveness in the face of this crisis, as well as against the political decisions taken in the years leading up to it, which directly or indirectly allowed the crisis to develop.

Date	Name	Age	Location	Protesting	Notes and references
September 2011	Apostolos Polyzonis, Apostolos Polyzonis	55	Thessaloniki, Greece	European sovereign-debt crisis	Man set himself on fire in front of a bank.[149]
August 6, 2012	Unknown, Unknown	60	Chalcis, Greece	European sovereign-debt crisis	Retired footballer.[150]
October 13, 2012	Unknown, Unknown	32	Berlin, Germany	European sovereign-debt crisis	[151]
October 18, 2012	Unknown, Unknown	55	Rome, Italy	European sovereign-debt crisis	Romanian man, father of six.
January 3, 2013	Unknown, Unknown	57	Malaga, Spain	European sovereign-debt crisis	Moroccan man.[152]
January 4, 2013	Unknown, Unknown	63	Malaga, Spain	European sovereign-debt crisis	[153]
February 18, 2013	Trayan Marechkov, Trayan Marechkov	26	Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria	European sovereign-debt crisis, part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests	Died on the spot, at a central crossroads, in front of the central office of a private bank.[154]
February 20, 2013	Plamen Goranov, Plamen Goranov	36	Varna, Bulgaria	Corruption and monopolies,[155] demanded the resignation of Varna's mayor Kiril Yordanov and the Municipal Council,[156] part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests against the Borisov cabinet.	Mountain climber and photographer. Set himself alight in front of the municipality. Died 11 days later in hospital.[157][158]
February 26, 2013	Ventzislav Vasilev, Ventzislav Vasilev	53	Radnevo, Bulgaria	European sovereign-debt crisis, part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests.	Father of five.[159] Set himself on fire and entered the Radnevo municipality. Died in hospital two weeks later.
March 13, 2013	Dimitar Dimitrov, Dimitar Dimitrov	51	Sofia, Bulgaria	European sovereign-debt crisis, part of the 2013 Bulgarian protests.	Set himself on fire in front of the presidency. Hospitalized with life-threatening injuries.[160][161]

See also

• 2013 Bulgarian self-immolations
• List of self-immolations in Telangana

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External links

• "The Self Immolators"; a chronological list (bookform) containing the biographies and last statements of all known self immolators since Thích Quảng Đức in 1967.