Hindu calendar

Hindu calendar is a collective name for most of the luni-sidereal calendars and sidereal calendars traditionally used in Hinduism.
The Hindu calendars have undergone many changes in the process of regionalisation. Some of the more prominent regional Hindu calendars include the Nepali calendar, Punjabi calendar, Bengali calendar, Odiya calendar, Malayalam calendar, Kannada panchanga, Tulu calendar, Tamil calendar, Vikrama Samvat used in Northern India, and Shalivahana calendar in the Deccan States of Karnataka, Telangana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.[1] The common feature of many regional Hindu calendars is that the names of the twelve months are the same (because the names are based in Sanskrit). The month which starts the year also varies from region to region.
The Buddhist calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar.
Most of the Hindu calendars derived from Gupta era astronomy as developed by Ä€ryabhaá¹a and VarÄhamihira in the 5th to 6th century. These in turn were based in the astronomical tradition of VedÄá¹…ga Jyotiá¹£a, which in the preceding centuries had been standardised in a number of (non-extant) works known as SÅ«rya SiddhÄnta. Regional diversification took place in the medieval period. The astronomical foundations were further developed in the medieval period, notably by BhÄskara II (12th century).
Differences and regional variations abound in these computations, but the following is a general overview of the Hindu lunisolar calendar.
The Indian national calendar or "Saka calendar" was introduced in 1957 based on the traditional Hindu calendars.
Day
In the Hindu calendar, the day starts with the sunrise. It is allotted five "properties" or "limbs", called aá¹…gas. They are:
- the Tithi (one of 30 divisions of a synodic month) active at sunrise
- the VÄsara (ancient nomenclature), vÄra (modern nomenclature), like in ravi-vÄra, somÄ-vÄra, etc. or weekday
- the Naká¹£atra (one of 27 divisions of the celestial ecliptic) in which the moon resides at sunrise
- the Yoga (one of 27 divisions based on the ecliptic longitude of the sun and moon) active at sunrise time
- the Karaṇa (divisions based on tithis) active at sunrise.
Together 5 limbs or properties are labelled under as the pañcÄá¹…gas (Sanskrit: pañca = five). An explanation of the terms follows.
VÄsara
VÄsara refers to the weekdays and the names of the week in many western cultures bear striking similarities with the VÄsara:
No. | Sanskrit name of the day (Day begins at sunrise) |
Nepali name | Hindi name | Bhojpuri name | Punjabi name | Bengali name | Marathi name | Odia name | Kannada name | Telugu name | Tamil name | Malayalam name | Gujarati name | English & Latin names of the approximate day (Day begins at 00:00Hrs) |
Celestial object |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | RavivÄsara रविवासर |
Aaitabar आइतवार |
RavivÄr रविवार |
AitwÄr à¤à¤¤à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
AitvÄr à¨à¨¤à¨µà¨¾à¨° |
RôbibÄr রবিবার |
RavivÄr रविवार |
RabibÄra ରବିବାର |
BhÄnuvÄra à²à²¾à²¨à³à²µà²¾à²° |
Ä€divÄraṠఆదివారం |
Nyayiru ஞாயிற௠|
Njaayar ഞായർ |
RavivÄr રવિવાર |
Sunday/dies Solis | Ravi, Aditya = Sun |
2 | SomavÄsara सोमवासर |
Sombar सोमवार |
SomavÄr सोमवार |
SomÄr सोमार |
SomavÄr ਸੋਮਵਾਰ |
ShombÄr সোমবার |
SomavÄr सोमवार |
SomabÄra ସà‹à¬®à¬¬à¬¾à¬° |
SÅmavÄra ಸೋಮವಾರ |
SÅmavÄraṠసోమవారం |
Thingal திஙà¯à®•à®³à¯ |
Thinkal തിങàµà´•àµ¾ |
SÅmavÄr સોમવાર |
Monday/dies Lunae | Soma = Moon |
3 | Maá¹…galavÄsara मंगलवासर |
Mangalbar मंगलवार |
Maá¹…galavÄr मंगलवार |
Mangar मंगर |
Maá¹…galavÄr ਮੰਗਲਵਾਰ |
MôngôlbÄr মঙà§à¦—লবার |
Maá¹…gaḷavÄr मंगळवार |
Maá¹…gaḷabÄra ମଙàଗଳବାର |
Maá¹gaḷavÄra ಮಂಗಳವಾರ |
Maá¹gaḷavÄraṠమంగళవారం |
Chevvai செவà¯à®µà®¾à®¯à¯ |
Chovva ചൊവàµà´µ |
Maá¹…gaḷavÄr મંગળવાર |
Tuesday/dies Martis | Maá¹…gala = Mars |
4 | BudhavÄsara बà¥à¤§à¤µà¤¾à¤¸à¤° |
Budhabar बà¥à¤§à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
BudhavÄra बà¥à¤§à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
Budh बà¥à¤§ |
BuddhavÄr ਬà©à©±à¨§à¨µà¨¾à¨° |
BudhbÄr বà§à¦§à¦¬à¦¾à¦° |
BudhavÄr बà¥à¤§à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
BudhabÄra ବàଧବାର |
BudhavÄra ಬà³à²§à²µà²¾à²° |
BudhavÄraá¹ à°¬à±à°§à°µà°¾à°°à°‚ |
Arivan (Tamil tradition) or Buthan (religious tradition) அறிவன௠(பà¯à®¤à®©à¯ - பெரà¯à®µà®¾à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾à®© பயனà¯à®ªà®¾à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®¿à®²à¯) |
Budhan à´¬àµà´§àµ» |
BudhavÄr બà«àª§àªµàª¾àª° |
Wednesday/dies Mercurii | Budha = Mercury |
5 | GuruvÄsara गà¥à¤°à¥à¤µà¤¾à¤¸à¤° or Brhaspati vÄsara बृहसà¥à¤ªà¤¤à¤¿à¤µà¤¾à¤¸à¤° |
Bihibar बिहिवार |
GuruvÄr गà¥à¤°à¥à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
Bi'phey बियफे |
VÄ«ravÄr ਵੀਰਵਾਰ |
BrihôshpôtibÄr বৃহসà§à¦ªà¦¤à¦¿à¦¬à¦¾à¦° |
GuruvÄr गà¥à¤°à¥à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
GurubÄra ଗàରàବାର |
GuruvÄra ಗà³à²°à³à²µà²¾à²° |
GuruvÄraá¹, BrÌ¥haspativÄraá¹ à°—à±à°°à±à°µà°¾à°°à°‚, బృహసà±à°ªà°¤à°¿à°µà°¾à°°à°‚, లకà±à°·à±à°®à±€à°µà°¾à°°à°‚ |
Vyazhan வியாழன௠|
Vyaazham à´µàµà´¯à´¾à´´à´‚ |
GuruvÄr ગà«àª°à«àªµàª¾àª° |
Thursday/dies Iovis | Deva-Guru Bá¹›haspati = Jupiter |
6 | ÅšukravÄsara शà¥à¤•à¥à¤°à¤µà¤¾à¤¸à¤° |
Sukrabar शà¥à¤•à¥à¤°à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
ÅšukravÄr शà¥à¤•à¥à¤°à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
Suk सà¥à¤• |
ÅšukkaravÄr ਸ਼à©à©±à¨•à¨°à¨µà¨¾à¨° |
ShukrôbÄr শà§à¦•à§à¦°à¦¬à¦¾à¦° |
ÅšukravÄr शà¥à¤•à¥à¤°à¤µà¤¾à¤° |
ÅšukrabÄra ଶàକàରବାର |
ÅšukravÄra ಶà³à²•à³à²°à²µà²¾à²° |
ÅšukravÄraá¹ à°¶à±à°•à±à°°à°µà°¾à°°à°‚ |
Velli வெளà¯à®³à®¿à¯ |
Velli വെളàµà´³à´¿ |
ÅšukravÄr શà«àª•à«àª°àªµàª¾àª° |
Friday/dies Veneris | Åšukra = Venus |
7 | ÅšanivÄsara शनिवासर |
Sanibar शनिवार |
ÅšanivÄr शनिवार |
Sanichchar सनिचà¥à¤šà¤° |
ÅšanÄ«vÄr ਸ਼ਨੀਵਾਰ ChhanicchharavÄr ਛਨਿੱਚਰਵਾਰ |
ShônibÄr শনিবার |
ÅšanivÄr शनिवार |
ÅšanibÄra ଶନିବାର |
ÅšanivÄra ಶನಿವಾರ |
ÅšanivÄraṠశనివారం |
Kaari (Tamil tradition) or Sani (religious tradition) காரி (சனி - பெரà¯à®µà®¾à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾à®© பயனà¯à®ªà®¾à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®¿à®²à¯) |
Shani ശനി |
ÅšanivÄr શનિવાર |
Saturday/dies Saturnis | Åšani = Saturn |
The term -vÄsara is often realised as vÄra or vaar in Sanskrit-derived and influenced languages. There are many variations of the names in the regional languages, mostly using alternate names of the celestial bodies involved.
Naksatra
The ecliptic is divided into 27 Nakṣatras, which are variously called lunar houses or asterisms. These reflect the moon's cycle against the fixed stars, 27 days and 7¾ hours, the fractional part being compensated by an intercalary 28th nakṣatra titled Abhijit. Nakṣatra's computation appears to have been well known at the time of the Rigveda (2nd–1st millennium BCE).
The ecliptic is divided into the naká¹£atras eastwards starting from a reference point which is traditionally a point on the ecliptic directly opposite the star Spica called CitrÄ in Sanskrit. (Other slightly different definitions exist.) It is called Meá¹£Ädi - "start of Aries"; this is when the equinox — where the ecliptic meets the equator — was in Aries (today it is in Pisces, 28 degrees before Aries starts). The difference between Meá¹£Ädi and the present equinox is known as AyanÄṃśa - denoting by how much of a fraction of degrees & minutes the ecliptic has progressed from its fixed (sidereal) position. Given the 25,800 year cycle for the precession of the equinoxes, the equinox was directly opposite Spica in CE 285, around the date of the SÅ«rya SiddhÄnta.[2][3]
The naká¹£atras with their corresponding regions of sky are given below, following Basham.[4] As always, there are many versions with minor differences. The names on the right-hand column give roughly the correspondence of the naká¹£atras to modern names of stars. Note that naká¹£atras are (in this context) not just single stars but are segments on the ecliptic characterised by one or more stars. Hence more than one star is mentioned for each naká¹£atra.
# | Sanskrit/Nepali/Hindi | Bengali name নকà§à¦·à¦¤à§à¦° | Malayalam name മലയാളം | Tamil name தமிழ௠| Telugu name తెలà±à°—à± | Kannada name ಕನà³à²¨à²¡ | Western star name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AÅ›vinÄ« अशà¥à¤µà¤¿à¤¨à¥€ | AÅ›vinÄ« অশà§à¦¬à¦¿à¦¨à§€ | Ashvati à´…à´¶àµà´µà´¤à´¿ | Aswini அஸà¯à®µà®¿à®©à®¿ | AÅ›vinÄ« à°…à°¶à±à°µà°¿à°¨à°¿ | AÅ›vinÄ« ಅಶà³à²µà²¿à²¨à²¿ | β and γ Arietis |
2 | BharanÄ« à¤à¤°à¤£à¥€ | BharanÄ« à¦à¦°à¦£à§€ | Bharani à´à´°à´£à´¿ | Barani பரணி | Bharani à°à°°à°£à°¿ | Bharani à²à²°à²£à²¿ | 35, 39, and 41 Arietis |
3 | KrttikÄ à¤•à¥ƒà¤¤à¥à¤¤à¤¿à¤•à¤¾ | KrittikÄ à¦•à§ƒà¦¤à§à¦¤à¦¿à¦•à¦¾ | KÄrttika കാർതàµà´¤à´¿à´• | KÄrthikai காரà¯à®¤à¯à®¤à®¿à®•à¯ˆ | Krittika కృతà±à°¤à°¿à°• | Kruthike ಕೃತಿಕೆ | Pleiades |
4 | RohinÄ« रोहिणी | RohinÄ« রোহিণী | RÅhini രോഹിണി | RÅhini ரோகிணி | RÅhini రోహిణి | RÅhini ರೋಹಿಣಿ | Aldebaran |
5 | MrigaÅ›irá¹£a मृगशिरà¥à¤· - this is also a month in Marathi calendar | MrigaÅ›iras মৃগশিরা | Makayiram മകയിരം | MirugasÄ«ridam மிரà¯à®•à®šà¯€à®°à®¿à®Ÿà®®à¯ | MrigaÅ›ira మృగశిర | MrigaÅ›ira ಮೃಗಶಿರ | λ, φ Orionis |
6 | Ä€rdrÄ à¤†à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤¾ | Ä€rdrÄ à¦†à¦°à§à¦¦à§à¦°à¦¾ | Ä€tira or TiruvÄtira ആതിര (തിരàµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¿à´°) | ThiruvÄdhirai திரà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à®¿à®°à¯ˆ | Arudra ఆరà±à°¦à±à°° | Aridra ಆರಿದà³à²° | Betelgeuse |
7 | Punarvasu पà¥à¤¨à¤°à¥à¤µà¤¸à¥ | Punarvasu পà§à¦¨à¦°à§à¦¬à¦¸à§ | Punartam à´ªàµà´£àµ¼à´¤à´‚ | Punarpoosam பà¯à®©à®°à¯à®ªà¯‚சம௠| Punarvasu à°ªà±à°¨à°°à±à°µà°¸à± | Punarvasu ಪà³à²¨à²°à³à²µà²¸à³ | Castor and Pollux |
8 | Pushya पà¥à¤·à¥à¤¯ | Puhya পà§à¦·à§à¦¯à¦¾ (তিষà§à¦¯à¦¾) | PÅ«yam പൂയം | Poosam பூசம௠| Puá¹£yami à°ªà±à°·à±à°¯à°®à°¿ | Puá¹£ya ಪà³à²·à³à²¯ | γ, δ and θ Cancri |
9 | AÅ›leshÄ à¤†à¤¶à¥à¤³à¥‡à¤·à¤¾ / आशà¥à¤²à¥‡à¤·à¤¾ | AÅ›leshÄ à¦…à¦¶à§à¦²à§‡à¦·à¦¾ | Ä€yilyam ആയിലàµà´¯à´‚ | Ayilyam ஆயிலà¯à®¯à®®à¯ | AÅ›lesha ఆశà±à°²à±‡à°· | AÅ›lesha ಆಶà³à²²à³‡à²· | δ, ε, η, Ï, and σ Hydrae |
10 | MaghÄ à¤®à¤˜à¤¾ | MaghÄ à¦®à¦˜à¦¾ | Makam മകം | Magam மகம௠| Makha or Magha మఖ or మాఘ | Makha ಮಖ | Regulus |
11 | PÅ«rva or PÅ«rva Phalguṇī पूरà¥à¤µ फालà¥à¤—à¥à¤¨à¥€ | PÅ«rva or PÅ«rva Phalguṇī পূরà§à¦¬ ফলà§à¦—à§à¦¨à§€ | PÅ«ram പൂരം | Pooram பூரம௠| PÅ«rva Phalguṇī or Pubba పూరà±à°µà°¾ à°«à°²à±à°—à±à°£à°¿ or à°ªà±à°¬à±à°¬ | Pubba ಪà³à²¬à³à²¬ | δ and θ Leonis |
12 | Uttara or Uttara Phalguṇī उतà¥à¤¤à¤° फालà¥à¤—à¥à¤¨à¥€ | Uttara or Uttara Phalguṇī উতà§à¦¤à¦° ফলà§à¦—à§à¦¨à§€ | Utram ഉതàµà´°à´‚ | Uthiram உதà¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®®à¯ | Uttara Phalguṇi or Uttara ఉతà±à°¤à°° à°«à°²à±à°—à±à°£à°¿ or ఉతà±à°¤à°° | Utthara ಉತà³à²¤à²° | Denebola |
13 | Hasta हसà¥à¤¤ | Hasta হসà§à¦¤à¦¾ | Attam à´…à´¤àµà´¤à´‚ | Astham அஸà¯à®¤à®®à¯ | Hasta హసà±à°¤ | Hasta ಹಸà³à²¤ | α, β, γ, δ and ε Corvi |
14 | CitrÄ à¤šà¤¿à¤¤à¥à¤°à¤¾14 | CitrÄ à¦šà¦¿à¦¤à§à¦°à¦¾ | Chittira (Chitra) à´šà´¿à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´° (à´šà´¿à´¤àµà´°) | Chithirai சிதà¯à®¤à®¿à®°à¯ˆ | ChittÄ or ChitrÄ à°šà°¿à°¤à±à°¤à°¾ or à°šà°¿à°¤à±à°°à°¾ | Chitta ಚಿತà³à²¤ | Spica |
15 | SvÄti सà¥à¤µà¤¾à¤¤à¤¿ | SvÄti সà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦¤à§€ | ChÅti ചോതി | Swathi சà¯à®µà®¾à®¤à®¿ | SvÄti à°¸à±à°µà°¾à°¤à°¿ | SvÄti ಸà³à²µà²¾à²¤à²¿ | Arcturus |
16 | ViÅ›Äkha विशाखा | ViÅ›Äkha বিশাখা | VishÄkham വിശാഖം | Visakam விசாகம௠| ViÅ›Äkha విశాఖ | ViÅ›Äkhe ವಿಶಾಖೆ | α, β, γ and ι Librae |
17 | AnurÄdhÄ à¤…à¤¨à¥à¤°à¤¾à¤§à¤¾ | AnurÄdhÄ à¦…à¦¨à§à¦°à¦¾à¦§à¦¾ | Anizham അനിഴം | Anusham அனà¯à®·à®®à¯ | AnurÄdhÄ à°…à°¨à±‚à°°à°¾à°§ | AnurÄdhÄ à²…à²¨à³à²°à²¾à²§ | β, δ and Ï€ Scorpionis |
18 | Jyeá¹£á¹ha जà¥à¤¯à¥‡à¤·à¥à¤ ा | Jyeá¹£á¹ha জà§à¦¯à§‡à¦·à§à¦ া | KÄ“á¹á¹a (TrikkÄ“á¹á¹a) കേടàµà´Ÿ (തൃകàµà´•àµ‡à´Ÿàµà´Ÿ) | Kettai கேடà¯à®Ÿà¯ˆ | Jyeá¹£á¹ha à°œà±à°¯à±‡à°·à±à° | Jyeá¹£á¹ha ಜà³à²¯à³‡à²·à³à² | α, σ, and Ï„ Scorpionis |
19 | Mūla मूल/मूळ | Mūla মূলা | Mūlam മൂലം | Mūlam மூலம௠| Mūla మూల | Mūla ಮೂಲ | ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis |
20 | PÅ«rvÄá¹£Äá¸ha पूरà¥à¤µà¤¾à¤·à¤¾à¤¢à¤¾ | PÅ«rvÄá¹£Äá¸ha পূরà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦·à¦¾à¦¢à¦¼à¦¾ | PÅ«rÄá¹am പൂരാടം | PÅ«radam பூராடம௠| PÅ«rvÄá¹£Äá¸ha పూరà±à°µà°¾à°·à°¾à°¢ | PÅ«rvÄá¹£Äá¸ha ಪೂರà³à²µà²¾à²·à²¾à²¢ | δ and ε Sagittarii |
21 | UttarÄá¹£Äá¸ha उतà¥à¤¤à¤°à¤¾à¤·à¤¾à¤¢à¤¾ | UttarÄá¹£Äá¸ha উতà§à¦¤à¦°à¦¾à¦·à¦¾à¦¢à¦¼à¦¾ | UtrÄá¹am ഉതàµà´°à´¾à´Ÿà´‚ | UthirÄdam உதà¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®¾à®Ÿà®®à¯ | UttarÄá¹£Äá¸ha ఉతà±à°¤à°°à°¾à°·à°¾à°¢ | UttarÄá¹£Äá¸ha ಉತà³à²¤à²°à²¾à²·à²¾à²¢ | ζ and σ Sagittarii |
22 | Åšravaṇa शà¥à¤°à¤µà¤£ | Åšravaṇa শà§à¦°à¦¬à¦£à¦¾ | TiruvÅnam ഓണം (തിരàµà´µàµ‹à´£à´‚) | TiruvÅnam திரà¯à®µà¯‹à®£à®®à¯ | Åšravaṇaá¹ à°¶à±à°°à°µà°£à°‚ | Åšravaṇa ಶà³à²°à²µà²£ | α, β and γ Aquilae |
23 | Åšraviá¹£á¹hÄ or Dhaniá¹£á¹ha शà¥à¤°à¤µà¤¿à¤·à¥à¤ ा or धनिषà¥à¤ ा | Åšraviá¹£á¹hÄ or Dhaniá¹£á¹ha ধনিষà§à¦ া (শà§à¦°à¦¬à¦¿à¦·à§à¦ া) | Aviá¹á¹am അവിടàµà´Ÿà´‚ | Aviá¹á¹am அவிடà¯à®Ÿà®®à¯ | Dhaniá¹£á¹ha ధనిషà±à° | Dhaniá¹£á¹ha ಧನಿಷà³à² | α to δ Delphinus |
24 | Åšatabhiá¹£ak or ÅšatatÄrakÄ à¤¶à¤¤à¤à¤¿à¤·à¤•à¥ / शततारका | Åšatabhiá¹£ak or ÅšatatÄrakÄ à¦¶à¦¤à¦à¦¿à¦·à¦¾ | Chatayam ചതയം | Sadayam சதயம௠| Åšatabhiá¹£aṠశతà°à°¿à°·à°‚ | Åšatabhiá¹£a ಶತà²à²¿à²· | γ Aquarii |
25 | PÅ«rva BhÄdrapadÄ à¤ªà¥‚à¤°à¥à¤µà¤à¤¾à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤ªà¤¦à¤¾ / पूरà¥à¤µà¤ªà¥à¤°à¥‹à¤·à¥à¤ पदा | PÅ«rva BhÄdrapadÄ à¦ªà§‚à¦°à§à¦¬ à¦à¦¾à¦¦à§à¦°à¦ªà¦¦ | PÅ«ruruá¹á¹Äti പൂരàµà´°àµà´Ÿàµà´Ÿà´¾à´¤à´¿ | PÅ«raá¹á¹Ädhi பூரடà¯à®Ÿà®¾à®¤à®¿ | PÅ«rvÄbhÄdra పూరà±à°µà°¾à°à°¾à°¦à±à°° | PÅ«rvÄbhÄdra ಪೂರà³à²µà²¾ à²à²¾à²¦à³à²° | α and β Pegasi |
26 | Uttara BhÄdrapadÄ à¤‰à¤¤à¥à¤¤à¤°à¤à¤¾à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤ªà¤¦à¤¾ / उतà¥à¤¤à¤°à¤ªà¥à¤°à¥‹à¤·à¥à¤ पदा | Uttara BhÄdrapadÄ à¦‰à¦¤à§à¦¤à¦° à¦à¦¾à¦¦à§à¦°à¦ªà¦¦ | Uttá¹›á¹á¹Äti ഉതàµà´°à´Ÿàµà´Ÿà´¾à´¤à´¿ | Uttá¹›á¹á¹Ädhi உதà¯à®¤à®¿à®°à®Ÿà¯à®Ÿà®¾à®¤à®¿ | UttarÄbhÄdra ఉతà±à°¤à°°à°¾à°à°¾à°¦à±à°° | UttarÄbhÄdra ಉತà³à²¤à²°à²¾ à²à²¾à²¦à³à²° | γ Pegasi and α Andromedae |
27 | Revatī रेवती | Revatī রেবতী | Rēvati രേവതി | Rēvathi ரேவதி | Rēvati రేవతి | Rēvati ರೇವತಿ | ζ Piscium |
Yoga
The Sanskrit word Yoga means "union", but in astronomical calculations it is used in the sense of "alignment". First one computes the angular distance along the ecliptic of each object, taking the ecliptic to start at Meá¹£a or Aries (Meá¹£Ädi, as defined above): this is called the longitude of that object. The longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are added, and normalised to a value ranging between 0° to 360° (if greater than 360, one subtracts 360). This sum is divided into 27 parts. Each part will now equal 800' (where ' is the symbol of the arcminute which means 1/60 of a degree). These parts are called the yogas. They are labelled:
- Viá¹£kambha
- Prīti
- Ä€yuÅ›mÄn
- SaubhÄgya
- Åšobhana
- Atigaṇá¸a
- Sukarma
- Dhá¹›ti
- Śūla
- Gaṇá¸a
- Vá¹›ddhi
- Dhruva
- VyÄghatÄ
- Harṣaṇa
- Vajra
- Siddhi
- VyatipÄta
- Variyas
- Parigha
- Åšiva
- Siddha
- SÄdhya
- Åšubha
- Åšukla
- Brahma
- MÄhendra
- Vaidhá¹›ti
Again, minor variations may exist. The yoga that is active during sunrise of a day is the prevailing yoga for the day.
Karaṇa
A karaṇa is half of a tithi. To be precise, a karaṇa is the time required for the angular distance between the sun and the moon to increase in steps of 6° starting from 0°. (Compare with the definition of a tithi.)
Since the tithis are 30 in number, and since 1 tithi = 2 karaṇas, therefore one would logically expect there to be 60 karaṇas. But there are only 11 such karaṇas which fill up those slots to accommodate for those 30 tithis. There are actually 4 "fixed" (sthira) karaṇas and 7 "repeating" (cara) karaṇas.
The 4
- Åšakuni (शकà¥à¤¨à¤¿)
- Catuá¹£pÄda (चतà¥à¤·à¥à¤ªà¤¾à¤¦)
- NÄga (नाग)
- Kiṃstughna (किंसà¥à¤¤à¥à¤˜à¥à¤¨)
The 7 "repeating" karaṇas are:
- Vava or Bava (बव)
- Valava or BÄlava (बालव)
- Kaulava (कौलव)
- Taitila or Taitula (तैतिल)
- Gara or Garaja (गरज)
- Vaṇija (वणिज)
- Viá¹£á¹i (Bhadra) (à¤à¤¦à¥à¤°à¤¾)
- Now the first half of the 1st tithi (of Śukla Pakṣa) is always Kiṃtughna karaṇa. Hence this karaṇa' is "fixed".
- Next, the 7-repeating karaṇas repeat eight times to cover the next 56 half-tithis. Thus these are the "repeating" (cara) karaṇas.
- The 3 remaining half-tithis take the remaining "fixed" karaṇas in order. Thus these are also "fixed" (sthira).
- Thus one gets 60 karaṇas from those 11 preset karaṇas.
The Vedic day begins at sunrise. The karaṇa at sunrise of a particular day shall be the prevailing karaṇa for the whole day.
Months of the lunisolar calendar

There are two traditions being followed with respect to the start of the month. Amavasyant (Amanta) tradition followed mainly in the Western and Southern states of India (namely Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu) considers a new moon occurring before sunrise on a day to be the first day of the lunar month.[5] Purnimant tradition, on the other hand, considers the next day of a Full moon to be the first day of the lunar month. This tradition is chiefly followed in the Northern and Eastern states of India (Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Odisha, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh).[6] Having the two active traditions in practice would also mean that while the month names of the Hindu lunar calendar remains the same, there is on an average 15 days' difference in starting and ending of the month between the two traditions. This has its effects of the dates of recurring annual events such as the holy month of ÅšrÄvaṇa.[7] For example, between the followers of the two traditions, the start of ÅšrÄvaṇa month and its religious abstinence and observations will be deferred by 15 days for the followers of Amavasyant tradition.
A lunar month has 29 or 30 days (according to the movement of the moon).
The tithi at sunrise of a day is the only label of the day. There is no running day number from the first day to the last day of the month. This has some unique results, as explained below:
Sometimes two successive days have the same tithi. In such a case, the latter is called an adhika tithi where adhika means "extra". Sometimes, one tithi may never touch a sunrise, and hence no day will be labelled by that tithi. It is then said to be a Tithi Ká¹£aya where Ká¹£aya means "loss".
Month names
There are 12 months in Hindu lunar Calendar (Sanskrit: मासाः):
- Chaitra
- VaiÅ›Äkha
- Jyeá¹£á¹ha
- ĀṣÄá¸ha
- ÅšrÄvaṇa
- BhÄdrapada, BhÄdra or Proá¹£á¹hapada
- Āśvina
- KÄrtika
- AgrahÄyaṇa, MÄrgaśīrá¹£a
- Pauá¹£a
- MÄgha
- PhÄlguna
Determining, which name a lunar month takes is somewhat indirect. It is based on the rÄshi (Zodiac sign) into which the sun transits within a lunar month, i.e. before the new moon ending the month.
There are 12 rÄÅ›i names, there are twelve lunar month names. When the sun transits into the Meá¹£a rÄÅ›i in a lunar month, then the name of the lunar month is Chaitra which has both MÄ«na rÄÅ›i and Meá¹£a rÄÅ›i . When the sun transits into Vṛṣabha rÄÅ›i, then the lunar month is VaiÅ›Äkha which has both Meá¹£a rÄÅ›i and Vṛṣabha rÄÅ›i. So on.
Purshottam maas is an extra month or thirteen in the Hindu calendar. This is been done for bridging of the lunar and solar calendars
Seasons
If the transits of the Sun through various constellations of the zodiac (RÄÅ›i) are used, then we get solar months, which do not shift with reference to the Gregorian calendar. The solar months along with the corresponding Hindu seasons and Gregorian months are:
(RÄÅ›i) Saura MÄsa (solar months) |
Ṛtu (season) |
Bengali name | Kannada name | Telugu name | Malayalam name | Tamil name | Gregorian Tropical months |
Sidereal Vedic Zodiac |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meṣa | Grīṣma
(summer) |
গà§à¦°à§€à¦·à§à¦® (Grishmô) | ಗà³à²°à³€à²·à³à²® ಋತೠ(GrÄ«á¹£ma Ṛtu) | à°—à±à°°à±€à°·à±à°® à°‹à°¤à±à°µà± (GrÄ«á¹£ma Ṛtuvu) | à´—àµà´°àµ€à´·àµà´®à´‚ (GrÄ«á¹£mam) | இளவேனில௠(ilavenil) | Apr-May | Aries |
Vṛṣabha | May–June | Taurus | ||||||
Mithuna | Vará¹£Ä
(monsoon) |
বরà§à¦·à¦¾ (Bôrsha) | ವರà³à²· ಋತೠ(Vará¹£a Ṛtu) | వరà±à°· à°‹à°¤à±à°µà± (Vará¹£a Ṛtuvu) | വർഷം (Vará¹£Äm) | à®®à¯à®¤à¯à®µà¯‡à®©à®¿à®²à¯ (mudhuvenil) | June–July | Gemini |
Karkaá¹a | July-Aug | Cancer | ||||||
Siṃha | Śarad
(autumn) |
শরৎ(Shôrôt) | ಶರದೃತೠ(Åšaradá¹›tu) | శరదృతà±à°µà± (Åšaradá¹›tuvu) | ശരതൠ(Åšarat) | கார௠(kaar) | Aug-Sept | Leo |
KanyÄ | Sept-Oct | Virgo | ||||||
TulÄ | Hemanta
(Late-Autumn) |
হেমনà§à¦¤ (Hemôntô) | ಹೇಮಂತ ಋತೠ(HÄ“maṃta Ṛtu) | హేమంత à°‹à°¤à±à°µà± (HÄ“maṃta Ṛtuvu) | ഹേമനàµà´¤à´‚ (Hemantam) | கà¯à®³à®¿à®°à¯ (kulir) | Oct-Nov | Libra |
Vṛścik‌‌‌a | Nov-Dec | Scorpius | ||||||
Dhanu | Śiśira
(Winter) |
শীত (ShÄ«th) | ಶಿಶಿರ ಋತೠ(ÅšiÅ›ira Ṛtu) | శిశిర à°‹à°¤à±à°µà± (ÅšiÅ›ira Ṛtuvu) | ശിശിരം (ÅšiÅ›iram) | à®®à¯à®©à¯à®ªà®©à®¿ (munpani) | Dec-Jan | Sagittarius |
Makara | Jan-Feb | Capricornus | ||||||
Kumbha | Vasanta
(spring) |
বসনà§à¦¤ (Bôsôntô) | ವಸಂತ ಋತೠ(Vasaṃta Ṛtu) | వసంత à°‹à°¤à±à°µà± (Vasaṃta Ṛtuvu) | വസനàµà´¤à´‚ (Vasaṃtam) | பினà¯à®ªà®©à®¿ (pinpani) | Feb-Mar | Aquarius |
MÄ«na | Mar-Apr | Pisces |
The Sanskrit derivation of the lunar month names Chaitra etc., is the (lunar) month which has its central full moon occurring at or near the CitrÄ naká¹£atra is called Chaitra. Another example is let's say when PÅ«rṇimÄ occurs in or near ViÅ›Äkha naká¹£atra, this in turn results to the initiation of the lunar month titled VaiÅ›Äkha MÄsa.[8]
Similarly, for the naká¹£atras ViÅ›Äkha, Jyeá¹£á¹hÄ, (PÅ«rva) ĀṣÄá¸hÄ, Åšravaṇa, BhÄdrapadÄ, AÅ›vinÄ« (old name AÅ›vayuj), Ká¹›ttikÄ, Má¹›gaÅ›iras, Puá¹£ya, MeghÄ and (PÅ«rva/Uttara) Phalguṇī the names VaiÅ›Äkha etc. at pÅ«rṇimÄ, the other Lunar names are derived subsequently.
The lunar months are split into two pakṣas of 15 days. The waxing paksha is called Śukla Pakṣa "light half" and the waning pakṣa the kṛṣṇa pakṣa dark half. There are two different systems for making the lunar calendar:
- AmÄvÄsyanta or mukhya mana system – a month begins with a new moon and ends at new moon, mostly followed in South India
- PÅ«rṇimÄnta or gauna mana system – a month begins with a full moon and ends at full moon, followed more in North India. PÅ«rṇimÄnta is also known as ÅšuklÄnta MÄsa and this system is recommended by VarÄhamihira.
Extra months (Adhika MÄsa)

When the sun does not at all transit into any rÄÅ›i but simply keeps moving within a rÄÅ›i in a lunar month (i.e. before a new moon), then that lunar month will be named according to the first upcoming transit. It will also take the epithet of adhika or "extra". For example, if a lunar month elapsed without a solar transit and the next transit is into Meá¹£a, then this month without transit is labelled Adhika Chaitra MÄsa. The next month will be labelled according to its transit as usual and will get the epithet nija ("original") or Åšuddha ("unmixed"). In the animation above, Year 2 illustrates this concept with Bhadrapada repeating twice; the first time the Sun stays entirely within Simha rashi thus resulting in an Adhika Bhadrapada.
Extra Month, or adhika mÄsa (mÄsa = lunar month in this context) falls every 32.5 months. It is also known as puruÅ›ottama mÄsa, it is said that the name is been given by Lord Vishnu as his name to this month. Thus 12 Hindu mas (mÄsa) is equal to approximate 356 days, while solar year have 365 or 366 (in leap year) which create difference of 9 to 10 days, which is offset every 3rd year. No adhika mÄsa falls during KÄrtika to MÄgh.
A month-long fair is celebrated in Machhegaun during adhika mÄsa. It is general belief that one can wash away all one's sins by taking a bath in the Machhenarayan's pond.
Lost months (Ká¹£aya MÄsa)
If the sun transits into two rÄshis within a lunar month, then the month will have to be labelled by both transits and will take the epithet ká¹£aya or "loss". There is considered to be a "loss" because in this case, there is only one month labelled by both transits. If the sun had transited into only one raashi in a lunar month as is usual, there would have been two separate months labelled by the two transits in question.
For example, if the sun transits into Meá¹£a and Vṛṣabha in a lunar month, then it will be called Chaitra-VaiÅ›Äkha ká¹£aya-mÄsa. There will be no separate months labelled Chaitra and VaiÅ›Äkha.
A Ká¹£aya-MÄsa occurs very rarely. Known gaps between occurrence of Ká¹£aya-MÄsas are 19 and 141 years. The last was in 1983. 15 January through 12 February were Pauá¹£a-MÄgha ká¹£aya-mÄsa. 13 February onwards was (Adhika) PhÄlguna.
Special Case:
If there is no solar transit in one lunar month but there are two transits in the next lunar month,
- the first month will be labelled by the first transit of the second month and take the epithet Adhika and
- the next month will be labelled by both its transits as is usual for a Ká¹£aya-MÄsa
This is a very very rare occurrence. The last was in 1315. 8 October to 5 November were KÄrtika Adhika-MÄsa. 6 November to 5 December were KÄrtika-MÄrgaśīrá¹£a Ká¹£aya-MÄsa. 6 December onwards was Pauá¹£a.
Religious observances in case of extra and lost months
Among normal months, adhika months, and kshaya months, the earlier are considered "better" for religious purposes. That means, if a festival should fall on the 10th tithi of the Ä€shvayuja month (this is called VijayadashamÄ«) and there are two Āśvayuja (Āśvina)' months caused by the existence of an adhika Āśvayuja, the first adhika month will not see the festival, and the festival will be observed only in the second nija month. However, if the second month is Äshvayuja kshaya then the festival will be observed in the first adhika month itself.
When two months are rolled into one in the case of a kshaya mÄsa, the festivals of both months will also be rolled into this Ká¹£aya MÄsa', unless "adhika mÄsa" precedes it. For example, the festival of MahÄshivarÄtri which is to be observed on the fourteenth tithi of the MÄgha Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a was, in 1983, observed on the corresponding tithi of Pauá¹£a-MÄgha Ká¹£aya Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a, since in that year, Pauá¹£a and MÄgha were rolled into one, and nija margashirsha preceded it, as mentioned above.
Vaiṣṇava calendar
Month | Presiding Deity of the month |
---|---|
AgrahÄyaṇa | KeÅ›ava |
Pauá¹£a | NÄrÄyaṇa |
MaghÄ | MÄdhava |
PhÄlguna | Govinda |
Chaitra | Viṣṇu |
VaiÅ›Äkha | Madhusudana |
Jyeá¹£á¹ha | Trivikrama |
ĀṣÄá¸ha | VÄmana |
ÅšrÄvaṇa | ÅšrÄ«dhara |
BhÄdrapada | HṛṣīkeÅ›a |
Āśvina | PadmanÄbha |
KÄrtika | DÄmodara |
Year of the lunisolar calendar
The new year day is the first day of the shukla paksha of Chaitra. In the case of adhika or kshaya months relating to Chaitra, the aforementioned religious rules apply giving rise to the following results:
- If an adhika Chaitra is followed by a nija Chaitra, the new year starts with the nija Chaitra. (e.g., 1015-02-22 CE)
- If an adhika Chaitra is followed by a Chaitra-VaishÄkha kshaya, the new year starts with the adhika Chaitra.
- If a Chaitra-VaiÅ›Äkha Ká¹£aya occurs with no adhika Chaitra before it, then it starts the new year.
- If a Chaitra-PhÄlguna Ká¹£aya' occurs, it starts the new year.
Another kind of lunisolar calendar
There is another kind of lunisolar calendar which differs from the former in the way the months are named. When a full moon (instead of new moon) occurs before sunrise on a day, that day is said to be the first day of the lunar month. In this case, the end of the lunar month will coincide with a full moon. This is called the pÅ«rṇimÄnta mÄna - full-moon-ending reckoning, as against the amÄnta mÄna - new-moon-ending reckoning used before.
This definition leads to a lot of complications:
- The first paká¹£a of the month will fall on Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a whilst the second will be Åšukla-Paká¹£a in PÅ«rṇimÄnta system.
- The new year is still on the first day of the Chaitra Åšukla-Paká¹£a. The subsequent Paká¹£as will, for example, be:
Lunar Month Candra MÄsa |
First Paká¹£a | Ending (2nd) Paká¹£a |
---|---|---|
VaiÅ›Äkha | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
Jyaiá¹£á¹ha | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
ĀṣÄá¸ha | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
ÅšrÄvaṇa | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
BhÄdrapada | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
Āśvina | Śukla-Pakṣa | Kṛṣṇa-Pakṣa |
KÄrtika | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
MÄrgaśīrá¹£a | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
Pauṣa | Śukla-Pakṣa | Kṛṣṇa-Pakṣa |
MÄgha | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
PhÄlguna | Åšukla-Paká¹£a | Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a |
Chaitra | Śukla-Pakṣa | Kṛṣṇa-Pakṣa |
Note:
- PhÄlguna MÄsa is the last Lunar month, with the last paká¹£a of the year in this pÅ«rṇimÄnta system being PhÄlguna Åšukla-Paká¹£a.
- The Åšukla Paká¹£a of a given month, say Chaitra, comprises the same actual days in both systems, as can be deduces from a careful analysis of the rules. However, the Chaitra Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£as defined by the 2 systems will be on different days, since the Chaitra Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a precedes the Chaitra Åšukla-Paká¹£a in the pÅ«rnimÄnta system but follows it in the amÄnta system.
- Though the regular months are defined by the full moon, the adhika and ká¹£aya lunar months are still defined by the new moon. That is, even if the pÅ«rnimÄnta system is followed, adhika or ká¹£aya months will start with the first sunrise after the new moon, and end with the new moon.
- The adhika month will therefore get sandwiched between the 2 paká¹£as of the nija months. For example, a ÅšrÄvaṇa Adhika MÄsa will be inserted as follows:
- nija ÅšrÄvaṇa Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a
- adhika ÅšrÄvaṇa Åšukla-Paká¹£a
- adhika ÅšrÄvaṇa Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a and
- nija ShrÄvana Åšukla-Paká¹£a
after which BhÄdrapada Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a will follow subsequently as usual.
- If there is an adhika Chaitra, then it will follow the (nija) Chaitra Krṣṇa-Pakṣa at the end of the year. Only with the nija Chaitra Śukla-Pakṣa will the new year start. The only exception is when it is followed by a kṣaya, and that will be mentioned later.
- The ká¹£aya month is more complicated. If in the amÄnta system there is a Pauá¹£a-MÄgha Ká¹£aya MÄsa, then in the pÅ«rnimÄnta system there will be the following paká¹£as:
- Pauṣa Kṛṣṇa-Pakṣa
- Pauá¹£a-Maagha kshaya Åšukla-Paká¹£a
- MÄgha-PhÄlguna Ká¹£aya Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a and a
- PhÄlguna Åšukla-Paká¹£a.
- The special Ká¹£aya case where an adhika mÄsa precedes a kshaya mÄsa gets even more convoluted. First, we should remember that the Āśvina Åšukla-Paká¹£a is the same in both the systems. After this come the following Paká¹£as:
- nija KÄrtika Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a
- adhika KÄrtika Åšukla-Paká¹£a
- adhika KÄrtika Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a
- KÄrtika-MÄgaśīrá¹£a Ká¹£aya Åšukla-Paká¹£a
- MÄgaśīrsa-Pauá¹£a Ká¹£aya Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a
- Pauá¹£a Åšukla-Paká¹£a
followed by the MÄgha Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a etc., as usual.
- The considerations for the new year are:
- If there is a Chaitra-VaiÅ›Äkha Ká¹£aya Åšukla-Paká¹£a:
- if an adhika Chaitra' precedes it, then the 'adhika Chaitra Åšukla-Paká¹£a starts the new year
- if not, the Ká¹£aya Åšukla-Paká¹£a starts the new year
- If there is a PhÄlguna-Chaitra Ká¹£aya Åšukla-Paká¹£a then it starts the new year
- If there is a Chaitra-VaiÅ›Äkha Ká¹£aya Åšukla-Paká¹£a:
However, none of these above complications cause a change in the day of religious observances. Since only the name of the Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£as of the months will change in the two systems, festivals which fall on the Kṛṣṇa-Paká¹£a will be defined by the appropriate changed name. That is, the MahÄÅ›ivarÄtri, defined in the amÄnta mÄna to be observed on the fourteenth of the MÄgha krishna paksha will now (in the pÅ«rnimÄnta mÄna) be defined by the PhÄlguna krishna paksha.
Correspondence of the lunisolar calendar to the solar calendar
A lunisolar calendar is always a calendar based on the moon's celestial motion, which in a way keeps itself close to a solar calendar based on the sun's (apparent) celestial motion.[9] That is, the lunisolar calendar's new year is always kept close (within certain limits) to a solar calendar's new year.
Since the Hindu lunar month names are based on solar transits, and the month of Chaitra will, as defined above, always be close to the solar month of Meá¹£a (Aries), the Hindu lunisolar calendar will always keep in track with the Hindu solar calendar.
The Hindu solar calendar by contrast starts on 14–15 April each year. This signifies the sun's "entry" into Mesha rashi and is celebrated as the New Year in Assam, Bengal, Odisha, Manipur, Kerala, Punjab, Tamil Nadu and Tripura. The first month of the year is called "(சிதà¯à®¤à®¿à®°à¯ˆ)" in Tamil, "Medam" in Malayalam and Bohag in Assamese, Baisakh in Bengali/Punjabi and Nepali. This solar new year is celebrated on the same day in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal and Thailand.
Year numbering
The epoch (starting point or first day of the zeroth year) of the current era of Hindu calendar (both solar and lunisolar) is 18_February_3102 BCE in the proleptic Julian calendar or 23_January_3102 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. According to the PurÄṇas this was the moment when ÅšrÄ« Kṛṣṇa returned to his eternal abode.[10][11] Both the solar and lunisolar calendars started on this date. After that, each year is labelled by the number of years elapsed since the epoch.
This is an unusual feature of the Hindu calendar. Most systems use the current ordinal number of the year as the year label. But just as a person's true age is measured by the number of years that have elapsed starting from the date of the person's birth, the Hindu calendar measures the number of years elapsed. As of 31 August 2014, 5116 years have elapsed in the Hindu calendar. However, the lunisolar calendar year usually starts earlier than the solar calendar year, so the exact year will not begin on the same day every year.
Year names
Apart from the numbering system outlined above, there is also a cycle of 60 calendar year names, called Samvatsaras, which started at the first year (at elapsed years zero) and runs continuously:
- Prabhava
- Vibhava
- Shukla
- Pramoda
- PrajÄpati
- Āngirasa
- Shrīmukha
- BhÄva
- Yuva
- DhÄtri
- Īshvara
- BahudhÄnya
- PramÄdhi
- Vikrama (2000-2001)
- Vrisha (2001–02)
- ChitrabhÄnu (2002–03)
- SvabhÄnu (2003–04)
- TÄrana (2004–05)
- PÄrthiva (2005–06)
- Vyaya (2006-2007)
- Sarvajeeth (2007–08)
- SarvadhÄri (2008–09)
- Virodhi (2009–10)
- Vikrita (2010–11)
- Khara (2011–12)
- Nandana (2012–13)
- Vijaya (2013–14)
- Jaya (2014–15)
- Manmatha (2015–16)
- Durmukhi (2016-17)
- Hevilambi (2017-18)
- Vilambi (2018-19)
- VikÄri (2019-20)
- ShÄrvari (2020-21)
- Plava (2021-22)
- Shubhakruti (2022-23)
- Sobhakruthi (2023-24)
- Krodhi (2024-25)
- VishvÄvasu (2025-26)
- ParÄbhava (2026-27)
- Plavanga (2027-28)
- KÄ«laka (2028-29)
- Saumya (2029-30)
- SÄdhÄrana (2030-31)
- Virodhikruthi (2031-32)
- ParidhÄvi (2032-33)
- PramÄdicha (2033-34)
- Ānanda (2034-35)
- RÄkshasa (2035-36)
- Anala (2036-37)
- Pingala (2037-38)
- KÄlayukthi (2038-39)
- SiddhÄrthi (2039-40)
- Raudra (2040-41)
- Durmathi (2041-42)
- Dundubhi (2042-43)
- RudhirodgÄri (2043-44)
- RaktÄkshi (2044-45)
- Krodhana (2045-46)
- Akshaya (2046-47)
This system contains a concept of leap years similar to the Julian calendar . Every 4 years, there will be 366 days where the rest have 365. The starting point is Meshadi or Mesha Sankranti, (1st day of Meá¹£a or the Hindu solar new year). It is also counted on a daily basis. Beginning from 1 on the first day, it has presently reached over 1864000 days. This means that that many days have passed in the present Kaliyuga (1/10 of Catur-Yugas total).
Eras
Hinduism follows Hindu units of time containing four eras (or yuga, meaning age). The four yugas are:
They are often translated into English as the Golden, Silver, Bronze and Iron Ages, respectively. The ages follow a gradual decline of dharma, wisdom, knowledge, intellectual capability, life span and emotional and physical strength. The Kali Yuga began approximately five thousand years ago, and it has a duration of 432,000 years. The DvÄpara, TretÄ, and Ká¹›ta Yugas are two, three, and four times the length of the Kali Yuga, respectively. Thus, the ages together constitute a 4,320,000 year period.
A thousand and a thousand (i.e. two thousand) Catur-Yugas are said to be one day and night of the creator BrahmÄ. BrahmÄ lives for 100 years of 360 "days" and at the end, he is said to dissolve, along with his entire Creation, into the Eternal Soul or ParamÄtman.
History
The Hindu Calendar descends from the Vedic times. There are many references to calendrics in the Vedas. The (6) VedÄá¹…gas (auto Veda) called Jyotiá¹£a (literally, "celestial body study") prescribed all the aspects of the Hindu calendars. After the Vedic period, there were many scholars such as Ä€ryabhaá¹a (5th century), VarÄhamihira (6th century) and BhÄskara (12th century) who were experts scholars in Jyotiá¹£a and contributed to the development of the Hindu Calendar.
The most widely used authoritative text for the Hindu Calendars is the "SÅ«rya SiddhÄnta", a text of uncertain age, though some place it at 10th century.
The traditional Vedic calendar used to start with the month of agrahayan (agra=first + ayan = travel of the sun, equinox) or MÄrgaśīṣa. This is the month where the Sun crosses the equator, i.e. the vernal equinox. This month was called mÄrgashirsha after the fifth nakshatra (around lambda orionis). Due to the precession of the Earth's axis, the vernal equinox is now in Pisces, and corresponds to the month of chaitra. This shift over the years is what has led to various calendar reforms in different regions to assert different months as the start month for the year. Thus, some calendars (e.g. Vikram) start with Chaitra, which is the present-day month of the vernal equinox, as the first month. Others may start with VaiÅ›Äkha (e.g. Bangabda). The shift in the vernal equinox by nearly four months from AgrahÄyaṇa to Chaitra in sidereal terms seems to indicate that the original naming conventions may date to the fourth or fifth millennium BCE, since the period of precession in the Earth's axis is about 25,800 years.
Regional variants
The Indian Calendar Reform Committee, appointed in 1952, identified more than thirty well-developed calendars, all variants of the Surya Siddhanta calendar outlined here, in systematic use across different parts of India. These include the widespread Vikrama and Shalivahana calendars and regional variations thereof. The Tamil calendar, a solar calendar, is used in Tamil Nadu and Kollavarsham Calendar is used in Kerala.
The two calendars most widely used in India today are the Vikrama calendar followed in Western and Northern India and Nepal, and the Shalivahana or Saka calendar which is followed in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Goa.
In the year 56 BCE, Vikrama Samvat era was founded by the emperor Vikramaditya of Ujjain following his victory over the Sakas. Later, in a similar fashion, Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni initiated the Saka era to celebrate his victory against the Sakas in the year CE 78.
Both the Vikrama and the Shalivahana are lunisolar calendars, and feature annual cycles of twelve lunar months, each month divided into two phases: the 'bright half' (Åšukla Paká¹£a) and the 'dark half' (Kṛṣṇa Paká¹£a); these correspond respectively to the periods of the 'waxing' and the 'waning' of the moon. Thus, the period beginning from the first day after the new moon and ending on the full moon day constitutes the Åšukla Paká¹£a, 'bright part' of the month; the period beginning from the day after PÅ«rṇimÄ (the full moon) until and including the next new moon day constitutes the Kṛṣṇa Paká¹£a, the'dark part' of the month.
The names of the 12 months, as also their sequence, are the same in both calendars; however, the new year is celebrated at separate points during the year and the "year zero" for the two calendars is different. In the Vikrama calendar, the zero year corresponds to 56 BCE, while in the Shalivahana calendar, it corresponds to CE 78. The Vikrama calendar begins with the month of BaiÅ›Äkha or VaiÅ›Äkha (April), or Kartak (October/November) in Gujarat. The Shalivahana calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March) and the Ugadi/Gudi Padwa festivals mark the new year.
Another little-known difference between the two calendars exists: while each month in the Shalivahana calendar begins with the 'bright half' and is followed by the 'dark half', the opposite obtains in the Vikrama calendar. Thus, each month of the Shalivahana calendar ends with the no-moon day and the new month begins on the day after that, while the full-moon day brings each month of the Vikrama calendar to a close (This is an exception in Gujarati Calendar, its month (and hence new year) starts on a sunrise of the day after new moon, and ends on the new moon, though it follows Vikram Samvat).
In Gujarat, Diwali is held on the final day of the Vikram Calendar and the next day marks the beginning of the New Year and is also referred as ‘Annakut’ or Nutan Varsh or Bestu Varash. In the Hindu calendar popularly used in North India the year begins with Chaitra Shukala Pratipadha (March – April).
Samvat calendars
Samvat is one of the several Hindu calendars in India:
- Vikram Samvat: lunar months, solar sidereal years
- Shaka Samvat (traditional): lunar months, solar sidereal years
- Shaka Samvat (modern): solar tropical
- Bangla Calendar: solar tropical years
- Tamil Nadu/Kerala: solar tropical years such as Tamil calendar
- Nepali calendar with Bikram Sambat: solar tropical years
Most holidays in India are based on the first two calendars. A few are based on the solar cycle, Sankranti (solar sidereal) and Baisakhi (solar tropical).
Months and approximate correspondence
Indian months are listed below, numbered according to the Shaka calendar. Shaka and Chaitradi Vikram (UP, Rajasthan, Maharashtra etc.) start with Chaitra (The first month of the year is called "Chitterai (चैतà¥à¤°)" in Marathi) Kartikadi Vikram (Gujarat) start in Kartika.
# | Indian | Gregorian |
---|---|---|
1 | Chaitra | March–April |
2 | VaisÄkha | April–May |
3 | Jyeshta | May–June |
4 | Ä€shÄda | June–July |
5 | Shraavana | July–August |
6 | BhÄdrapada | August–September |
7 | Ashwina | September–October |
8 | Kartika | October–November |
9 | MÄrgasirsa (Agrahayana) | November–December |
10 | Pausha | December–January |
11 | MÄgha | January–February |
12 | PhÄlguna | February–March |
Nakshatras are divisions of ecliptic, each 13° 20', starting from 0° Aries. The purnima of each month is synchronized with a nakshatra.
Time cycles in India
The time cycles in India are:
- 60-year cycle
- Year
- 6 seasons of a year
- about 60 days (2 months) in a season
- Month (lunar)
- 2 pakshas in a month, shukla (waxing) and krishna (waning)
- 15 tithis in a paksha (1-14, 15th is purnima or amavasya)
- 60 ghatikas (or 30 muhurtas or 8 praharas) in a 24-hour period (ahoratra).
- 30 Kala (approx) in 1 muhurta
- 30 Kastha in 1 kala
- 15 Nimisha in 1 kastha
Years are synchronised with the solar sidereal year by adding a month every three years. The extra month is termed as "Adhik Mass" (extra month). This extra month is called Mala Masa (impure month) in Eastern India.
Date conversion
Converting a date from an Indian calendar to the common era can require a complex computation. To obtain the approximate year AD:
- Chaitradi Vikram (past) : Chaitra-Pausha: subtract 57; Pausha-Phalguna: subtract 56.
- Shaka: add 78-79
- Kalachuri: add 248-249
- Gupta/Valabhi: add 319-320
- Bangla: add 593-594
- Vira Nirvana Samvat: subtract 527-526
- Yudhishthira Samvat: add 3101 (Ascension of Lord Krishna at age 125)
- Sri Krishna Samvat: add 3226 (Birth of Lord Sri Krishna)
- Balabhi Samvat: add 320
Variations
- In Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, and many northern region of India months are Purnimanta (means month ends on Purnima or Full Moon). In Gujarat, Maharashtra, and other parts of many south Indian region, months are Amanta (months end on Amavasya).
- In inscriptions, the years may be gata (past) or current.
National calendars in South and South East Asia
A variant of the Shalivahana Calendar was reformed and standardised as the Indian National calendar in 1957. This official calendar follows the Shalivahan Shak calendar in beginning from the month of Chaitra and counting years with CE 78 being year zero. It features a constant number of days in every month (with leap years).
The Bengali Calendar, or Bengali calendar (introduced 1584), is widely used in eastern India in the state of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam. A reformation of this calendar was introduced in present-day Bangladesh in 1966, with constant days in each month and a leap year system; this serves as the national calendar for Bangladesh. Nepal follows the Bikram Sambat. Parallel months and roughly the same periods apply to the Buddhist calendars used in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka and Thailand.
Correspondence between calendars
As an indicator of this variation, Whitaker's Almanac reports that the Gregorian year CE 2000 corresponds, respectively with:
- Year 5102 in the Kaliyuga calendar; (3102 BCE)
- Year 2544 in the Buddha Nirvana calendar; (544 BCE)
- Year 2543 in the Buddhist Era (BE) of the Thai solar calendar (543 BCE)
- Year 2057 in the Bikram Samvat calendar; (57 BCE)
- Year 1922 in the Saka calendar; (CE 78)
- Year 1921 (shown in terms of 5-yearly cycles) of the Vedanga Jyotisa calendar; (CE 79)
- Year 1407 in the Bengali calendar; (CE 593)
- Year 1362 in the Burmese Calendar; (CE 638)
- Year 1176 in the Malayalam calendar or Kolla Varsham calendar; (CE 824)
- Year 514 in the Gaurabda Gaudiya calendar. (CE 1486)
See also
- Hindu astrology
- Hindu chronology
- Hindu units of measurement
- List of Hindu festivals
- Panchangam
- Panjika
- Ancient Vedic units of measurement
- Perpetual Calendar of 800 Years
- Pambu Panchangam
- Kollam era
References
- ↑ Time Measurement and Calendar Construction. Brill Archive. Retrieved 2011-09-18.
- ↑ Chatterjee, S.K. (1998). Indian Calendric System. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- ↑ Chia Daphne and Helmer Aslaksen (April 2001). "Indian Calendars: Comparing the Surya Siddhanta and the Astronomical Ephemeris" (PDF). Retrieved 2004-04-04.
- ↑ Basham, A.L. (1954). The Wonder that was India. Macmillan (Rupa and Co, Calcutta, reprint),., Appendix II: Astronomy
- ↑ http://www.drikpanchang.com/faq/faq-ans8.html
- ↑ http://www.drikpanchang.com/faq/faq-ans8.html
- ↑ http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/sawan/sawan-somwar-vrat-dates.html
- ↑ Hindu Lunar Month Names
- ↑ Muhammad Aurang Zeb Mughal (2014). Calendars Tell History: Social Rhythm and Social Change in Rural Pakistan. History and Anthropology 25(5): 592-613.
- ↑ BhÄgavata PurÄṇa 12.2.29-33
- ↑ Yano, Michio, "Calendar, astrology and astronomy" in Flood, Gavin (Ed) (2003). Blackwell companion to Hinduism. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 0-631-21535-2.
Further reading
- Reingold and Dershowitz, Calendrical Calculations, Millennium Edition, Cambridge University Press, latest 2nd edition 3rd printing released November 2004. ISBN 0-521-77752-6
- S. Balachandra Rao, Indian Astronomy: An Introduction, Universities Press, Hyderabad, 2000.
- Rai Bahadur Pandit Gaurishankar Hirachand Ojha, The Paleography of India, 2 ed., Ajmer, 1918, reprinted Manshuram Manoharlal publishers, 1993.
External links
- The Astronomical Basis of the Hindu Lunisolar Calendar
- Hindu Calendars in various Indian Languages
- Hindu Calendar of Nepal The Official Hindu Calendar of Nepal
- Kyoto University Panchanga Converter Program
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