Skylake (microarchitecture)

Skylake

CPUID code	0506e3h
Product code	80662
L1 cache	64 KiB per core
L2 cache	256 KiB per core
L3 cache	8192 KiB shared
Created	Launched at Gamescom on August 5, 2015[1]
Transistors	14 nm bulk silicon 3D transistors (FinFET)
Architecture	Skylake x86
Instructions	MMX, AES-NI, CLMUL, FMA3
Extensions	x86-64, Intel 64 SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4, SSE4.1, SSE4.2 ADX, AVX, AVX2, AVX3 (Xeon models only[2][3]), MPX, TXT, TSX, SGX[4] VT-x, VT-d
Socket(s)	LGA 1151 BGA 1356 BGA 1515 BGA 1440[5]
Predecessor	Haswell (tock) Broadwell (tick)
Successor	Kaby Lake (semi-Tock)[6]
Brand name(s)	Core i3 Core i5 Core i7 Core m3 Core m5 Core m7 Xeon Pentium

Skylake^[7][8] is the codename used by Intel for a processor microarchitecture which was launched in August 2015^[9] as the successor to the Broadwell microarchitecture.^[10] Skylake is a microarchitecture redesign using an already existing process technology, serving as a "tock" in Intel's "tick-tock" manufacturing and design model. According to Intel, the redesign brings greater CPU and GPU performance and reduced power consumption. Skylake uses the same 14 nm manufacturing process^[11] as Broadwell.

Development history

Skylake's development, as with processors such as Banias, Dothan, Conroe, Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge, was primarily undertaken by Intel Israel,^[12] centered at its engineering research center in Haifa, Israel. The team worked on the project for four years, and faced many challenges: "But by re-writing the microarchitecture and developing new concepts such as the Speed Shift Technology, we created a processor for 4.5 W to 45 W mobile devices, and up to 91 W for desktop devices."^[13] The Skylake processors will be used to power a wide range of devices, from smartphones and tablets, all the way to desktops.^[14] "Because of Skylake's features, companies will be able to release laptop PCs that are half as thick and half as heavy as those from five years ago," according to Intel.^[15]

In September 2014, Intel announced the Skylake microarchitecture at the Intel Developer Forum in San Francisco, and that volume shipments of Skylake CPUs were scheduled for the second half of 2015. Also, the Skylake development platform was announced to be available in Q1 2015. During the announcement, Intel also demonstrated two computers with desktop and mobile Skylake prototypes: the first was a desktop testbed system, running the latest version of 3DMark, while the second computer was a fully functional laptop, playing 4K video.^[16]

An initial batch of Skylake CPUs (6600K and 6700K) was announced for immediate availability during the Gamescom on August 5, 2015,^[1] unusually soon after the release of its predecessor, Broadwell, which had suffered from launch delays.^[17] Intel acknowledged in 2014 that moving from 22 nm (Haswell) to 14 nm (Broadwell) had been its most difficult process to develop yet, causing Broadwell's planned launch to slip by several months;^[18] yet, the 14 nm production was back on track and in full production as of Q3 2014.^[19] Industry observers had initially believed that the issues impacting Broadwell would also cause Skylake to slip to 2016, but Intel was able to bring forward Skylake's release and shorten Broadwell's release cycle instead.^[20][21] As a result, the Broadwell architecture had an unusually short run.^[20]

Overclocking of unsupported processors

Officially Intel only supported overclocking of the "K" versions of Skylake processors. However, it was later discovered that other "non-K" chips could be overclocked by modifying the base clock value — a process made feasible by the base clock only applying to the CPU, RAM, and integrated graphics on Skylake. Through beta UEFI firmware updates, some motherboard vendors, such as Asrock (which prominently promoted it under the name "Sky OC") allowed the base clock to be modified in this manner.^[22][23]

In February 2016, however, an Asrock firmware update removed the feature. On February 9, 2016, Intel announced that it would no longer allow such overclocking of non-K processors, and that it had issued a CPU microcode update which removes the function.^[24][25][26] In April 2016 Asrock started selling motherboards which support overclocking of unsupported CPUs using an external clock generator.^[27][28]

Operating system support

In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would end support of Windows 7 and Windows 8.1 on Skylake processors effective July 17, 2017; after this date, only the "most critical" updates for the two operating systems would be released for Skylake users if they have been judged not to affect the reliability of the OS on older hardware, and Windows 10 would be the only Microsoft Windows platform officially supported on Skylake, as well as all future Intel CPU microarchitectures beginning with Skylake's successor Kaby Lake. Terry Myerson stated that Microsoft had to make a "large investment" in order to reliably support Skylake on older versions of Windows, and that future generations of processors would require further investments. Microsoft also stated that due to the age of the platform, it would be "challenging" for newer hardware, firmware, and device driver combinations to properly run under 7.^[29][30]

On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism over the move, primarily from enterprise customers, Microsoft announced revisions to the support policy, changing the cutoff for support and non-critical updates to July 17, 2018 and stating that Skylake users would receive all critical security updates for Windows 7 and 8.1 through the end of extended support.^[31][32]

Skylake mobile products are still not fully supported on Linux because not all Low-Power Idle States are supported. Because of that, long term reliability can be reduced.^[33]

Features

Like its predecessor, Broadwell, Skylake is available in four variants, identified by the suffixes "S" (SKL-S), "H" (SKL-H), "U" (SKL-U), and "Y" (SKL-Y). SKL-S contains an overclockable "K" variant with unlocked multipliers.^[34] The H, U and Y variants are manufactured in ball grid array (BGA) packaging, while the S variant is manufactured in land grid array (LGA) packaging using a new socket, LGA 1151.^[35] Skylake is used in conjunction with Intel 100 Series chipsets, also known as Sunrise Point.^[36]

The major changes between the Haswell and Skylake architectures include the removal of the fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR) introduced with Haswell.^[37] On the variants that will use a discrete Platform Controller Hub (PCH), Direct Media Interface (DMI) 2.0 is replaced by DMI 3.0, which allows speeds of up to 8 GT/s.

Skylake's U and Y variants support one DIMM slot per channel, while H and S variants support two DIMM slots per channel.^[35] Skylake's launch and sales lifespan occur at the same time as the ongoing SDRAM market transition, with DDR3 SDRAM memory gradually being replaced by DDR4 memory. Rather than working exclusively with DDR4, the Skylake microarchitecture remains backward compatible by interoperating with both types of memory. Accompanying the microarchitecture's support for both memory standards, a new SO-DIMM type capable of carrying either DDR3 or DDR4 memory chips, called UniDIMM, was also announced.^[38]

Other enhancements include Thunderbolt 3.0, SATA Express, Iris Pro graphics with Direct3D feature level 12_1 with up to 128 MB of L4 eDRAM cache on certain SKUs.^[39] The Skylake line of processors retires VGA support,^[40] while supporting up to five monitors connected via HDMI 1.4, DisplayPort 1.2 or Embedded DisplayPort (eDP) interfaces.^[41] HDMI 2.0 (4K@60 Hz) is only supported on motherboards equipped with Intel’s Alpine Ridge Thunderbolt controller.^[42]

The Skylake instruction set changes include Intel MPX (Memory Protection Extensions) and Intel ADX (Multi-Precision Add-Carry Instruction Extensions). The Xeon variant also has Advanced Vector Extensions 3.2 ("AVX-512F").^[2][3]

Skylake-based laptops may use wireless technology called Rezence for charging, and other wireless technologies for communication with peripherals. Many major PC vendors have agreed to use this technology in Skylake-based laptops, which should be released by the end of 2015.^[43]

The integrated GPU of Skylake's S variant supports DirectX 12 Feature Level 12_1, OpenGL 4.4 and OpenCL 2.0 standards, as well as some modern hardware video encoding/decoding formats such as VP9 (GPU accelerated decode only), VP8 and HEVC (hardware accelerated 8-bit encode/decode and GPU accelerated 10-bit decode).^[44][45][46]

Intel also released unlocked (capable of overclocking) mobile Skylake CPUs.^[47]

Unlike previous generations, Skylake-based Xeon E3 no longer works with a desktop chipset that supports the same socket, and requires C230 chipset to operate.

Architecture

• Improved front-end, deeper out-of-order buffers, improved execution units, more execution units (third vector integer ALU(VALU)), more load/store bandwidth, improved hyper-threading (wider retirement), speedup of AES-GCM and AES-CBC by 17% and 33% accordingly.^[48][49]
• 14 nm manufacturing process^[50]
• LGA 1151 socket for desktop processors
• 100 Series chipset (Sunrise Point)^[51]
• Thermal design power (TDP) up to 95 W (LGA 1151)^[52]
• Support for both DDR3L SDRAM and DDR4 SDRAM in mainstream variants, using custom UniDIMM SO-DIMM form factor^[53][54][55] with up to 64 GB of RAM on LGA 1151 variants. Usual DDR3 memory is also supported by certain motherboard vendors even though Intel doesn't officially support it.^[56][57]
• Support for 16 PCI Express 3.0 lanes from CPU, 20 PCI Express 3.0 lanes from PCH (LGA 1151)
• Support for Thunderbolt 3 (Alpine Ridge)^[58]
• 64 to 128 MB L4 eDRAM cache on certain SKUs
• Up to four cores as the default mainstream configuration^[53]
• AVX-512: F, CDI, VL, BW, and DQ for some future Xeon variants, but not Xeon E3^[2]
• Intel MPX (Memory Protection Extensions)
• Intel SGX (Software Guard Extensions)
• Intel Speed Shift^[59]
• Skylake's integrated Gen9 GPU supports Direct3D 12 at the feature level 12_1^[7][60][61]
• Full fixed function HEVC Main/8bit encoding/decoding acceleration. Hybrid/Partial HEVC Main10/10bit decoding acceleration. JPEG encoding acceleration for resolutions up to 16,000×16,000 pixels. Partial VP9 encoding/decoding acceleration.^[62]

Configurations

Skylake processors are produced in four main families: Y, U, H and S. Multiple configurations are available within each family:^[35]

• Integrated L4 cache will be available with various Skylake-U, H and S configurations.
• The S variant is intended to be the main socketable desktop Skylake, and will have configurable thermal design power (cTDP); this allows certain Skylake chips to switch their operation between 35 W and 95 W modes.
• A high-performance 95 W TDP Skylake-S chip will be available, but only without the L4 cache.
• Y, U and H chips are intended for mobile or embedded systems that require lower power consumption.
• Y variant will support only low-power DDR3 SDRAM, while DDR4 SDRAM will also be supported by H, U and S variants.
• Y variants come in a smaller package when compared to their Broadwell counterparts.

As of May 2015, more Skylake processors have appeared in available Intel roadmaps.^{[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]}

List of Skylake processors

Desktop processors

Target segment	Cores (threads)	Processor branding and model		CPU clock rate	CPU Turbo clock rate			GPU model	Graphics clock rate		L3 cache	L4 cache	Max. PCIe lanes	TDP	Release date	Release price (USD)	Motherboard
					Single core	Dual core	Quad core		Normal	Turbo							Socket	Interface	Memory (non-ECC)
Performance	4 (8)	Core i7	6700K	4.0 GHz	4.2 GHz	4.0 GHz	4.0 GHz	HD 530	350 MHz	1150 MHz [70]	8 MB	N/A	16	91 W	Aug. 5, 2015	$339	LGA 1151	DMI 3.0 PCIe 3.0	Dual channel DDR3L-1600 or DDR4-2133 DDR3 is unofficially supported through some motherboard vendors[71][72][73]
			6700	3.4 GHz	4.0 GHz	3.9 GHz	3.7 GHz							65 W	Sep. 1, 2015	$303
			6700T	2.8 GHz	3.6 GHz	3.5 GHz	3.4 GHz							35 W	Sep. 1, 2015	$303
Mainstream	4 (4)	Core i5	6600K	3.5 GHz	3.9 GHz	3.8 GHz	3.6 GHz				6 MB			91 W	Aug. 5, 2015	$242
			6600	3.3 GHz										65 W	Sep. 1, 2015	$213
			6500	3.2 GHz	3.6 GHz	3.5 GHz	3.3 GHz			1050 MHz						$192
			6402P	2.8 GHz	3.4 GHz	3.4 GHz	3.2 GHz	HD 510		950 MHz					Dec. 27, 2015	$182
			6400	2.7 GHz	3.3 GHz	3.3 GHz	3.1 GHz	HD 530							Aug. 5, 2015
	2 (4)	Core i3	6320	3.9 GHz	N/A					1150 MHz	4 MB			51 W	TBD	$149
			6300	3.8 GHz												$138
			6100	3.7 GHz						1050 MHz	3 MB				October 2015	$117
			6300T	3.3 GHz						950 MHz	4 MB			35 W		$138
			6100T	3.2 GHz							3 MB					$117
			6098P	3.6 GHz				HD 510		1050 MHz				54 W	Dec. 27, 2015
	2 (2)	Pentium	G4520	3.6 GHz				HD 530						51 W	October 2015	$86
			G4500	3.5 GHz												$75
			G4500T	3.0 GHz						950 MHz				35 W	Q3 2015
			G4400	3.3 GHz				HD 510		1000 MHz				54 W	October 2015	$64
			G4400T	2.9 GHz						950 MHz				35 W	Q3 2015
			G4400TE	2.4 GHz											Q4 2015	$70
		Celeron	G3920	2.9 GHz							2 MB			51 W		$52
			G3900	2.8 GHz												$42
			G3900TE	2.3 GHz										35 W
			G3900T	2.6 GHz												?

Mobile processors

Target segment	Cores (threads)	Processor branding and model		CPU clock rate	CPU Turbo clock rate			GPU model	GPU clock rate		L3 cache	L4 cache	Max. PCIe lanes	TDP	cTDP		Release date	Price (USD)
					Single core	Dual core	Quad core		Base	Max.					Up	Down
Performance	4 (8)	Core i7	6970HQ	2.8 GHz	3.7 GHz	?		Iris Pro 580	350 MHz	1050 MHz	8 MB	128 MB	16	45 W	N/A	35 W	Q1 2016	$623
			6920HQ	2.9 GHz	3.8 GHz	3.6 GHz	3.4 GHz	HD 530				N/A					September 1, 2015	$568
			6870HQ	2.7 GHz	3.6 GHz	?		Iris Pro 580		1000 MHz		128 MB					Q1 2016	$434
			6820HQ	2.7 GHz	3.6 GHz	3.4 GHz	3.2 GHz	HD 530		1050 MHz		N/A					September 1, 2015	$378
			6820HK
			6770HQ	2.6 GHz	3.5 GHz	?		Iris Pro 580		950 MHz	6 MB	128 MB					Q1 2016	$434
			6700HQ	2.6 GHz	3.5 GHz	3.3 GHz	3.1 GHz	HD 530		1050 MHz		N/A					September 1, 2015	$378
Mainstream	2 (4)		6660U	2.4 GHz	3.4 GHz	3.2 GHz	N/A	Iris 540	300 MHz		4 MB	64 MB	12	15 W		9.5 W	TBD	$415
			6650U	2.2 GHz				Iris 540
			6600U	2.6 GHz		N/A		HD 520				N/A			25 W	7.5 W	September 1, 2015	$393
			6567U	3.3 GHz	3.6 GHz	3.4 GHz		Iris 550		1100 MHz		64 MB		28 W	N/A	23 W	TBD	TBD
			6560U	2.2 GHz	3.2 GHz	3.1 GHz		Iris 540		1050 MHz				15 W		9.5 W
			6500U	2.5 GHz	3.1 GHz	3.0 GHz		HD 520				N/A				7.5 W	September 1, 2015	$393
	4 (4)	Core i5	6440HQ	2.6 GHz	3.5 GHz	3.3 GHz	3.1 GHz	HD 530	350 MHz	950 MHz	6 MB		16	45 W		35 W		$250
	2 (4)		6360U	2.0 GHz	3.1 GHz	2.9 GHz	N/A	Iris 540	300 MHz	1000 MHz	4 MB	64 MB	12	15 W		9.5 W	TBD	$304
	4 (4)		6350HQ	2.3 GHz	3.2 GHz	?		Iris Pro 580	350 MHz	900 MHz	6 MB	128 MB	16	45 W		35 W	Q1 2016	$306
			6300HQ			3.0 GHz	2.8 GHz	HD 530		950 MHz		N/A					September 1, 2015	$250
	2 (4)		6300U	2.4 GHz	3.0 GHz	2.9 GHz	N/A	HD 520	300 MHz	1000 MHz	3 MB		12	15 W		7.5 W		$281
			6287U	3.1 GHz	3.5 GHz	3.3 GHz		Iris 550		1100 MHz	4 MB	64 MB		28 W		23 W	TBD	$304
			6267U	2.9 GHz	3.3 GHz	3.1 GHz				1050 MHz						23 W
			6260U	1.8 GHz	2.9 GHz	2.7 GHz		Iris 540		950 MHz				15 W		9.5 W	TBD	$304
			6200U	2.3 GHz	2.8 GHz			HD 520		1000 MHz	3 MB	N/A				7.5 W	September 1, 2015	$281
		Core i3	6167U	2.7 GHz	2.7 GHz			Iris 550				64 MB		28 W		23 W	TBD	$304
			6100H					HD 530	350 MHz	900 MHz		N/A		35 W		N/A	September 1, 2015	$225
			6100U	2.3 GHz	2.3 GHz	2.3 GHz		HD 520	300 MHz	1000 MHz				15 W		7.5 W		$281
		Core m7	6Y75	1.2 GHz	3.1 GHz	2.9 GHz		HD 515	300 MHz		4 MB		10	4.5 W	7 W	3.5 W		$393
		Core m5	6Y57	1.1 GHz	2.8 GHz	2.4 GHz				900 MHz								$281
			6Y54		2.7 GHz
		Core m3	6Y30	0.9 GHz	2.2 GHz	2.0 GHz				850 MHz						3.8 W
		Pentium	4405U	2.1 GHz	2.1 GHz	2.1 GHz		HD 510		950 MHz	2 MB			15 W	N/A	10 W	TBD	$161
			4405Y	1.5 GHz	1.5 GHz	1.5 GHz		HD 515		800 MHz				6 W		4.5 W
	2 (2)	Celeron	G3902E	1.6 GHz	N/A			HD 510	350 MHz	950 MHz			16	25 W		N/A	Q1 2016	$107
			G3900E	2.4 GHz										35 W
			3955U	2.0 GHz					300 MHz	900 MHz			10	15 W		10 W	Q4 2015
			3855U	1.6 GHz

^[74]

Server processors

E3 series server chips all consist of System Bus 9GT/s, max memory bandwidth of 34.1GB/s dual channel memory. Unlike its predecessor, the Skylake Xeon CPUs require a C230 chipset to operate.

Skylake E3-12xx and E3 15xx v5 SKUs

Target segment	Cores (threads)	Processor branding and model		GPU model	Clock rate				L3 cache	L4 cache	TDP	Release date	Release price (USD) tray / box	Motherboard
					CPU		Graphics							Socket	Interface	Memory
					Normal	Turbo	Normal	Turbo
Server	4 (8)	Xeon E3 v5	1280v5	N/A	3.7 GHz	4.0 GHz	N/A		8 MB	N/A	80 W	Q4 15	$612 / —	LGA 1151	DMI 3 PCIe 3.0	DDR4 2133/1866 or DDR3L 1333/1600 with ECC
			1275v5	HD (P530)	3.6 GHz		350 MHz						$339 / —
			1270v5	N/A	3.6 GHz		N/A						$328 / $339
			1260Lv5		2.9 GHz	3.9 GHz					45 W		$294 / —
			1245v5	HD (P530)	3.5 GHz		350 MHz				80 W		$284 / —
			1240v5	N/A	3.5 GHz		N/A						$272 / $282
			1240Lv5		2.1 GHz	3.2 GHz					25 W		$278 / —
			1230v5		3.4 GHz	3.8 GHz					80 W		$250 / $260
	4 (4)		1235Lv5	HD (P530)	2 GHz	3 GHz	350 MHz				25 W		$250 / —
			1225v5		3.3 GHz	3.7 GHz					80 W		$213 / —
			1220v5	N/A	3 GHz	3.5 GHz	N/A						$193 / —
Mobile	4 (8)		1575Mv5	Iris Pro 580	3.0 GHz	3.9 GHz	350 MHz	1.1 GHz		128 MB	45 W	Q1 16	$1207 / —	BGA 1440		DDR4-2133 LPDDR3-1866 DDR3L-1600 with ECC
			1535Mv5	HD (P530)	2.9 GHz	3.8 GHz		1.05 GHz		N/A		Q3 15	$623 / —
			1505Mv5		2.8 GHz	3.7 GHz							$434 / —
Server/embedded			1505Lv5		2 GHz	2.8 GHz		1 GHz			25 W	Q4 15	$433 / —

See also

• List of Intel CPU microarchitectures

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External links

• Ung, Gordon (August 18, 2015). "Intel Skylake CPU details revealed: These faster, more power-efficient chips can even drive three 4K monitors". PC world.
• Shields, Anne (September 19, 2015). "Intel’s Skylake a New Lifeline for the PC Market?". Yahoo Finance.