San Lazzaro degli Armeni

Isola di San Lazzaro degli Armeni

Aerial view of the island in 2013
Location in the Venetian Lagoon
Geography
Coordinates 45°24′43″N 12°21′41″E / 45.411979°N 12.361422°E / 45.411979; 12.361422Coordinates: 45°24′43″N 12°21′41″E / 45.411979°N 12.361422°E / 45.411979; 12.361422
Adjacent bodies of water Venetian Lagoon
Area 3 ha (7.4 acres)[1]
Administration
Region Veneto
Province Province of Venice
Commune Venice
Demographics
Population 17 (as of 2015)[lower-alpha 1]
Ethnic groups Armenians

San Lazzaro degli Armeni (Italian: [san ˈladdzaro ˈdeʎʎi arˈmeːni]; lit. "Saint Lazarus of the Armenians",[3][4] Armenian: Սուրբ Ղազար, Surb Ghazar)[lower-alpha 2] is a small island in the Venetian Lagoon, northern Italy. It lies to the southeast of Venice and immediately west of the Lido. It covers an area of 3 hectares.[1]

A leper colony during the Middle Ages, the island has been home to the Armenian Catholic Monastery of San Lazzaro[lower-alpha 3] since 1717.[6] It is the headquarters of the Mechitarist Order and, as such, one of the world's prominent centers of Armenian culture[7] and Armenian studies.[8] From the late 18th century to the early 20th century it was a major center of Armenian printing.

The island is one of the best known historic sites of the Armenian diaspora.[9] The monastery has a large collection of books, journals, artifacts and the third largest collection of Armenian manuscripts. Over the centuries, dozens of artists, writers, political and religious leaders have visited the island. Nowadays, it attracts tens of thousands of tourists annually.[10]

History

Vignette of the Isola di S. Lazzaro degli Armeni by Antonio Visentini (1688–1782)[11]

Middle Ages

In 810 the Republic of Venice allocated the island to the abbot of the Benedictine Monastery of St. Ilario of Fusina.[12] In 1182 a leper colony (hospital for people with leprosy) was established at the island.[12] It was chosen for a leper colony since the island is relatively far away from the principal islands forming the city of Venice. It received its name from St. Lazarus, the patron saint of lepers.[13] In 1348 the leper colony was renovated and a church dedicated to San Lazzaro was built.[12] The hospital was moved to Venice in 1595 and the island was gradually abandoned.[14] In the 17th century the island was leased to various religious groups.[14] By the early 18th century only a "few crumbling ruins" remained in the isle.[13]

Armenian period

Mkhitar Sebastatsi

18th-19th centuries

San Lazzaro circa 1877[15]

In 1701 Mkhitar Sebastatsi (Mechitar or Mekhitar), an Armenian Catholic monk, founded a Catholic order in Constantinople that would later be called after him.[16] The order moved to Modon (Methoni) in the Green peninsula of Peloponnese in 1703,[17] after repressions by the Ottoman government and the Armenian Apostolic Church. In 1711 the order received recognition by Pope Clement XI.[16] In April 1715, a group of twelve Armenian Catholic monks led by Mkhitar Sebastatsi arrived in Venice from Morea, Peloponnese, following its invasion by the Ottoman Empire.[18] The Venetian Admiral Mocenigo and Governor of Morea, Angelo Emo "sympathizing deeply with the fearful distress of the unfortunate community, yielded to their earnest entreaties for permission to embark on a government vessels which was about to leave for Venice."[17]

On September 8, 1717, the Venetian Senate ceded the island of St. Lazarus to the Mechitarist order. "The Armenian Monks at once hastened to occupy the ruins on the Island... and the Abbot ordered the most necessary repairs to be at once made on the crumbling and dilapidated buildings which still remained."[19] The Armenian monks were required not to rename the island.[14] Upon acquisition the construction of a two-storey Armenian monastery began. The preexisting church of St. Lazarus was renovated. Gardens, residency buildings, a seminary and other structures were constructed.[14] The construction of the monastery was completed by 1740.[20] Mkhitar Sebastatsi died in 1749[21] and was succeeded by Stepanos Melkonian of Constantinople whose tenure as abbot ended 1799.[22]

The original isle in 1813
The expanded isle in 1945

The Venetian Republic was disestablished by Napoleon in 1797, however, the Mechitarist congregation was "left in peace",[23] allegedly because of the "presence of an indispensable Armenian official in Naopleon's secretariat."[24] In 1810 Napoleon signed a decree, which declared the congregation may continue to exist as an "Academy of learning".[22]

The island has been enlarged several times. In 1815 by the permission of the Austrian Empire the island's size doubled from around 7,200 m2 (77,500 sq ft) to 14,400 m2 (155,000 sq ft).[14]

During the 1848 revolutions in the Italian states a small garrison was stationed at the island.[25]

William Dean Howells described the island and the monastery in 1866 as follows: "As a seat of learning, San Lazzaro is famed throughout the Armenian world, and gathers under its roofs the best scholars and poets of that nation. In the press of the convent books are printed in some thirty different languages; and a number of the fathers employ themselves constantly in works of transition."[26]

San Lazzaro as seen from a boat

20th century and beyond

The island was enlarged twice in the first half of the twentieth century. First, in 1912 the old canal was filled in and the shoreline was straightened. Following the Second World War, between 1947 and 1949 significant land was reclaimed in the southeastern and southwestern sides of the island. Furthermore, a wall was built around the shore. A fire broke out in 1975, which partially destroyed the library and damaged the church, and destroyed two Gaspare Diziani paintings. Between 2002 and 2004, an extensive restoration of the monastery's structures was carried out by the funding of the Italian government.[12]

Current state

Currently, 17[2] to over thirty people reside at the island, including monks, seminarians and students.[27][28][29]

According to a 2007 article some 40,000 people visit the island annually,[10] mostly non-Armenians with Italians making up the majority of visitors.[2]

The island may be reached by a vaporetto from the San Zaccaria station.[30] There are tours in several different languages.[28][29]

The island

The interior of the church (left) and the cloister of the monastery (right) with the onion-shaped bell tower.
The museum

The island currently contains a church with a neo-Gothic interior, a tall onion-shaped campanile (bell tower), residential quarters, library, museum, picture gallery, manuscript repository, printing plant, sundry teaching and research facilities,[16] gardens, an Armenian Genocide memorial (erected in the 1960s).[31] The gardens of the monastery have been admired by many visitors.[32][33][34] One author wrote in 1905: "The island [...] with its flower and fruit gardens, is so well kept that an excursion to San Lazzaro is a favourite one with all visitors to Venice."[35]

Collections

In the mid-19th century an English publication wrote that "the convent may be regarded as a species of metropolis of Armenian literature."[36][lower-alpha 4] The library contains 150,000[1] to 200,000 printed books and periodicals.[2][38]

Manuscripts

The rotunda-shaped manuscript repository (manuscript library), built in 1970,[1] contains some 3,000[39] to 4,000[29][40] medieval Armenian manuscripts, making it the third largest[34][39] collection of Armenian manuscripts in the world after Matenadaran in Yerevan, Armenia (11,000 in the strict sense[39] to 17,000 in total)[41] and the Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem (3,890).[39] The earliest manuscripts preserved at the repository date to the eighth century.[42][40] It holds one of the ten[43] extant copies of Urbatagirk, the first-ever Armenian book printed by Hakob Meghapart in Venice in 1512.[44] Furthermore, 44 Armenian prayer scrolls (hmayil) are preserved at the repository.[45] The ceiling of the manuscript repository was painted by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo.[42]

Museum

Besides books and manuscripts, there are various oriental artifacts at the museum,[46] which include an Egyptian mummy,[lower-alpha 5] Etruscan vases, Chinese antiques, an Indian throne, and other items.[48] The museum also preserves the sword of Leo V, the last Armenian King of Cilicia, forged in 1366 and stamps issued by the 1918-20 First Republic of Armenia.[2]

Publishing house

A publishing house was established at the monastery in 1789. In the early 19th century, a number of important publications were made on the island,[49] including a seminal two-volume dictionary of Classical Armenian (Նոր Բառգիրք Հայկազեան Լեզուի, 1836-7), which remains "unsurpassed".[49] Beginning in 1800 a periodical journal has been published at the island. Bazmavep, established in 1843, continues to be published to this day. The printing press at San Lazzaro is the oldest continuously operating Armenian publishing house in the world.[50]

Significance

Island of Surb Ghazar at night by Gevorg Bashinjaghian (1892), National Gallery of Armenia.[51]

Sometimes called a "little Armenia",[lower-alpha 6] the island is one of the Armenian diaspora's "richest enclaves of culture".[55] The New York Times wrote in 1919: "For more than two centuries this island has been an Armenian oasis transplanted to the Venetian lagoon."[56] The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church calls the convent of San Lazzaro and the order of the Mechitarists "especially remarkable" of the religious orders based in Venice.[57]

Mary M. Tarzian suggests that Armenian nationalism among Armenians in the Ottoman Empire emerged from the educational vision of the Mechitarists in San Lazzaro.[58] Charles Yriarte wrote in 1877 that the Armenians "look with justice upon the island of San Lazzaro as the torch which shall one day illuminate Armenia, when the hour comes for her to live again in history and to take her place once more among free nations."[59]

According to Robert H. Hewsen the monastery of San Lazzaro "for a full century was the only center of intensive Armenian cultural activity that the Armenians possessed" and until the establishment of the Lazarev Institute in Moscow in 1815 "the heritage of the Armenian people lay almost entirely in the hands of the Mekhitarists" in San Lazzaro.[60]

When asked about the mass emigration following the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union and the collapse of its economy in the 1990s in a 1996 interview, the writer Hrant Matevosyan stated that no matter how many people leave Armenia, it will remain "our cultural center, our San Lazzaro."[61]

In literature

The prominent Armenian poet Hovhannes Shiraz wrote a poem about the island:[62]

Օտար ջրերում հայացեալ Կղզի
Հայոց հին լույսն է քեզնով նորանում...
Հայրենիքից դուրս՝ հայրենեաց համար:		 An Armenian island in the foreign waters,
You rekindle the old light of Armenia...
Outside the homeland, for the sake of the homeland.
Artistic depictions

Numerous artists have painted the island, including Gevorg Bashinjaghian (1892),[51] Ivan Aivazovsky (1899),[63] Joseph Pennell (1905),[64] Hovhannes Zardaryan (1958).[65]

Rose jam

The Mechitarist monks at San Lazzaro are known for making jam from rose petal around May, when the roses are in full bloom. Besides rose petal, it contains white caster sugar, water, and lemon juice.[66] It is called Vartanush[67][68] (Western Armenian pronunciation of վարդանուշ, vardanush literally translating to "sweet rose"; also a female given name). Around five thousand jars of jam are made and sold in the gift shop in the island. Monks also eat it for breakfast.[69]

Notable residents and students

A statue of Mkhitar Sebastatsi (Mechitar)

Notable visitors

Lord Byron's visit to the island, by Ivan Aivazovsky (1899)

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Lazzaro degli Armeni (Venice).

References

Notes
  1. ↑ "Today, just 12 vardapets (learned monks) and five novices remain..."[2]
  2. ↑ Also romanized Surb Łazar. Usually referred to as Վենետիկի Սուրբ Ղազար կղզի, Venetiki Surb Ghazar kghzi, Western Armenian: Venedigi Surp Ghazar gghzi which literally translates to "Saint Lazarus island of Venice".
  3. ↑ Armenian: Մխիթարեան Մայրավանք Սուրբ Ղազար, Mkhitarian Mayravank' Surb Ghazar; Italian: Monastero Mechitarista di San Lazzaro degli Armeni[5]
  4. ↑ According to a 1836 source the library had 10,000 books and 400 (mostly Armenian) manuscripts.[37]
  5. ↑ The mummy is attributed to Namenkhet Amun, a priest at the Amon Temple in Karnak. It was sent to San Lazzaro in 1825 by Boghos Bey Yusufian, an Egyptian minister of Armenian origin. Radiocarbon dating revealed that it dates to 450-430 BC (Late Period of ancient Egypt).[47]
  6. ↑ [52][53] Catholicos Karekin II, the head of the Armenian Apostolic Church, said during his 2008 to the island that San Lazzaro is "a little Armenia thousands of kilometers away from Armenia."[54]
Citations
  1. 1 2 3 4 Luther, Helmut (12 June 2011). "Venedigs Klosterinsel [Venice's monastic island]". Die Welt (in German).
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Levonian Cole, Teresa (31 July 2015). "San Lazzaro degli Armeni: A slice of Armenia in Venice". The Independent.
  3. ↑ Valcanover, Francesco (1965). "Collection of the Armenian Mekhitarist Fathers, Island of St. Lazarus of the Armenians". Museums and Galleries of Venice. Milan: Moneta Editore. p. 149.
  4. ↑ "Island of Saint Lazarus of the Armenians". Michelin Guide.
  5. ↑ "Monastero Mechitarista di San Lazzaro degli Armeni". veneziasi.it (in Italian).
  6. ↑ Doody, Margaret (2007). Tropic of Venice. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-8122-3984-3.
  7. ↑ Murphy, Christopher (2011). Shadows of Forever: The Annals of Forever. Trafford Publishing. p. 311. ISBN 9781426946011. ...had transformed San Lazzaro into a world-renowned center of Armenian culture and learning.
  8. ↑ Dursteler, Eric R. (2013). A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797. BRILL. p. 459. ISBN 9004252517. ...the island of San Lazzaro on which he established a monastery that became a center for Armenian studies and led to a revival of Armenian consciousness.
  9. ↑ Bakalian, Anny (1993). Armenian Americans: From Being to Feeling Armenian. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 345–346. ISBN 1-56000-025-2.
  10. 1 2 "Ազգինը՝ ազգին, Հռոմինը՝ Հռոմին". 168.am (168 Hours Online) (in Armenian). 26 August 2007. Կղզի ամեն տարի այցելում է մոտ 40.000 զբոսաշրջիկ:
  11. ↑ Antonio Visentini (Venice 1688- Venice 1782). "Vignette of the Isola di S. Lazzaro degli Armeni". Royal Collection.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Bambakian, Vartuhi. "The Island of San Lazzaro". mechitar.com. The Armenian Mekhitarist Congregation. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015.
  13. 1 2 Langlois 1874, pp. 12-13.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Սուրբ Ղազար [Surb Ghazar]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 11 (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. 1985. pp. 203–204.
  15. ↑ Yriarte 1880, p. 302.
  16. 1 2 3 Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. pp. 426–427. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  17. 1 2 Langlois 1874, p. 20.
  18. ↑ Langlois 1874, p. 13.
  19. ↑ Langlois 1874, p. 21.
  20. ↑ Langlois 1874, p. 23.
  21. ↑ Langlois 1874, p. 24.
  22. 1 2 3 "From the Fall of the Venetian Republic to the Napoleonic Decree Recognizing the Congregation". mechitar.com. The Armenian Mekhitarist Congregation. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015.
  23. ↑ von Voss, Huberta, ed. (2007). Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World (1st English ed.). New York: Berghahn Books. p. 137. ISBN 9781845452575.
  24. ↑ Buckley, Jonathan (2010). The Rough Guide to Venice & the Veneto (8th ed.). London: Rough Guides. p. 226. ISBN 9781848368705.
  25. ↑ Keates, Jonathan (2005). The Siege Of Venice. Chatto & Windus. p. 411.
  26. ↑ Howells, William Dean (1907) [1866]. Venetian Life. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Company. p. 180.
  27. ↑ Imboden, Durant. "San Lazzaro degli Armeni". Europe for Visitors. Archived from the original on 24 May 2014. Its residents include 10 monks, 10 seminarians, and 15 Armenian students...
  28. 1 2 "The Island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni where the roses are red…and sweet". The Venice Times. 4 January 2014.
  29. 1 2 3 Toth, Susan Allen (19 April 1998). "Hidden Venice". Los Angeles Times. p. 3.
  30. ↑ Belford, Ros; Dunford, Martin; Woolfrey, Celia (2003). Italy. Rough Guides. p. 332.
  31. ↑ "Memorial on Saint Lazarus Island, Venice, Italy". Armenian National Institute.
  32. ↑ Macfarlane, Charles (1830). The Armenians: A Tale of Constantinople, Volume 1. Philadelphia: Carey and Lea. p. 254. San Lazaro is about the middle size, and adorned with a pretty garden...
  33. 1 2 Garrett, Martin (2001). Venice: A Cultural and Literary Companion. New York: Interlink Books. p. 166.
  34. 1 2 3 Carswell, John (2001). Kahn, Robert, ed. Florence, Venice & the Towns of Italy. New York Review of Books. p. 143.
  35. ↑ Robertson, Alexander (1905). The Roman Catholic Church in Italy. Morgan and Scott. p. 186.
  36. ↑ Venice: Past and Present. London: Religious Tract Society. 1853. p. 168.
  37. ↑ Valery, M. (1836). "Italy and the Italians". The Foreign Quarterly Review (London: Adolphus Richter & Co.) 13 (32): 269. The island of San Lazzaro, inhabited by the Armenian monks, and which is at the same time a monastery, a college, a library, and a printing establishment, deserves especial notice. The library contains 10,000 volumes, and 400 MSS. chiefly Armenian.
  38. ↑ Dunglas, Dominique (20 April 2011). "La possibilité des îles". Le Point (in French). San Lazzaro degli Armeni. La bibliothèque du monastère, où vivent une poignée de moines arméniens, ne compte pas moins de 200 000 livres précieux...
  39. 1 2 3 4 Coulie, Bernard (2014). "Collections and Catalogues of Armenian Manuscripts". In Calzolari, Valentina. Armenian Philology in the Modern Era: From Manuscript to Digital Text. Brill Publishers. pp. 23–26. ISBN 9789004259942.
  40. 1 2 Fodor's Venice & the Venetian Arc. Fodor's Travel Publications. 2006. p. 68.
  41. ↑ "Mesrop Mashtots Matenadaran". armenianheritage.org. Armenian Monuments Awareness Project.
  42. 1 2 Mesrobian 1973, p. 33.
  43. ↑ Trvnats, Anush (28 April 2012). "Թուեր Եւ Փաստեր` Հայ Գրատպութեան Պատմութիւնից". Aztag (in Armenian). «Ուրբաթագրքի» առաջին հրատարակութիւնից աշխարհում պահպանուել է 10 օրինակ
  44. ↑ Yapoudjian, Hagop (14 October 2013). "Մտորումներ Սուրբ Ղազար Այցելութեան Մը Առիթով". Aztag (in Armenian).
  45. ↑ Ghazaryan, Davit (2014). "Կիպրիանոս հայրապետը և Հուստիանե կույսը 15-16-րդ դարերի ժապավենաձև հմայիլների գեղարվեստական հարդարանքում" (PDF). Banber Matenadarani (in Armenian): 244. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2015.
  46. ↑ "Guided visits to Isola di San Lazzaro degli Armeni". Città di Venezia.
  47. ↑ Huchet, Jean-Bernard (2010). "Archaeoentomological study of the insect remains found within the mummy of Namenkhet Amun (San Lazzaro Armenian Monastery, Venice/Italy)" (PDF). Advances in Egyptology (Armenian Egyptology Centre) (1): 59–80.
  48. ↑ "Venise insolite: La flamme arménienne au cœur de la lagune" (in French). Radio France Internationale. 7 May 2010.
  49. 1 2 Mathews, Jr., Edward G. (2000). "Armenia". In Johnston, Will M. Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A-L. Chicago and London: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 86–87. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the monastery in Venice produced hundreds of editions of Armenian texts, a number of important studies, and a dictionary of classical Armenian that is still unsurpassed.
  50. ↑ Mouradyan, Anahit (2012). "Հայ տպագրության 500-ամյակը [The 500th Anniversary of the Armenian Book-Printing]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian) (1): 58–59.
  51. 1 2 "Սբ. Ղազար կղզին գիշերով (1892)" (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia.
  52. ↑ "5th Annual Conference of the Forum of Armenian Associations of Europe Venice, Italy". faaeurope.ofirme.sk. Forum of Armenian Associations of Europe. 6–9 June 2003. The city, which covers more than 200 islands, has a little Armenia in it; Armenian cultural and educational center Saint Ghazar
  53. ↑ Hamalian, Leo (1980). As others see us: the Armenian image in literature. New York: Ararat Press. p. 71. ...the Abbot Peter Mekhitar, who founded "a little Armenia with Venetian overtones...
  54. ↑ "Ն.Ս.Օ.Տ.Տ. Գարեգին Բ Ամենայն Հայոց Կաթողիկոսի խոսքը Մխիթարյան միաբանությանը Սուրբ Ղազար կղզում" (PDF). Etchmiadzin (in Armenian) (Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin) (5): 28. May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 21, 2015. Սուրբ Ղազարը Հայաստանից հազարավոր կիլոմետրեր հեռու մի փոքր Հայաստան է
  55. 1 2 Soulahian Kuyumjian, Rita (2001). Archeology of Madness: Komitas, Portrait of an Armenian Icon. Princeton, New Jersey: Gomidas Institute. p. 59. ISBN 1-903656-10-9.
  56. ↑ The New York Times Current History: The European war, Volume 19 (April−May−June 1919). New York: The New York Times Company. p. 72.
  57. ↑ Cross, F. L.; Livingstone, E. A., eds. (2005). "Venice". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3 rev. ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 1699. ISBN 9780192802903.
  58. ↑ Terzian, Shelley (2014). "Central effects of religious education in Armenia from Ancient Times to Post-Soviet Armenia". In Wolhuter, Charl; de Wet, Corene. International Comparative Perspectives on Religion and Education. SUN MeDIA. p. 37.
  59. ↑ Yriarte 1880, p. 302.
  60. ↑ Hewsen, Robert H. (2001). Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 12, 158. ISBN 0-226-33228-4.
  61. ↑ Torosyan, Vardanush (1996). "Հայրենիքի իրական բովանդակությունը". hrantmatevossian.org (in Armenian). Hrant Matevossian Foundation. Մեր մշակութային կենտրոնը, մեր Սուրբ Ղազարը Հայաստանն է լինելու:
  62. ↑ "Հայերն Իտալիայում [Armenians in Italy]". italy.mfa.am (in Armenian). Embassy of Armenia to Italy.
  63. ↑ "Բայրոնի այցը Մխիթարյաններին Սբ. Ղազար կղզում (1899)" (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia.
  64. ↑ Pennell, Joseph. "The Armenian convent". Library of Congress.
  65. ↑ "Սբ Ղազարի կղզին. Վենետիկ (1958)" (in Armenian). National Gallery of Armenia.
  66. ↑ Davies, Emiko (10 May 2011). "Rose petal Jam from a Venetian monastery". emikodavies.com.
  67. ↑ "Maggio: le rose". la Repubblica (in Italian). 11 May 2012. Mentre di origine armena è la “vartanush”, la marmellata di rose che in Italia viene prodotta a Venezia, nell’Isola di San Lazzaro degli Armeni dai monaci Mechitaristi.
  68. ↑ "Isola di San Lazzaro degli Armeni" (in Italian). Italian Botanical Heritage. Una tecnica secolare ne imprigiona i profumi nella Vartanush, la marmellata di petali di rose che, tradizionalmente, vengono colti al sorgere del sole.
  69. ↑ Gora, Sasha (8 March 2013). "San Lazzaro degli Armeni – Where Monks Make Rose Petal Jam in Venice, Italy". Honest Cooking.
  70. ↑ New International Encyclopedia, Volume 3. Dodd, Mead. 1914. p. 120.
  71. ↑ Melik-Pashayan, K. (1978). "Լալայան Երվանդ [Lalayan Yervand]". Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia Volume 4 (in Armenian). p. 475.
  72. ↑ Asmarian, H. A. (2003). "Ղևոնդ Ալիշանի ճանապարհորդական նոթերից [From Ghevond Alishan’s travel notes]". Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri (in Armenian) (2): 127.
  73. ↑ Shtikian, S. A. (1970). "Ղևոնդ Ալիշան [Ghevond Alishan]". Patma-Banasirakan Handes (in Armenian) (2): 13.
  74. ↑ Moubayed, Sami (2005). Steel & silk : men and women who shaped Syria 1900-2000. Seattle, Wash: Cune. pp. 71–2. ISBN 1885942400.
  75. ↑ Mesrobian 1973, p. 27.
  76. ↑ Mesrobian 1973, p. 31.
  77. ↑ Elze, Karl (1872). Lord Byron, a biography, with a critical essay on his place in literature. London: J. Murray. pp. 217–218.
  78. 1 2 Saryan, Levon A. (July–August 2011). "A Visit to San Lazzaro: An Armenian Island in the Heart of Europe Part I, Part II, Part III". Armenian Weekly.
  79. ↑ Vangelista, Massimo (4 September 2013). "Lord Byron in the Armenian Monastery in Venice". byronico.com.
  80. 1 2 3 Deolen, A. (1919). "The Mekhitarists". The New Armenia 11 (7): 104.
  81. ↑ Whipple, Addison Beecher Colvin (1964). The Fatal Gift of Beauty: The Final Years of Byron and Shelly. Harper & Row. p. 64.
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  85. ↑ de Musset, Alfred (1867). Oeuvres, Volume 7 (in French). Paris: Charpentier. p. 246. Après le repas, ils montaient en gondole, et s'en allaient voguer autour de l'île des Arméniens...
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  90. ↑ Khachatrian, Shahen. ""Поэт моря" ["The Sea Poet"]" (in Russian). Center of Spiritual Culture, Leading and National Research Samara State Aerospace University.
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  92. ↑ Cook, Edward Tyas (1912). Homes and Haunts of John Ruskin. New York: Macmillan. pp. 111–112.
  93. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Issaverdenz, James (1890). The Island of San Lazzaro. Venice: Armenian typography of San Lazzaro. pp. 16–8.
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  96. ↑ Goodman, Susan Goodman (2001). William Dean Howells a Writer's Life. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 82. ISBN 052093024X.
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  98. ↑ Horne, Joseph (1872). "St. Lazzaro, Venice, and its Armenian Convent". Ladies Repository (J.F. Wright and L. Swormstedt) 32 (10): 459.
  99. ↑ Grant, Julia Dent (1988). Simon, John Y., ed. The personal memoirs of Julia Dent Grant (Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant). Southern Illinois University Press. p. 243.
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  104. ↑ Fawcett, Edgar. Spring Days in Venice. The Cosmopolitan. p. 620.
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  106. ↑ "Raffaele K. Salinari STALIN IN ITALY".
  107. 1 2 "Իսահակյանի և Չարենցի առաջին հանդիպումը Վենետիկում". magaghat.am (in Armenian). Մեծատաղանդ բանաստեղծ Եղիշե Չարենցին առաջին անգամ տեսա Վենետիկում, 1924 թվականին: [...] Գնում էինք ծովափ, հետո գնում էինք Մխիթարյանների վանքը` Սուրբ Ղազար:
  108. ↑ "Ֆոտոալբոմ [Photo gallery]". akhic.am (in Armenian). Aram Khachaturian International Competition. Ա.Խաչատրյանը Մխիթարյան միաբանությունում Սուրբ Ղազար կղզի 1963
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  110. ↑ Rosino, Leonida (1988). "Encounters with Victor Ambartsumian one afternoon at the San Lazzaro Degli Armeni island at Venice". Astrophysics 29 (1): 412–414. doi:10.1007/BF01005854.
  111. ↑ Doody, Margaret (2007). Tropic of Venice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 272. ISBN 0812239849.
  112. ↑ "Armenia Wins Venice Biennale 2015 Golden Lion Award". Armenian Weekly. 14 May 2015.
  113. ↑ Davidson, Susan; White, David (2009). Robert Rauschenberg. Venezia: Peggy Guggenheim collection. p. 11. ISBN 0892073888. In 1996 he was invited to exhibit three bodies of work on the Island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni, including a collaboration with Darryl Pottorf (A Quattro Mani, 1996).
  114. ↑ ՀՀ նախագահ Ռոբերտ Քոչարյանը պաշտոնական այցով կմեկնի Իտալիա (in Armenian). Armenpress. 25 January 2005.
  115. 1 2 3 "Island of San Lazzaro degli Armeni, Venice". oslj.org.uk. Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem. 11 March 2011.
  116. ↑ "Catholicos Concludes Vatican Visit". Asbarez. 13 May 2008.
  117. ↑ "President Serzh Sargsyan visited the Mkhitarian Congregation at the St. Lazarus Island in Venice". president.am (Office to the President of the Republic of Armenia). 14 December 2011.

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