Å -L-M


Shin-Lamedh-Mem is the triconsonantal root of many Semitic words, and many of those words are used as names. The root meaning translates to "whole, safe, intact". Its earliest known form is in the name of Shalim, the ancient God of Dusk of Ugarit. Derived from this are meanings of "to be safe, secure, at peace", hence "well-being, health" and passively "to be secured, pacified, submitted".
- Arabic: س ل م‎ S-L-M (Maltese: S-L-M)
- East Semitic S-L-M
- Northwest Semitic Å -L-M
Arabic salÄm (سَلاَم‎), Maltese sliem, Hebrew Shalom (שָ×לוֹ×), Ge'ez sälam (ሰላáˆ), Syriac Å¡lama (pronounced Shlama, or Shlomo in the Western Syriac dialect) (Ü«Ü Ü¡Ü) are cognate Semitic terms for 'peace', deriving from a Proto-Semitic *Å¡alÄm-.
Given names derived from the same root include Solomon (Süleyman), Selim, Salem, Salim, Salma, Salmah, Selimah, Shelimah, Salome, etc.
Arabic, Maltese, Hebrew and Aramaic have cognate expressions meaning 'peace be upon you' used as a greeting:
- Arabic as-salÄmu Ê»alaykum (السلام عليكم) is used to greet others and is an Arabic equivalent of 'hello'. The appropriate response to such a greeting is "and upon you be peace" (wa-Ê»alaykum as-salÄm).
- Hebrew shalom aleikhem, (×©×œ×•× ×¢×œ×™×›×) is the equivalent of the Arabic expression, the response being ×¢×œ×™×›× ×©×œ×•×, aléichem shalóm, 'upon you be peace'.
- Maltese sliem għalikom.
- Neo-Aramaic Ü«Ü Ü¡Ü Ü¥Ü Ü˜ÜŸ Å¡lama 'lokh, classically Ü«Ü Ü¡ Ü ÜŸ, Å¡lÄm lakh.
East Semitic
In the Amarna letters. A small number of the 382-letter corpus of the letters discussed the exchange of "peace gifts", namely greeting-gifts (Shulmani) between the Pharaoh and the other ruler involving the letter. The examples are Zita (Hittite prince), and Tushratta of Mitanni. Also, Kadashman-Enlil of Babylon, (Karduniaš of the letters).
Å alÄm, (shalamu) is also used in letter introductions, stating the authors health: an example letter EA19, from Tushratta to Pharaoh states:
- "...the king of Mittani, your brother. For me all goes well. For you may all go well."--(lines 2-4) (an 85-line letter)[1]
- Salimatu 'alliance'
- Salimu 'peace, concord'
- Shalamu 'to be(come) whole, safe; to recover; to succeed, prosper'.
- Shulmu 'health, well-being'; also a common greeting
Arabic

The Arabic word salÄm is used in a variety of expressions and contexts in Arabic and Islamic speech and writing. "Al-SalÄm" is one of the 99 names of God in Islam, and also a male given name in conjunction with Ê»abd. Ê»Abd al-SalÄm translates to 'Slave of Allah the All-Peaceable'.
- سلام‎ salÄm 'Peace'
- السلام عليكم‎ as-salÄmu Ê¿alaykum 'Peace be upon you'
- إسلام‎ IslÄm 'submission, entrusting one's wholeness to another'
- مسلم‎ muslim 'One who submits'
- تسليم‎ taslīm – 'delivering SLM – to give a salutation or a submission'
- مستسلم‎ mustaslim – 'wanting to receive SLM' – no longer seeking opposition/conflict, the one who has submitted
- سالم‎ sÄlim – 'subject of SLM' – its SLM, 'the vase is SLM', 'the vase is whole, unbroken'
- Ù…ÙØ³ÙŽÙ„َّم‎ musallam – 'undisputed'
- Christianity: in the rosary: السلام عليك يا مريم‎ as-salÄm Ê»alayki yÄ Maryam 'Hail Mary'.
In Maltese:
- Sliem – 'peace'
- Sellem – 'to greet, to salute'
Arabic IslÄm
The word إسلام IslÄm is a verbal noun derived from s-l-m, meaning "submission" (i.e. entrusting one's wholeness to another), which may be interpreted as humility. "One who submits" is signified by the participle مسلم, Muslim (fem. مسلمة, muslimah).[3]
The word is given a number of meanings in the Qur'an. In some verses (ÄyÄt), the quality of Islam as an internal conviction is stressed: "Whomsoever God desires to guide, He expands his breast to Islam."[4] Other verses connect islÄm and dÄ«n (usually translated as "religion"): "Today, I have perfected your religion (dÄ«n) for you; I have completed My blessing upon you; I have approved Islam for your religion."[5] Still others describe Islam as an action of returning to God—more than just a verbal affirmation of faith.[6]
Given names
- Salam (Arabic: سلام‎ SalÄm)
- Salman (Arabic: سلمان‎ SalmÄn)
- Selim (Arabic: سليم‎, originally: Salīm)
- Suleim (Arabic: سÙليم‎ Sulaym)
- Suleiman (Arabic: سليمان‎ SulaymÄn)
Northwest Semitic

The Koine Greek New Testament text uses eirÄ“nÄ“ (εἰÏήνη) for 'peace',[7] which perhaps represents Jesus saying Å¡lama; this Greek form became the northern feminine name Irene. In the Epistles, it often occurs alongside the usual Greek greeting chairein (χαίÏειν) in the phrase 'grace and peace'. However, comparison of the Greek Septuagint and Hebrew Masoretic Old Testament texts shows some instances where shalom was translated instead as soteria (σωτηÏία, meaning 'salvation').
In Hebrew:
- Shalom
- Mushlam (מושל×) – Perfect
- Shalem (של×) – whole, complete
- Lehashlim (להשלי×) – to complete, fill in
- Leshallem (לשל×) – to pay
- Tashlum (תשלו×) – payment
- Shillumim (שילומי×) – reparations
- Lehishtallem (להשתל×) – to be worth it, to "pay"
- Absalom (×בשלו×) – a personal name, literally means 'Father [of] Peace'.
In Aramaic:
- Shlama – 'peace'
- Shalmuta
Given names
- Shlomi (Hebrew: שלומי‎ or שלמי)
- Solomon, Shlomo (Hebrew: שלמה‎)
- Shlomit (Hebrew: שלומית‎), Salome
See also
References
- ↑ William L. Moran. The Amarana letters. p. 43. ISBN 0-8018-6715-0.
- ↑ Huehnergard, J. (2005). A Grammar of Akkadian. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
- ↑ Entry for šlm, p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, ISBN 0-618-08230-1.
- ↑ Quran 6:125, Quran 61:7, Quran 39:22
- ↑ Quran 5:3, Quran 3:19, Quran 3:83
- ↑ See:
- Quran 9:74, Quran 49:14
- L. Gardet; J. Jomier. "Islam". Encyclopaedia of Islam Online.
- ↑ Lk 24:36; Jn 20:19,26; vide NA27 per sy.
External links
The dictionary definition of Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/*Å¡alÄm- at Wiktionary
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