Scolopendra

Scolopendra

Scolopendra cingulata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Myriapoda
Class:	Chilopoda
Order:	Scolopendromorpha
Family:	Scolopendridae
Genus:	Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Scolopendra morsitans ^[1] Linnaeus, 1758

Scolopendra (through Latin from Greek σκολόπενδρα, skolopendra) is a genus of centipedes of the family Scolopendridae.

Description

In temperate climates, only relatively small species occur, but species from the tropics may exceed 30 cm (12 in).^[2]

Ecology and venom

They are active predators, taking prey as large as rodents and even bats, but also small insects such as the stingless bee species Tetragonula iridipennis.^[3]^[4] Their bites are very painful, but are rarely fatal in humans.^[5] The venom is delivered through the animal's forcipules, which lie just behind the mandibles. The venoms of Scolopendra species contain compounds such as serotonin, haemolytic phospholipase A, a cardiotoxic protein, and a cytolysin.^[6]

Taxonomic history

Scolopendra was one of the genera created by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, the starting point for zoological nomenclature. Only two of the species originally assigned to the genus remain so: Scolopendra gigantea and S. morsitans; the latter was chosen to be the type species by Opinion 454 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature,^[2] overruling a previous designation by Pierre André Latreille, in which he chose Linnaeus' Scolopendra forficata (now Lithobius forficatus) as the type species.^[7]

Species

The genus Scolopendra contains these species:^[1]

Scolopendra abnormis Lewis & Daszak, 1996
Scolopendra afer (Meinert, 1886)
Scolopendra algerina Newport, 1845
Scolopendra alternans Leach, 1813
Scolopendra andhrensis Jangi & Dass, 1984
Scolopendra angulata Newport, 1844
Scolopendra angusticollis Murray, 1887
Scolopendra anomia Newport, 1844
Scolopendra appendiculata Daday, 1891
Scolopendra arborea Lewis, 1982
Scolopendra arenicola (Lawrence, 1975)
Scolopendra arthrorhabdoides Ribaut, 1912
Scolopendra attemsi Lewis, Minelli & Shelley, 2006
Scolopendra aztecorum Verhoeff, 1934
Scolopendra calcarata Porat, 1876
Scolopendra canidens Newport, 1844
Scolopendra childreni Newport, 1844
Scolopendra chlora Chamberlin, 1942
Scolopendra chlorotes C. L. Koch, 1856
Scolopendra cingulata Latreille, 1829
Scolopendra clavipes C. L. Koch, 1847
Scolopendra concolor Newport, 1845
Scolopendra crassa Templeton, 1846
Scolopendra cretica Attems, 1902
Scolopendra cribrifera Gervais, 1847
Scolopendra crudelis C. L. Koch, 1847
Scolopendra dalmatica C. L. Koch, 1847
Scolopendra ellorensis Jangi & Dass, 1984
Scolopendra fissispina L. Koch, 1865
Scolopendra foveolata Verhoeff, 1937
Scolopendra galapagoensis Bollman, 1889
Scolopendra gigantea Linnaeus, 1758
Scolopendra gracillima Attems, 1898
Scolopendra hardwickei Newport, 1844
Scolopendra hermosa Chamberlin, 1941
Scolopendra heros Girard, 1853
Scolopendra horrida C. L. Koch, 1847
Scolopendra inaequidens Gervais, 1847
Scolopendra indiae (Chamberlin, 1914)
Scolopendra indica Meinert, 1886
Scolopendra inermipes C. L. Koch, 1847
Scolopendra inermis Newport, 1845
Scolopendra jangii Khanna & Yadav, 1997
Scolopendra koreana (Verhoeff, 1934)
Scolopendra labiata C. L. Koch, 1863
Scolopendra laeta Haase, 1887
Scolopendra langi (Chamberlin, 1927)
Scolopendra latro Meinert, 1886
Scolopendra limicolor Wood, 1861
Scolopendra lucasii Gervais, 1847
Scolopendra lutea (Attems, 1928)
Scolopendra madagascariensis Attems, 1910
Scolopendra malkini Chamberlin, 1955
Scolopendra mazbii Gravely, 1912
Scolopendra media (Muralewicz, 1926)
Scolopendra melionii Lucas, 1853
Scolopendra metuenda Pocock, 1895
Scolopendra michoacana Chamberlin, 1941
Scolopendra mima Chamberlin, 1942
Scolopendra mirabilis (Porat, 1876)
Scolopendra monticola (Lawrence, 1975)
Scolopendra morsitans Linnaeus, 1758
Scolopendra multidens Newport, 1844
Scolopendra negrocapitis Zhang & Wang, 1999
Scolopendra nuda (Jangi & Dass, 1980)
Scolopendra occidentalis F. Meinert, 1886
Scolopendra octodentata Verhoeff, 1934
Scolopendra oraniensis Lucas, 1846
Scolopendra pachygnatha Pocock, 1895
Scolopendra paranuda (Khanna & Tripathi, 1987)
Scolopendra pentagramma Motschoulsky, 1886
Scolopendra pinguis Pocock, 1891
Scolopendra polymorpha Wood, 1861
Scolopendra pomacea C. L. Koch, 1847
Scolopendra puncticeps Wood, 1861
Scolopendra punensis Jangi & Dass, 1984
Scolopendra robusta Kraepelin, 1903
Scolopendra sanatillae Bollman, 1893
Scolopendra silhetensis Newport, 1845
Scolopendra spinipriva Bücherl, 1946
Scolopendra spinosissima Kraepelin, 1903
Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815
Scolopendra sumichrasti Saussure, 1860
Scolopendra tenuitarsis Pocock, 1895
Scolopendra valida Lucas, 1840
Scolopendra violacea Fabricius, 1798
Scolopendra viridicornis Newport, 1844
Scolopendra viridipes Dufour, 1820
Scolopendra viridis Say, 1821
Scolopendra zuluana (Lawrence, 1958)

References

1 2 "Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758". ChiloBase. Università di Padova. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
1 2 R. M. Shelley & S. B. Kiser (2000). "Neotype designation and a diagnostic account for the centipede, Scolopendra gigantea L. 1758, with an account of S. galapagoensis Bollman 1889 (Chilopoda Scolopendromorpha Scolopendridae)" (PDF). Tropical Zoology 13 (1): 159–170.
↑ Vijayakumar, K. (2012). "Predation of stingless bees (Trigona iridipennis: Apidae, Meliponinae) by centipede (Scolopendra hardiwicki: Chilopoda: Scolopendramorpha)". International Journal of Advanced Life Sciences.
↑ J. Molinari, E. E. Gutiérrez, A. A. de Ascenção, J. M. Nassar, A. Arends & R. J. Márquez (2005). "Predation by giant centipedes, Scolopendra gigantea, on three species of bats in a Venezuelan cave" (PDF). Caribbean Journal of Science 41 (2): 340–346.
↑ S. P. Bush, B. O. King, R. L. Norris & S. A. Stockwell (2001). "Centipede envenomation". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 12 (2): 93–99. doi:10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0093:CE]2.0.CO;2. PMID 11434497.
↑ Robert L. Norris (November 19, 2008). "Centipede Envenomation". eMedicine. Retrieved October 29, 2010.
↑ Ralph E. Crabill, Jr. (1955). "Proposed use of the plenary powers to designate for the genus "Scolopendra" Linnaeus (Class Myriapoda) a type species in harmony with the accustomed usage". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 11 (4): 134–136.