1984 Summer Olympics boycott

Map of 1976, 1980 and 1984 Olympic boycotts, showing 1984 boycotting countries in red and orange.

The boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles was after the U.S.-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The boycott involved 14 Eastern Bloc countries and allies, led by the Soviet Union, which initiated the boycott on May 8, 1984. The boycott affected a large number of Olympic events that were normally dominated by the absent countries. Boycotting countries organized another major event, called the Friendship Games, in July and August 1984.

Announcement of boycott

The USSR announced its intentions to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics on May 8, 1984,[1] citing security concerns and stating that “chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria [were] being whipped up in the United States.”[1] A US official said the country had ignored suggestive comments by the Soviets in the weeks building up to the announcement and that, in spite of all the indications, the United States was “absolutely dumbfounded” when the official announcement arrived.[2]

After the announcement, six more nations joined the boycott, including Bulgaria, East Germany (on May 10), Mongolia and Vietnam (both May 11),[3] and Laos and Czechoslovakia (both May 13). China formally confirmed that it would be present at the games in Los Angeles, while the Laotians and Czechoslovaks announced their decision to boycott the event.[4]

Later, Afghanistan also decided to boycott the event, becoming the eighth country to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics.[5] Even later, Hungary (May 16) and Poland (May 17) became the ninth and tenth Marxist countries to join the boycott. Hungary claimed the lives of its athletes would be put in danger if they were to spend time in Los Angeles. On the other hand, Poland said that the United States was engaging in a “campaign aimed at disturbing the Games”.[6][7]

On May 24, Cuba became the eleventh country to announce its participation in the boycott, making front page news in the United States because it was a “serious blow to boxing and baseball”.[8] South Yemen was the twelfth country to remove itself from the event (May 27); the Los Angeles Times stated that this was due to their “Marxist” connections.[9] North Korea was the thirteenth nation to boycott the 1984 Olympics.[10] Ethiopia became the first African state to participate in the boycott, followed by Angola.[11]

Iran had earlier decided to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics because of “United States interference in the Middle East, its support for the regime occupying Jerusalem, and the crimes being committed by the U.S.A. in Latin America, especially in El Salvador”.[12] Iran and Albania were the only countries to not attend both the 1980 Moscow and the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Libya also boycotted the Olympics after Libyan journalists were refused entry into the United States in July, along with the 1983 ban upon US exports to Libya and a renewal of bans upon travel to Libya by holders of US passports.[13] Libya and Ethiopia were the only nations to boycott both the 1976 Montreal and 1984 Los Angeles Games.

Revenge hypothesis

Jimmy Carter declared that the United States would boycott the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, with 59 other countries joining the boycott.[14] This was the largest Olympic games boycott ever. In 1984, three months before the start of the 1984 summer games in Los Angeles, the Soviet Union declared it would "not participate" in the 1984 games, due to the commercialization of the games and lack of security for the athletes. 13 other countries joined in the boycott. Howard A. Tyner of the Chicago Tribune said "Deep down, it was undoubtedly the hurt and embarrassment of 1980 that lies behind the stunning Soviet decision Tuesday to pass up this year’s Summer Olympic Games in Los Angeles."[15]

Most of the world’s media interpreted the Soviet boycott as retaliation for the US boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games,[16] which had been in response to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,[15] whereas the state-controlled Soviet media repeated the government line that the boycott was a safety measure to protect their own athletes. However, no threat to Eastern Bloc athletes was ever discovered, and the athletes from the Eastern Bloc country that did attend the 1984 games in Los Angeles—Romania—encountered no problems, and in fact were widely cheered above all other visiting nations at the Opening Ceremonies when they marched into the Coliseum. Romania ended up finishing third in overall medal count at the Games.

Among those subscribing to the “revenge hypothesis” was Peter Ueberroth, the chief organizer of the 1984 L.A. Games, who expressed his views in a press conference after the boycott was announced, on the same day that the Olympic torch relay in the United States began in New York City. U.S. President Ronald Reagan later stated his belief that the Soviets feared some of their athletes might defect. As well, President Reagan and his administration agreed to meet all of the demands of the Soviet Union in turn for the Soviet Bloc's attendance at the 1984 Olympics, marking a stark contrast in Reagan’s “hawkish” views on Cold War foreign policy.[17] As more countries withdrew, the IOC announced on the deadline week that it would consider extending the deadline for entry into the Olympics.[18] The three top medal winners from the 1980 Games (which was the subject of a boycott by sixty nations) in Moscow were among the boycotters, and media analysis noted this would weaken the field of competitors in a number of sports.[19]

Boycotting countries

Listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order. 16 or 18 (from different sources) in all.

Non-boycotting socialist countries

Ten socialist countries, six from Africa, did not join the Soviet-led boycott and instead sent teams to the 1984 Summer Olympics.

In popular culture

In the Season 4 episode, "Lisa's First Word", of the U.S. television show The Simpsons, Krusty Burger is featured in a promotion where the characters get free food if they receive a slip that features an event that was "won" by the United States. The promotion was rigged, as was said in the episode, where every game card was to be in an event that "Communists never lose". However, almost immediately after that is said, word of the boycott is spread and the rigging backfires. Krusty Burger loses so much money on the promotion that Krusty publicly states that he will “personally spit in every 50th burger”.

The Krusty Burger promotion paralleled a real-life McDonald's scratch-card promotion from the 1984 Olympics. The promotion was called “If the US Wins, You Win!” and gave away Big Mac hamburger sandwiches for every gold medal, fries for every silver medal, and Coca-Cola beverages for every bronze.[20]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Burns, John F. (May 9, 1984). "Moscow Will Keep Its Team From Los Angeles Olympics". New York Times.
  2. ↑ East Germany withdraws from Summer Games. The Evening Independent – May 10, 1984.
  3. ↑ VIETNAM AND MONGOLIA ALSO WITHDRAW FROM OLYMPICS. Philadelphia Inquirer. May 12, 1984 – A07 NATIONAL.
    “Two more Communist countries dropped out of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics yesterday, but the head of the International Olympic Committee promised to “fight to the last minute” to bring the Soviet Union and its allies to the Games.”
  4. ↑ Reich, Kenneth. Czechs and Laotians Join Boycott: China Confirms It Will Take Part in Summer Olympics. The LA Times. May 13, 1984. SD1.
  5. ↑ Lowitt, Bruce. ‘Afghanistan Joins Boycott’. The Victoria Advocate. May 14, 1984.
  6. ↑ Hungary 9th to Join Boycott of Olympics. The LA Times. May 16, 1984. A1.
  7. ↑ Barnard, William R. ‘Poland 10th to join Olympic boycott: Romania only Soviet ally still in Games’. The Deseret News.
  8. ↑ Maxwell, Evan. Cuba Joins Olympic Boycott: Serious Blow to Boxing and Baseball. The LA Times. May 24, 1984. 1.
  9. ↑ Marxist South Yemen Becomes 12th Country to Drop Out of L.A. Games. The LA Times. May 27, 1984. A27.
  10. ↑ N. KOREA JOINS OLYMPIC BOYCOTT. Miami Herald. June 3, 1984. ‘While North Korea became the 13th nation to join the Soviet Union in boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, Soviet star Sergei Bubka Saturday shattered his week-old world record in the pole vault’.
  11. ↑ Reich, Kenneth. Angola Becomes 15th Nation to Join Olympic Boycott. The LA Times. Jun 27, 1984. B3.
  12. ↑ Iran Announces Boycott Of the 1984 Olympics. The New York Times. Published: August 2, 1983.
  13. ↑ Ronen, Yehudit; ‘Libya (Al-Jamhāhīriyaa al-‘Arabiyya al-Lībiyya ash-Sha‘biyya al-Ishtirākiyya)’; Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. 8, (1983-84); p. 595
  14. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19800805&id=3mkzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ODIHAAAAIBAJ&pg=3369,3795178
  15. 1 2 Tyner, Howard A. U.S. Olympic boycott of 1980 led to Soviet decision of 1984. Chicago Tribune. May 9, 1984. D13.
  16. ↑ http://www.lequipe.fr/Tous-sports/Article/1984-les-jeux-penchent-a-l-ouest/18106
  17. ↑ Congelio, Brad, ‘Before The World Was Quiet: Ronald Reagan, Cold War Foreign Policy, And The 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Summer Games’ (2014, PhD Dissertation)
  18. ↑ Reich, Kenneth. Olympic Entry Deadline Might Be Extended. The LA Times. May 30, 1984. OC3.
  19. ↑ ‘East Germany Joins L.A. Olympics Boycott’. Sarasota Herald-Tribune – May 11, 1984.
  20. ↑ "Big Mac's Olympic Giveaway".
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