Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome

Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
Classification and external resources
Specialty medical genetics
ICD-10 Q87.3
ICD-9-CM 759.89
OMIM 312870
DiseasesDB 32640

Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome (SGBS), also called Bulldog syndrome, Sara Agers syndrome, Golabi–Rosen syndrome, Simpson dysmorphia syndrome (SDYS) or X-linked dysplasia gigantism syndrome (DGSX),[1] is a rare inherited congenital disorder that can cause craniofacial, skeletal, cardiac, and renal abnormalities. The syndrome is inherited in an X-linked recessive fashion,[2] where males express the phenotype and females usually do not. Females that possess one copy of the mutation are considered to be carriers of the syndrome and may express varying degrees of the phenotype.

There are two types of SGBS, each found on a different gene:

Type OMIM Gene Locus
SGBS1 312870 GPC3 Xq26
SGBS2 300209 CXORF5 Xp22

SGBS is also considered to be an overgrowth syndrome (OGS). OGS is characterized by a 2-3 standard deviation increase in weight, height, or head circumference above the average for sex and age. One of the most noted features of OGS is the increased risk of neoplasms in certain OGSs. SGBS in particular has been found to have a 10% tumor predisposition frequency with 94% of cases occurring in the abdominal region, most being malignant. It is common for tumors to be embryonal in type and appear before the age of 10. There are five different types of tumors that patients with SGBS might develop, all intra-abdominal: Wilms tumor, Hepatoblastoma, Hepatocarcinoma, Gonadoblastoma, and Neuroblastoma. The most common types of tumors developed in patients are the Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma.[3]

Causes

Although not all causes of SGBS have been identified, one cause of SGBS type I is a mutation of the glypican-3 gene (GPC3) on the X chromosome locus q26.1. This particular gene is widely expressed, especially in tissues derived from the mesoderm during fetal development. The function of this gene is to produce a protein that acts as a cell surface receptor that binds to transcription factors. Binding of the transcription factors allows regulation of cellular responses to growth factors such as members of the hedgehog protein family. When large or small deletions and missense mutations occur along the GPC3 gene, GPC3 can no longer negatively regulate Hedgehog signaling during development, therefore increasing cell proliferation and the risk of developing cancer.[4] Limb patterning and skeletal development may also go awry when GCP3 mutations inhibit regulations of responses to bone morphogenetic proteins, another type of growth factor.[5]

It has been suggested that SGBS type II may be caused by duplication of the GPC4 gene, which helps to regulate cell division and growth.[6]

Also, some patients diagnosed with SGBS do not have any GPC3 or GPC4 deletions or mutations. Possible explanations include promoter mutation or silencing of the GPC3 gene causing reduced expression in these patients.[7]

Genetics

Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome has an X-linked recessive pattern of inheritance.

The disorder is passed on in an X-linked recessive fashion.

Possible symptoms and associated conditions

Detection and diagnosis

Detection usually begins with a routine doctor visit when the fundal height is being measured or during an ultrasound examination. When large for gestational age fetuses (LGA) are identified, there may be a possibility of two causes: maternal diabetes or incorrect dates. However, if these two causes are ruled out, an ultrasound is performed to detect for overgrowth and other abnormalities. At this point, it becomes essential for a clinical geneticist to assist in the correct selection of tests and possible diagnosis.[8]

First signs of SGBS may be observed as early as 16 weeks of gestation. Aids to diagnosing might include the presence of macrosomia, polyhydramnios, elevated maternal serum-α-fetoprotein, cystic hygroma, hydrops fetalis, increased nuchal translucency, craniofacial abnormalities, visceromegaly, renal abnormalities, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, polydactyly, and a single umbilical artery.[6]

If there is a known mutation in the family, prenatal testing is available. Prenatal testing is also possible by looking for evidence of the mild SGBS phenotype in the mother and the positive SGBS phenotype in male family members. Family members who are positive of SGBS may undergo mutational analysis of genes GCP3, GCP4, and CXORF5. Genomic balance in Xp22 and Xq26 may also be analyzed through array comparative genomic hybridization.[6]

Due to the high percentage of male deaths during the neonatal period, early detection of tumors is crucial. In order to detect the presence of tumors, screening in SGBS patients should include abdominal ultrasound, urinalysis, and biochemical markers that screen for embryonic tumors.[8]

Once the infant is born, possibility of hypoglycemia must be assessed along with cardiac, genitalia, liver, and adrenal evaluations. Such tests include chest radiographs, electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, renal sonography, and abdominal sonography to test for possible abnormalities.[9]

Treatment and management

Since the syndrome is caused by a genetic mutation in the individual's DNA, a cure is not available. Treatment of the symptoms and management of the syndrome, however, is possible.

Depending on the manifestation, surgery, increased intake of glucose, special education, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and physical therapy are some methods of managing the syndrome and associated symptoms.[10]

Additional information

SGBS is similar to another overgrowth syndrome called Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome.

SGBS Cells are a unique tool to study the function of Human adipocyte biology. These cells are similar to human primary preadipocytes, and will become a popular model instead of Mouse 3T3-L1 cells to study the secretion and adipokine profile in the future. This cellular tool has been described and developed by Dr. Martin Wabitsch, University of Ulm, Germany.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 312870
  2. ↑ Garganta CL, Bodurtha JN (1992). "Report of another family with Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome and a review of the literature". Am J Med Genet 44 (2): 129–135. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320440202. PMID 1456279.
  3. ↑ Lapunzina, Pablo (15 August 2005). "Risk of tumorigenesis in overgrowth syndromes: A comprehensive review". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics 137C (1): 53–71. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30064.
  4. ↑ Slavotinek, Anne M. (15 May 2007). "Single gene disorders associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics 145C (2): 172–183. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.30125.
  5. ↑ Debaun, Michael R.; Ess, Jennifer; Saunders, Scott (2001). "Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome: Progress toward Understanding the Molecular Basis for Overgrowth, Malformation, and Cancer Predisposition". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 72 (4): 279–86. doi:10.1006/mgme.2001.3150. PMID 11286501.
  6. 1 2 3 Chen, Chih-Ping (1 June 2012). "Prenatal findings and the genetic diagnosis of fetal overgrowth disorders: Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, Sotos syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome". Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 51 (2): 186–191. doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2012.04.004. PMID 22795092.
  7. ↑ Veugelers, M.4; Cat, BD; Muyldermans, SY; Reekmans, G; Delande, N; Frints, S; Legius, E; Fryns, JP; Schrander-Stumpel, C (22 May 2000). "Mutational analysis of the GPC3/GPC4 glypican gene cluster on Xq26 in patients with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: identification of loss-of-function mutations in the GPC3 gene". Human Molecular Genetics 9 (9): 1321–1328. doi:10.1093/hmg/9.9.1321. PMID 10814714.
  8. 1 2 Vora, Neeta; Bianchi, Diana W. (1 October 2009). "Genetic considerations in the prenatal diagnosis of overgrowth syndromes". Prenatal Diagnosis 29 (10): 923–929. doi:10.1002/pd.2319. PMID 19609940.
  9. ↑ DeBaun, Michael R.; Ess, Jennifer; Saunders, Scott (1 April 2001). "Simpson Golabi Behmel Syndrome: Progress toward Understanding the Molecular Basis for Overgrowth, Malformation, and Cancer Predisposition". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 72 (4): 279–286. doi:10.1006/mgme.2001.3150. PMID 11286501.
  10. ↑ Golabi, Mahin. "Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome Type 1". U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  11. ↑ Wabitsch, Martin (January 2001). "Characterization of a human preadipocyte cell strain with high capacity for adipose differentiation". International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorder 25 (1): 8–15. PMID 11244452. Retrieved 27 April 2015.

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Tuesday, April 28, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.