Sagrada Família

This article is about the church. For other uses, see Sagrada Familia (disambiguation).
Sagrada Família
Basílica i Temple Expiatori
de la Sagrada Família
Basilica and Expiatory Church
of the Holy Family

View of the Passion Façade (Western side) in September 2009
(cranes digitally removed)
Basic information
Location Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
Geographic coordinates 41°24′13″N 2°10′28″E / 41.40361°N 2.17444°E / 41.40361; 2.17444Coordinates: 41°24′13″N 2°10′28″E / 41.40361°N 2.17444°E / 41.40361; 2.17444
Affiliation Roman Catholic
District Barcelona
Year consecrated 7 November 2010
Ecclesiastical or organizational status Minor basilica
Status Active/incomplete
Heritage designation 1969, 1984
Leadership Archbishop Lluís Martínez Sistach
Website www.sagradafamilia.cat
Architectural description
Architect(s) Antoni Gaudí
Architectural style Modernisme
General contractor Construction Board of La Sagrada Família Foundation
Groundbreaking 1882 (1882)
Completed 2026-2028[1] (estimate)
Specifications
Direction of façade Northeast
Capacity 9,000
Length 90 m (300 ft)[2]
Width 60 m (200 ft)[2]
Width (nave) 45 m (150 ft)[2]
Spire(s) 18 (8 already built)
Spire height 170 m (560 ft) (planned)
Official name: Works of Antoni Gaudí
Type Cultural
Criteria i, ii, iv
Designated 1984[3]
Reference no. 320bis
State Party Spain
Region Europe and North America
Official name: Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia
Type Monument
Designated 24-07-1969
Reference no. (R.I.)-51-0003813-00000[4]

The Basílica i Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família (Catalan pronunciation: [səˈɣɾaðə fəˈmiɫiə]; English: Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family) is a large Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, designed by Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926). Although incomplete, the church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[5] and in November 2010 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated and proclaimed it a minor basilica,[6][7][8] as distinct from a cathedral, which must be the seat of a bishop.

Construction of Sagrada Família commenced in 1882 and Gaudí became involved in 1883,[5] taking over the project and transforming it with his architectural and engineering style, combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted his last years to the project, and at the time of his death at age 73 in 1926, less than a quarter of the project was complete.[9]

Sagrada Família's construction progressed slowly, as it relied on private donations and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War, only to resume intermittent progress in the 1950s. Construction passed the midpoint in 2010 with some of the project's greatest challenges remaining[9] and an anticipated completion date of 2026, the centenary of Gaudí's death.

The basílica has a long history of dividing the citizens of Barcelona: over the initial possibility it might compete with Barcelona's cathedral, over Gaudí's design itself,[10] over the possibility that work after Gaudí's death disregarded his design,[10] and the 2007 proposal to build an underground tunnel of Spain's high-speed rail link to France which could disturb its stability.[11] Describing Sagrada Família, art critic Rainer Zerbst said, "It is probably impossible to find a church building anything like it in the entire history of art"[12] and Paul Goldberger called it, "The most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages."[13]

History

Gaudí's model of the completed church

Background

The Basilica of the Sagrada Família was the inspiration of a bookseller, Josep Maria Bocabella, founder of Asociación Espiritual de Devotos de San José (Spiritual Association of Devotees of St. Joseph).[14]

After a visit to the Vatican in 1872, Bocabella returned from Italy with the intention of building a church inspired by that at Loreto.[14] The apse crypt of the church, funded by donations, was begun 19 March 1882, on the festival of St Joseph, to the design of the architect Francisco de Paula del Villar, whose plan was for a Gothic revival church of a standard form.[14] The apse crypt was completed before Villar's resignation on 18 March 1883, when Gaudí assumed responsibility for its design, which he changed radically.[14] Antoni Gaudí began work on the church in 1883 but was not appointed Architect Director until 1884.

Construction

Newly constructed stonework at the Sagrada Família is clearly visible against the stained and weathered older sections.
Sagrada Familia in 1905.

On the subject of the extremely long construction period, Gaudí is said to have remarked: "My client is not in a hurry."[15] When Gaudí died in 1926, the basilica was between 15 and 25 percent complete.[9][16] After Gaudí's death, work continued under the direction of Domènec Sugrañes i Gras until interrupted by the Spanish Civil War in 1936.

Parts of the unfinished basilica and Gaudí's models and workshop were destroyed during the war by Catalan anarchists. The present design is based on reconstructed versions of the plans that were burned in a fire as well as on modern adaptations. Since 1940 the architects Francesc Quintana, Isidre Puig Boada, Lluís Bonet i Gari and Francesc Cardoner have carried on the work. The illumination was designed by Carles Buigas.

The current director and son of Lluís Bonet, Jordi Bonet i Armengol, has been introducing computers into the design and construction process since the 1980s. Mark Burry of New Zealand serves as Executive Architect and Researcher. Sculptures by J. Busquets, Etsuro Sotoo and the controversial Josep Subirachs decorate the fantastical façades. Barcelona-born Jordi Fauli took over as chief architect in 2012.[17]

Construction in early 1988

The central nave vaulting was completed in 2000 and the main tasks since then have been the construction of the transept vaults and apse. As of 2006, work concentrated on the crossing and supporting structure for the main tower of Jesus Christ as well as the southern enclosure of the central nave, which will become the Glory façade.

The church shares its site with the Sagrada Família Schools building, a school originally designed by Gaudí in 1909 for the children of the construction workers. Relocated in 2002 from the eastern corner of the site to the southern corner, the building now houses an exhibition.

Construction status

Sagrada Família's roof under construction (2009)

Chief architect Jordi Fauli announced in October 2015 that construction is 70 percent complete and has entered its final phase of raising six immense towers. The towers and most of the church's structure are to be completed by 2026, the centennial of Gaudí's death; decorative elements should be complete by 2030 or 2032. Visitor entrance fees of 15-20 euros ($17–22) finance the annual construction budget of 25 million euros ($28.38 million).[18]

Computer-aided design technology has been used to accelerate construction of the building. Current technology allows stone to be shaped off-site by a CNC milling machine, whereas in the 20th century the stone was carved by hand.[19]

In 2008, some renowned Catalan architects advocated halting construction,[20] to respect Gaudí's original designs, which although they were not exhaustive and were partially destroyed, have been partially reconstructed in recent years.[21]

A 2010 exhibition, "Gaudí Unseen, Completing La Sagrada Família" at the German Architecture Museum, Frankfurt am Main, describes the current construction methods and future plans for the Sagrada Família.[21]

An artist at work in the gypsum workshop

AVE tunnel

Since 2013, AVE high-speed trains have passed near the Sagrada Família through an underground tunnel that runs beneath the centre of Barcelona.

The tunnel's construction, which began on 26 March 2010, was controversial. The Ministry of Public Works of Spain (Ministerio de Fomento) claimed the project posed no risk to the church.[22][23] Sagrada Família engineers and architects disagreed, saying there was no guarantee that the tunnel would not affect the stability of the building. The Board of the Sagrada Família (Patronat de la Sagrada Família) and the neighborhood association AVE pel Litoral (AVE by the Coast) had led a campaign against this route for the AVE, without success.

In October 2010, the tunnel boring machine reached the church underground under the location of the building's principal façade.[22] Service through the tunnel was inaugurated on 8 January 2013.[24] Track in the tunnel makes use of a system by EdilonSedra in which the rails are embedded in an elastic material to dampen vibrations.[25] No damage to the Sagrada Família has been reported to date.

Consecration

The main nave was covered and an organ installed in mid-2010, allowing the still-unfinished building to be used for religious services.[26] The church was consecrated by Pope Benedict XVI on 7 November 2010 in front of a congregation of 6,500 people.[27] A further 50,000 people followed the consecration Mass from outside the basilica, where more than 100 bishops and 300 priests were on hand to offer Holy Communion.[28]

Fire

On 19 April 2011, an arsonist started a small fire in the sacristy which forced the evacuation of tourists and construction workers;[29] the sacristy was damaged, and the fire took 45 minutes to contain.[30]

Design

Nativity façade

The style of la Sagrada Família is variously likened to Spanish Late Gothic, Catalan Modernism and to Art Nouveau or Catalan Noucentisme. While the Sagrada Família falls within the Art Nouveau period, Nikolaus Pevsner points out that, along with Charles Rennie Macintosh in Glasgow, Gaudí carried the Art Nouveau style far beyond its usual application as a surface decoration.[31]

Plan

While never intended to be a cathedral (seat of a bishop), the Sagrada Família was planned from the outset to be a cathedral-sized building. Its ground-plan has obvious links to earlier Spanish cathedrals such as Burgos Cathedral, Leon Cathedral and Seville Cathedral. In common with Catalan and many other European Gothic cathedrals, the Sagrada Família is short in comparison to its width, and has a great complexity of parts, which include double aisles, an ambulatory with a chevet of seven apsidal chapels, a multitude of towers and three portals, each widely different in structure as well as ornament. Where it is common for cathedrals in Spain to be surrounded by numerous chapels and ecclesiastical buildings, the plan of this church has an unusual feature: a covered passage or cloister which forms a rectangle enclosing the church and passing through the narthex of each of its three portals. With this peculiarity aside, the plan, influenced by Villar's crypt, barely hints at the complexity of Gaudí's design or its deviations from traditional church architecture.

Spires

Gaudí's original design calls for a total of eighteen spires, representing in ascending order of height the Twelve Apostles,[32] the Virgin Mary, the four Evangelists and, tallest of all, Jesus Christ. Eight spires have been built as of 2010, corresponding to four apostles at the Nativity façade and four apostles at the Passion façade.

According to the 2005 "Works Report" of the project's official website, drawings signed by Gaudí and recently found in the Municipal Archives, indicate that the spire of the Virgin was in fact intended by Gaudí to be shorter than those of the evangelists. The spire height will follow Gaudí's intention, which according to the report will work with the existing foundation.

The Evangelists' spires will be surmounted by sculptures of their traditional symbols: a bull (Saint Luke), an angel (Saint Matthew), an eagle (Saint John), and a lion (Saint Mark). The central spire of Jesus Christ is to be surmounted by a giant cross; its total height (170 metres (560 ft)) will be one metre less than that of Montjuïc hill in Barcelona as Gaudí believed that his creation should not surpass God's. The lower spires are surmounted by communion hosts with sheaves of wheat and chalices with bunches of grapes, representing the Eucharist.

The completion of the spires will make Sagrada Família the tallest church building in the world.

Façades

The Nativity façade

The Church will have three grand façades: the Nativity façade to the East, the Passion façade to the West, and the Glory façade to the South (yet to be completed). The Nativity Façade was built before work was interrupted in 1935 and bears the most direct Gaudí influence. The Passion façade was built after the project which Gaudi planned in 1917. The construction began in 1954, and the towers, built over the elliptical plan, were finished in 1976. It is especially striking for its spare, gaunt, tormented characters, including emaciated figures of Christ being scourged at the pillar; and Christ on the Cross. These controversial designs are the work of Josep Maria Subirachs. The Glory façade, on which construction began in 2002, will be the largest and most monumental of the three and will represent one's ascension to God. It will also depict various scenes such as Hell, Purgatory, and will include elements such as the Seven Deadly Sins and the Seven Heavenly Virtues.

Nativity Façade

Tortoise at the base of column

Constructed between 1894 and 1930, the Nativity façade was the first façade to be completed. Dedicated to the birth of Jesus, it is decorated with scenes reminiscent of elements of life. Characteristic of Gaudí's naturalistic style, the sculptures are ornately arranged and decorated with scenes and images from nature, each a symbol in their own manner. For instance, the three porticos are separated by two large columns, and at the base of each lies a turtle or a tortoise (one to represent the land and the other the sea; each are symbols of time as something set in stone and unchangeable). In contrast to the figures of turtles and their symbolism, two chameleons can be found at either side of the façade, and are symbolic of change.

The façade faces the rising sun to the northeast, a symbol for the birth of Christ. It is divided into three porticos, each of which represents a theological virtue (Hope, Faith and Charity). The Tree of Life rises above the door of Jesus in the portico of Charity. Four towers complete the façade and are each dedicated to a Saint (Matthias the Apostle, Saint Barnabas, Jude the Apostle, and Simon the Zealot).

Originally, Gaudí intended for this façade to be polychromed, for each archivolt to be painted with a wide array of colours. He wanted every statue and figure to be painted. In this way the figures of humans would appear as much alive as the figures of plants and animals.[33]

Gaudí chose this façade to embody the structure and decoration of the whole church. He was well aware that he would not finish the church and that he would need to set an artistic and architectural example for others to follow. He also chose for this façade to be the first on which to begin construction and for it to be, in his opinion, the most attractive and accessible to the public. He believed that if he had begun construction with the Passion Façade, one that would be hard and bare (as if made of bones), before the Nativity Façade, people would have withdrawn at the sight of it.[34] Some of the statues were destroyed in 1936, and subsequently were reconstructed by the sculptor Sotoo.

Passion Façade

Passion façade (2010)

In contrast to the highly decorated Nativity Façade, the Passion Façade is austere, plain and simple, with ample bare stone, and is carved with harsh straight lines to resemble the bones of a skeleton. Dedicated to the Passion of Christ, the suffering of Jesus during his crucifixion, the façade was intended to portray the sins of man. Construction began in 1954, following the drawings and instructions left by Gaudí for future architects and sculptors. The towers were completed in 1976, and in 1987 a team of sculptors, headed by Josep Maria Subirachs, began work sculpting the various scenes and details of the façade. They aimed to give a rigid, angular form to provoke a dramatic effect. Gaudí intended for this façade to strike fear into the onlooker. He wanted to "break" arcs and "cut" columns, and to use the effect of chiaroscuro (dark angular shadows contrasted by harsh rigid light) to further show the severity and brutality of Christ's sacrifice.

Facing the setting sun, indicative and symbolic of the death of Christ, the Passion Façade is supported by six large and inclined columns, designed to resemble sequoia trunks. Above there is a pyramidal pediment, made up of eighteen bone-shaped columns, which culminate in a large cross with a crown of thorns. Each of the four towers is dedicated to an apostle (James, Thomas, Philip, or Bartholomew) and, like the Nativity Façade, there are three porticos, each representing the theological virtues, though in a much different light.

The scenes sculpted into the façade may be divided into three levels, which ascend in an 'S' form and reproduce the Via Crucis of Christ.[2] The lowest level depicts scenes from Jesus' last night before the crucifixion, including The Last Supper, Kiss of Judas, Ecce Homo, and the Sanhedrin Trial of Jesus. The middle level portrays the Calvary, or Golgotha, of Christ, and includes The Three Marys, Saint Veronica, Saint Longinus, and a hollow-face illusion of Christ. In the third and final level the Death, Burial and the Resurrection of Christ can be seen. A bronze figure situated on a bridge creating a link between the towers of Saint Bartholomew and Saint Thomas represents the Ascension of Jesus.[35]

Glory Façade

Glory Façade under construction (October 2011).

The largest and most striking of the façades will be the Glory Façade, on which construction began in 2002. It will be the principal façade and will offer access to the central nave. Dedicated to the Celestial Glory of Jesus, it represents the road to God: Death, Final Judgment, and Glory, while Hell is left for those who deviate from God's will. Aware that he would not live long enough to see this façade completed, Gaudí made a model which was demolished in 1936, whose original fragments were base for the development of the project of the façade. The completion of this façade will require the demolition of the complete block with buildings across the Carrer de Mallorca. To reach the Glory Portico the large staircase will lead over the underground passage built over Carrer de Mallorca with the decoration representing Hell and vice. It will be decorated with demons, idols, false gods, heresy and schisms, etc. Purgatory and death will also be depicted, the latter using tombs along the ground. The portico will have seven large columns dedicated to spiritual gifts. At the base of the columns there will be representations of the Seven Deadly Sins, and at the top, The Seven Heavenly Virtues.

Interior

See also: Cathedral floorplan and for definitions of the architectural terms

The church plan is that of a Latin cross with five aisles. The central nave vaults reach forty-five metres (150 ft) while the side nave vaults reach thirty metres (100 ft). The transept has three aisles. The columns are on a 7.5 metre (25 ft) grid. However, the columns of the apse, resting on del Villar's foundation, do not adhere to the grid, requiring a section of columns of the ambulatory to transition to the grid thus creating a horseshoe pattern to the layout of those columns. The crossing rests on the four central columns of porphyry supporting a great hyperboloid surrounded by two rings of twelve hyperboloids (currently under construction). The central vault reaches sixty metres (200 ft). The apse is capped by a hyperboloid vault reaching seventy-five metres (250 ft). Gaudí intended that a visitor standing at the main entrance be able to see the vaults of the nave, crossing, and apse; thus the graduated increase in vault loft.

Detail of the roof in the nave. Gaudí designed the columns to mirror trees and branches.[36]

There are gaps in the floor of the apse, providing a view down into the crypt below.

The columns of the interior are a unique Gaudí design. Besides branching to support their load, their ever-changing surfaces are the result of the intersection of various geometric forms. The simplest example is that of a square base evolving into an octagon as the column rises, then a sixteen-sided form, and eventually to a circle. This effect is the result of a three-dimensional intersection of helicoidal columns (for example a square cross-section column twisting clockwise and a similar one twisting counter-clockwise).

Essentially none of the interior surfaces are flat; the ornamentation is comprehensive and rich, consisting in large part of abstract shapes which combine smooth curves and jagged points. Even detail-level work such as the iron railings for balconies and stairways are full of curvaceous elaboration.

Standing in the transept and looking northeast (2011)

Organ

In 2010 an organ was installed in the presbytery by the Blancafort Orgueners de Montserrat organ builders. The instrument has 26 stops (1,492 pipes) on two manuals and a pedalboard.

To overcome the unique acoustical challenges posed by the church's architecture and vast size, several additional organs will be installed at various points within the building. These instruments will be playable separately (from their own individual consoles) and simultaneously (from a single mobile console), yielding an organ of some 8000 pipes when completed.[37]

Geometric details

Further information: Mathematics and art
Alpha and Omega carving at Sagrada Família entrance

The towers on the Nativity façade are crowned with geometrically shaped tops that are reminiscent of Cubism (they were finished around 1930), and the intricate decoration is contemporary to the style of Art Nouveau, but Gaudí's unique style drew primarily from nature, not other artists or architects, and resists categorization.

Gaudí used hyperboloid structures in later designs of the Sagrada Família (more obviously after 1914), however there are a few places on the nativity façade—a design not equated with Gaudí's ruled-surface design—where the hyperboloid crops up. For example, all around the scene with the pelican there are numerous examples (including the basket held by one of the figures). There is a hyperboloid adding structural stability to the cypress tree (by connecting it to the bridge). And finally, the "bishop's mitre" spires are capped with hyperboloid structures.[38] In his later designs, ruled surfaces are prominent in the nave's vaults and windows and the surfaces of the Passion façade.

Symbolism

Detail of a tower of the Passion Façade decorated with the word Sanctus

Themes throughout the decoration include words from the liturgy. The towers are decorated with words such as "Hosanna", "Excelsis", and "Sanctus"; the great doors of the Passion façade reproduce words from the Bible in various languages including Catalan; and the Glory façade is to be decorated with the words from the Apostles' Creed. The three entrances symbolize the three virtues: Faith, Hope and Love. Each of them is also dedicated to a part of Christ's life. The Nativity Façade is dedicated to his birth; it also has a cypress tree which symbolizes the tree of life. The Glory façade is dedicated to his glory period. The Passion façade is symbolic of his suffering. The apse tower bears Latin text of Hail Mary. All in all, the Sagrada Família is symbolic of the lifetime of Christ.

Areas of the sanctuary will be designated to represent various concepts, such as saints, virtues and sins, and secular concepts such as regions, presumably with decoration to match.

Burials

Appraisal

The art historian Nikolaus Pevsner, writing in the 1960s, referred to Gaudí's buildings as growing "like sugar loaves and anthills" and describes the ornamenting of buildings with shards of broken pottery as possibly "bad taste" but handled with vitality and "ruthless audacity".[31]

The building's design itself has been polarizing. Assessments by Gaudí's fellow architects were generally positive; Louis Sullivan greatly admired it, describing Sagrada Família as the "greatest piece of creative architecture in the last twenty-five years. It is spirit symbolised in stone!"[39] Walter Gropius also praised the Sagrada Família, describing the building's walls as "a marvel of technical perfection".[39] Time Magazine called it 'sensual, spiritual, whimsical, exuberant',[15] George Orwell called it "one of the most hideous buildings in the world",[40] James A. Michener called it "one of the strangest-looking serious buildings in the world"[41] and British historian Gerald Brenan stated about the building "Not even in the European architecture of the period can one discover anything so vulgar or pretentious."[41] The building's distinctive silhouette has nevertheless become symbolic of Barcelona itself,[9] drawing an estimated 2.5 million visitors annually.[10]

World Heritage status

Together with six other Gaudí buildings in Barcelona, part of la Sagrada Família is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, as testifying "to Gaudí’s exceptional creative contribution to the development of architecture and building technology", "having represented el Modernisme of Catalonia" and "anticipated and influenced many of the forms and techniques that were relevant to the development of modern construction in the 20th century". The inscription only includes the Crypt and the Nativity Facade.[5]

Visiting

Visitors can access the Nave, Crypt, Museum, Shop, and the Passion and Nativity towers. While visitors could previously access the towers directly at no cost, their access currently is possible only by lift and a walk up the remainder of the towers, over the bridge between the towers and descent via the opposite tower by spiral staircase.

As of August 2010, there is a service for faster entry whereby visitors can buy an entry code either at Servicaixa ATM kiosks (part of 'La Caixa') or online.

Funding

Construction on Sagrada Família is not supported by any government or official church sources. Private patrons funded the initial stages.[42] Money from tickets purchased by tourists is now used to pay for the work, and private donations are accepted through the Friends of the Sagrada Família.

The construction budget for 2009 was €18 million.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Sagrada Família gets final completion date – 2026 or 2028". The Guardian. 22 September 2011. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Gómez Gimeno, María José (2006). La Sagrada Família. Mundo Flip Ediciones. pp. 86–87. ISBN 84-933983-4-9.
  3. ↑ "Unesco, Works of Antoni Gaudí". Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  4. ↑ "Templo Expiatorio de la Sagrada Familia". Patrimonio Historico – Base de datos de bienes inmuebles (in Spanish). Ministerio de Cultura. Retrieved 9 January 2011.
  5. 1 2 3 Works of Antoni Gaudí, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, accessed 14-11-2010
  6. ↑ Drummer, Alexander (23 July 2010). "Pontiff to Proclaim Gaudí's Church a Basilica". ZENIT. Retrieved 7 November 2010.
  7. ↑ "The Pope Consecrates The Church Of The Sagrada Familia". Vatican City: Vatican Information Service. 7 November 2010. Archived from the original on 11 November 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  8. ↑ Delaney, Sarah (4 March 2010). "Pope to visit Santiago de Compostela, Barcelona in November". Catholic News Service. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Minder, Raphael (3 November 2010). "Polishing Gaudí's Unfinished Jewel". The New York Times.
  10. 1 2 3 Schumacher, Edward (1 January 1991). "Gaudí's Church Still Divides Barcelona". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ Burnett, Victoria (11 June 2007). "Warning: Trains Coming. A Masterpiece Is at Risk.". The New York Times.
  12. ↑ Rainer Zerbst, Gaudí — a Life Devoted to Architecture., pp. 190–215
  13. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (28 Jan 1991). "Barcelona". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 4 The Gaudí & Barcelona Club Sagrada Família
  15. 1 2 Hornblower, Margo (28 Jan 1991). "Heresy Or Homage in Barcelona?". Time.
  16. ↑ Gladstone, Valerie (22 August 2004). "ARCHITECTURE: Gaudí's Unfinished Masterpiece Is Virtually Complete". The New York Times.
  17. ↑ "A Completion Date for Sagrada Família, Helped by Technology". Architect. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  18. ↑ Wilson, Joseph. "Barcelona's La Sagrada Familia Basilica enters final years of construction". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
  19. ↑ Daniel, Paul (January 2009). Diamond tools help shape the Sagrada Família(PDF). Industrial Diamond Review. Retrieved 7 July 2010. Archived 1 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. ↑ Fancelli, Agustí (4 December 2008). "¿Por qué no parar la Sagrada Familia?" [Why not stop the Sagrada Familia?] (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 July 2010. (English tr.)
  21. 1 2 Burry, Mark; Gaudí, Antoni (2007). Gaudí Unseen. Berlin: Jovis Verlag. ISBN 978-3-939633-78-5.
  22. 1 2 Comorera, Ramon (13 October 2010). "La tuneladora del AVE perfora ya a cuatro metros de la Sagrada Família" [The tunnel boring machine of the AVE is already excavating four meters from the Sagrada Família]. El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  23. ↑ ADIF (Administrator of Railway Infrastructures). "Madrid – Zaragoza Barcelona – French Border Line Barcelona Sants-Sagrera – high-speed tunnel". Retrieved 9 November 2010.
  24. ↑ "El AVE alcanza Girona". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 8 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  25. ↑ Comorera, Ramon (12 March 2012). "Doble aislante de vibraciones en las obras de Gaudí" [Double Isolation of Vibrations at the Gaudí constructions]. El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 March 2012.
  26. 1 2 Montañés, José Ángel (13 March 2009). "La Sagrada Familia se abrirá al culto en septiembre de 2010". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 June 2009. (English tr)
  27. ↑ "Pope Benedict consecrates Barcelona's Sagrada Familia". BBC News. 7 November 2010
  28. ↑ "Visita histórica del Papa a Barcelona para dedicar la Sagrada Família". La Vanguardia. 7 November 2010
  29. ↑ Woolls, Daniel (19 April 2011). "Fire in Barcelona church sees tourists evacuated". The Star (Toronto).
  30. ↑ [s.n.] (19 April 2011). Fire by suspected arsonist at Sagrada Familia. The Telegraph. Accessed September 2013.
  31. 1 2 Nikolaus Pevsner, An Outline of European Architecture, Penguin Books, (1963), pp. 394–5 ISBN ?
  32. ↑ Note: the two Apostles who are also Evangelists are left out and replaced by St. Paul and also St. Barnabas.
  33. ↑ Bergós i Massó, Joan (1999). Gaudí, l'home i l'obra. Barcelona: Ed. Lunwerg. p. 40. ISBN 84-7782-617-X.
  34. ↑ Barral i Altet, Xavier (1999). Art de Catalunya. Arquitectura religiosa moderna i contemporània. Barcelona: L'isard. p. 218. ISBN 84-89931-14-3.
  35. ↑ "La Sagrada Familia abrirá al culto en 2008, según sus responsables (The Sagrada Familia opens for worship in 2008, according to its leaders)". El Mundo (in Spanish) (Mundinteractivos, SA). Europa Press. 2 June 2005. Retrieved 7 July 2010. (English tr.)
  36. ↑ Zerb, p.30
  37. ↑ Blancafort Orgueners de Montserrat, (Catalan)
  38. ↑ M.C. Burry; J.R. Burry; G.M. Dunlop; A. Maher (2001). "Drawing Together Euclidean and Topological Threads" (PDF). The 13th Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2008. The paper explores the assemblies of second order hyperbolic surfaces as they are used throughout the design composition of the Sagrada Família Church building.
  39. 1 2 David Mower, Gaudí,Oresko Books Limited, 1977, (p.6) ISBN 0905368096
  40. ↑ Orwell, George (1938). Homage to Catalonia. Secker and Warburg. [the anarchists] showed bad taste in not blowing it up when they had the chance.
  41. 1 2 Delaney, Paul (24 October 1987). "Gaudí's Cathedral: And Now?". The New York Times.
  42. ↑ Fletcher, Tom. "Sagrada Família Church of the Holy Family". Essential Architecture. Retrieved 5 August 2008.

Further reading

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