Doping at the Olympic Games

The use of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) has had a long history at the Olympic Games. Its origins can be traced back to the Ancient Olympics where Olympians would eat lizard meat prepared a special way, in the hopes that it would give them an athletic edge.^[1] The first documented use of drugs to improve an athlete's performance was the winner of the 1904 marathon, Thomas Hicks who was injected with strychnine. The use of performance-enhancing medication has also been attributed to one death during Olympic competition.^[2] As rumors of rampant drug use by athletes began to spread, so the International Olympic Committee (IOC) decided to act. By 1967, the IOC had banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs in Olympic competition. The IOC introduced the first drug use controls at the 1968 Winter Olympics.

These controls eventually evolved into a systematic-testing regimen that all Olympic athletes must adhere to. Testing of athletes for performance-enhancing drugs includes both urine and blood tests. As of 1999, the authoritative body on the use of performance-enhancing drugs is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). This organization oversees the testing of athletes for several sports federations and the Olympic Games. As the creators of these drugs continue to improve their sophistication, potency and transparency, WADA and its constituency also innovate new ways to detect these drugs. Athletes continue to use various medical modifications to their body as a means of improving their athletic performances.

History

The use of performance-enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs, and more broadly, the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece. One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men.^[3] Athletes were also known to drink "magic" potions and eat exotic meats in the hopes of given them an athletic edge on their competition.^[1] If they were caught cheating, their likenesses were often engraved into stone and placed in a pathway that led to the Olympic stadium.^[3] In the modern Olympic era, chemically enhancing one's performance has evolved into a sophisticated science, but in the early years of the Modern Olympic movement the use of performance-enhancing drugs was almost as crude as its ancient predecessors.

During the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes discovered ways to practically improve their athletic abilities by having testosterone. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games, Thomas Hicks, was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race.^[4] As these methods became more extreme, it became increasingly evident that the use of performance-enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete. The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of 1960. During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine, which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race.^[2] Jensen's death exposed to the world how endemic drug use was among elite athletes.^[5] By the mid–1960s, sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the IOC followed suit in 1967.^[6]

The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use.^[7] Liljenwall was the only athlete to test positive for a banned substance at the 1968 Olympics, as the technology and testing techniques improved, the number of athletes discovered to be chemically enhancing their performance increased as well.

Kornelia Ender

The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990, documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes, especially swimmers, had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers. Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents. American female swimmers, including Shirley Babashoff, accused the East Germans of using performance-enhancing drugs as early as the 1976 Summer Games.^[8] Babashoff's comments were dismissed by the international and domestic media as sour grapes since Babashoff, a clear favorite to win multiple gold medals, won three silver medals - losing all three times to either of the two East Germans Kornelia Ender or Petra Thümer, and one gold medal in a relay. There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in 1972 to ten golds (out of a possible 12), six silvers, and one bronze in 1976. No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state-sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system.^[9][10]

A very publicized steroid-related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the Men's 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis, who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics, but had not been banned due to a lack of consistency in the application of the rules. At that time National Olympic Committees had leeway to determine whether a specific athlete met the criteria to be banned from Olympic competition.^[11]

Response

In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test. During the 2006 Winter Olympics, only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the "Olympic Standard") has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate.^[12] During the Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions. While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games, six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing.^[13][14]

Prohibited drugs

Summer Olympic Games

What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed. Any medals listed were revoked by the International Olympic Commission (IOC). In 1967 the IOC banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs, instituted a Medical Commission, and created a list of banned substances.^[15] Mandatory testing began at the following year's Games.^[15]

1968 Mexico City

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall	Sweden	Modern pentathlon	Ethanol	(team)

1972 Munich

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Bakaava Buidaa	Mongolia	Judo	Caffeine	(63 kg)	[16]
Miguel Coll	Puerto Rico	Basketball	Amphetamine		[16][17]
Rick DeMont	United States	Swimming	Ephedrine	(men's 400 m freestyle)	[16]
Aad van den Hoek	Netherlands	Cycling	Coramine	(100 km team race)	[16]
Jaime Huélamo	Spain	Cycling	Coramine	(individual road race)	[16]
Walter Legel	Austria	Weightlifting	Amphetamine		[16]
Mohammad Reza Nasehi	Iran	Weightlifting	Ephedrine		[16]

1976 Montreal

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Blagoi Blagoev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid	(82.5 kg)	[16]
Mark Cameron	United States	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Paul Cerutti	Monaco	Shooting	Amphetamine		[16]
Dragomir Ciorosian	Romania	Weightlifting	Fencamfamine		[16]
Philippe Grippaldi	United States	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Zbigniew Kaczmarek	Poland	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid	(67.5 kg)	[16]
Valentin Khristov	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid	(110 kg)	[16]
Lorne Liebel	Canada	Sailing	Phenylpropanolamine		[16]
Arne Norrback	Sweden	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Peter Pavlasek	Czechoslovakia	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Danuta Rosani	Poland	Athletics	Anabolic steroid		[16][18]

1980 Moscow

Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been claimed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".^[19]

A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official.^[19] The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.^[20] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.^[21]

1984 Los Angeles

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Serafim Grammatikopoulos	Greece	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Vésteinn Hafsteinsson	Iceland	Athletics	Nandrolone		[18]
Tomas Johansson	Sweden	Wrestling	Methenolone	(super-heavy)
Stefan Laggner	Austria	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Göran Pettersson	Sweden	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Eiji Shimomura	Japan	Volleyball	Testosterone
Mikiyasu Tanaka	Japan	Volleyball	Ephedrine
Ahmed Tarbi	Algeria	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Mahmud Tarha	Lebanon	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Giampaolo Urlando	Italy	Athletics	Testosterone		[18]
Martti Vainio	Finland	Athletics	Methenolone	(10,000 m)	[18]
Anna Verouli	Greece	Athletics	Nandrolone		[18]

The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games. Due to a lack of security, medical records were subsequently stolen.^[19] A 1994 letter from IOC Medical Commission chair Alexandre de Mérode claimed that Tony Daly, a member of the Los Angeles organizing committee had destroyed the records.^[19] Dick Pound later wrote of his frustration that the organizing committee had removed evidence before it could be acted on by the IOC. Pound also claimed that IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Primo Nebiolo, President of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had conspired to delay the announcement of positive tests so that the games could pass without controversy.^[19]

The American cyclist Pat McDonough later admitted to "blood doping" at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.^[22] Following the games it was revealed that one-third of the U.S. cycling team had received blood transfusions before the games, where they won nine medals, their first medal success since the 1912 Summer Olympics.^[22] "Blood doping" was banned by the IOC in 1985, though no test existed for it at the time.^[22]

1988 Seoul

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Alidad	Afghanistan	Wrestling	Furosemide
Kerrith Brown	Great Britain	Judo	Furosemide
Kalman Csengeri	Hungary	Weightlifting	Stanozolol
Mitko Grablev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	(56 kg)
Angell Guenchev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	(67.5 kg)
Ben Johnson	Canada	Athletics	Stanozolol	(men's 100 m)	[18]
Fernando Mariaca	Spain	Weightlifting	Pemoline
Jorge Quesada	Spain	Modern pentathlon	Propanolol
Andor Szanyi	Hungary	Weightlifting	Stanozolol	(100 kg)
Alexander Watson	Australia	Modern Pentathlon	Caffeine

1992 Barcelona

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Madina Biktagirova	Unified Team	Athletics	Norephedrine		[18]
Wu Dan	China	Volleyball	Strychnine
Bonnie Dasse	United States	Athletics	Clenbuterol		[18]
Jud Logan	United States	Athletics	Clenbuterol		[18]
Nijolė Medvedeva	Lithuania	Athletics	Mesocarb		[18]

1996 Atlanta

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Antonella Bevilacqua	Italy	Athletics	Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine		[18][23]
Dean Capobianco	Australia	Athletics	Stanozolol		[18][23]
Sandra Farmer-Patrick	United States	Athletics	Testosterone		[18][24]
Daniel Plaza	Spain	Athletics	Nandrolone		[18][25][26]
Iva Prandzheva	Bulgaria	Athletics	Metadienone		[18][27]
Mary Slaney	United States	Athletics	Testosterone		[18][28]
Natalya Shekhodanova	Russia	Athletics	Stanozolol		[18][27][29]

Five athletes tested positive for the stimulant bromantane and was disqualified by the IOC, but later reinstated after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. They were; swimmers Andrey Korneyev and Nina Zhivanevskaya, Greco-Roman wrestler Zafar Guliyev and sprinter Marina Trandenkova, all from Russia, and the Lithuanian track cyclist Rita Razmaitė. Dr. Vitaly Slionssarenko, physician to the Lithuanian cycling team, was also banned, and team coach Boris Vasilyev was expelled from the games.^[30][31][32] The CAS overturned the IOC decision, because bromantane had only recently been added to the prohibited list,^[27] and the athletes and officials got off with a reprimande.^[33][34][35] The Russian had argued that bromantane wasn't a stimulant and thus not banned.^[36][37]

The Irish long-distance runner Marie McMahon (Davenport) got a reprimande after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine.^[27][38][39]

The Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimande after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide.^[27]

2000 Sydney

Tim Montgomery, who was part of the USA Men's 4 × 100 m relay team which won the gold, in 2008 admitted that he had used Testosterone and HGH before the Sydney Games, and said “I have a gold medal that I’m sitting on that I didn’t get with my own ability”.^[40] IOC at the time said they would look into the case,^[41] but no action has since been taken by IOC to disqualify Montgomery from the Games.

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Fritz Aanes	Norway	Wrestling	Norandrosterone and noretiochdandone
Lance Armstrong	United States	Cycling (Road race and Time trial)	Investigation concluded 2012: Use, Possession, Trafficking, Administration of Prohibited Susbstances and Methods and Assisting, Encouraging, Aiding, Abetting, Covering Up or any other type of complicity involving one or more anti-doping rule violations and/or attempted anti-doping rule violations.	(Time trial)
Ashot Danielyan	Armenia	Weightlifting	Stanozolol	(+105 kg)
Izabela Dragneva	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	(48 kg)
Stian Grimseth	Norway	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Ivan Ivanov	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	(56 kg)
Marion Jones	United States	Athletics	THG	(women's 100 m), (women's 200 m), (women's 4x400 m relay), (women's long jump), (women's 4x100 m relay)	[18]
Alexander Leipold	Germany	Wrestling	Nandrolone	(76 kg)
Sevdalin Minchev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	(62 kg)
Antonio Pettigrew	United States	Athletics	EPO and HGH	(men's 4 × 400 m relay)	[18]
Svetlana Pospelova	Russia	Athletics	Stanozolol		[18][42]
Oyuunbilegiin Pürevbaatar	Mongolia	Wrestling	Furosemide
Andreea Răducan	Romania	Gymnastics	Pseudophedrine[43]	(women's individual all-round)
Andris Reinholds	Latvia	Rowing	Nandrolone
Jerome Young	United States	Athletics	Nandrolone	(men's 4 × 400 m relay)	[18]

2004 Athens

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Wafa Ammouri	Morocco	Weightlifting	Positive test: Anabolic steroid		[44]
Adrián Annus	Hungary	Athletics	Falsified test result, evasion of doping control	(men's hammer throw)	[18][44]
Ludger Beerbaum	Germany	Equestrian	Betamethasone (to horse Goldfever)	(team jumping)
Yuriy Bilonog	Ukraine	Athletics	Positive after retest in 2012: Oxandrolone	(men's shot put)	[18][45][46]
Zhanna Block	Ukraine	Athletics	BALCO investigation		[18]
Andrew Brack	Greece	Baseball	Pre-Games test: Stanozolol		[47]
Viktor Chislean	Moldova	Weightlifting	Positive test: Anabolic steroid		[44]
Crystal Cox	United States	Athletics	Investigation completed 2010: Anabolic agents and hormones	(women's 4 × 400 m relay)	[18][48]
Róbert Fazekas	Hungary	Athletics	Refused to submit sample	(men's discus throw)	[18][44][49]
Mabel Fonseca	Puerto Rico	Wrestling	Positive test: Stanozolol		[44]
Anton Galkin	Russia	Athletics	Positive test: Stanozolol		[18][44]
Ferenc Gyurkovics	Hungary	Weightlifting	Positive test: Oxandrolone	(105 kg)	[44]
Tyler Hamilton	United States	Cycling	Self admission: Use of prohibited substances and methods	(men's road time trial)	[50]
Marion Jones	United States	Athletics	BALCO investigation		[18]
Zoltan Kecskes	Hungary	Weightlifting	Positive test: Anabolic steroid		[44]
Konstantinos Kenteris	Greece	Athletics	Evasion of doping control		[44][49]
Albina Khomic	Russia	Weightlifting	Positive test: Testosterone		[44]
Aye Khine Nan	Myanmar	Weightlifting	Positive test: Anabolic steroid		[44]
Irina Korzhanenko	Russia	Athletics	Positive test: Stanozolol	(women's shot put)	[18][44][49]
Zoltán Kovács	Hungary	Weightlifting	Refused to submit doping sample		[44]
Svetlana Krivelyova	Russia	Athletics	Positive after retest in 2012: Oxandrolone	(women's shot put)	[18][46][51][52]
Pratima Kumari Na	India	Weightlifting	Positive test: Anabolic steroid		[44]
Aleksey Lesnichiy	Belarus	Athletics	Positive test: Clenbuterol		[18][44][49]
David Munyasia	Kenya	Boxing	Positive test: Cathine		[44]
Derek Nicholson	Greece	Baseball	Pre-Games test; Diuretic		[47]
Cian O'Connor	Ireland	Equestrian	Antipsychotics (to horse Waterford Crystal)	(individual jumping)
Olena Olefirenko	Ukraine	Rowing	Positive test: Ethamivan	(women's quadruple sculls)	[44]
Oleg Perepetchenov	Russia	Weightlifting	Positive after retest in 2012: Clenbuterol	(62 kg)	[53][54]
Duane Ross	United States	Athletics	BALCO investigation		[18]
Leonidas Sampanis	Greece	Weightlifting	Positive test: Testosterone	(62 kg)	[44]
Thinbaijam Sanamcha Chanu	India	Weightlifting	Positive test: Furosemide		[44]
Mital Sharipov	Kyrgyzstan	Weightlifting	Positive test: Furosemide		[44]
Olga Shchukina	Uzbekistan	Athletics	Positive test: Clenbuterol		[18][44][49]
Şule Şahbaz	Turkey	Weightlifting	Positive test: Anabolic steroid		[44]
Ekaterini Thanou	Greece	Athletics	Evasion of doping control		[44][49]
Ivan Tsikhan	Belarus	Athletics	Positive after retest in 2012: Methandienone	(men's hammer throw)	[18][46]
Irina Yatchenko	Belarus	Athletics	Positive after retest in 2012: Methandienone	(women's discus throw)	[18][46]

2008 Beijing

"Zero Tolerance for Doping" was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games.^[55] A number of athletes were already eliminated by testing prior to coming to Beijing.^[55]

Out of the 4,500 samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games, six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition. It is possible that further positive tests may still be found as samples are sealed and frozen for eight years. It is unclear who remains in charge of these samples, the host or the IOC. The quality of testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July.^[56] The rate of positive findings is lower than at Athens four years ago, but it cannot be deduced that the prevalence of doping has decreased; possibly, doping technology has become more sophisticated and a number of drugs cannot be detected.^[55][56][57]

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details
Christian Ahlmann	Germany	Equestrian	Capsaicin
Bernardo Alves	Brazil	Equestrian	Capsaicin
Lyudmila Blonska	Ukraine	Athletics	Methyltestosterone	(heptathlon)	IOC post-event testing[18][58]
Fani Halkia	Greece	Athletics (DNS)	Methyltrienolone		Pre-Games testing in Japan[59][60][61]
Tony André Hansen	Norway	Equestrian	Capsaicin	(team jumping)
Alissa Kallinikou	Cyprus	Athletics	Testosterone		In competition test in July 2008[18][62]
Kim Jong-su	North Korea	Shooting	Propranolol	(men's 10 m air pistol), (50 m pistol)
Courtney King	United States	Equestrian	Felbinac
Denis Lynch	Ireland	Equestrian	Capsaicin
Andrei Mikhnevich	Belarus	Athletics	Retest of sample from 2005 WCh: Clenbuterol, Methandienone and Oxandrolone	(men's shotput)	IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships. All results from August 2005 onwards annulled.[18][63][64]
Maria Isabel Moreno	Spain	Cycling (DNS)	Erythropoietin		Pre-Games testing in Olympic village, Beijing[65]
Tezdzhan Naimova	Bulgaria	Athletics	Tampering with doping control		IAAF out-of-competition test in June 2008.[18][62]
Vanja Perisic	Croatia	Athletics	CERA		IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[18][66]
Rodrigo Pessoa	Brazil	Equestrian	Nonivamide
Rashid Ramzi	Bahrain	Athletics	CERA	(men's 1500 m)	IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[18][66]
Igor Razoronov	Ukraine	Weightlifting	Nandrolone		[67]
Davide Rebellin	Italy	Cycling	CERA	(men's road race)	IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[66]
Stefan Schumacher	Germany	Cycling	CERA		AFDL re-analyse of sample from 2008 Tour de France in autumn of 2008 and IOC re-analyse of sample from 2008 Olympic Games in 2009[66]
Adam Seroczyński	Poland	Canoeing	Clenbuterol
Do Thi Ngan Thuong	Vietnam	Gymnastics	Furosemide
Athanasia Tsoumeleka	Greece	Athletics	CERA		IOC re-analyse of sample in 2009[18][66]

2012 London

It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games.^[68] All medalists would also be tested. The Olympic anti-doping laboratory would test up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.^[68]

The head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), John Fahey, announced on 24 July that 107 athletes had been sanctioned for doping offences in the six months to June 19.^[69] The "In-competition" period began on July 16. During the "In-competition" period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance.^[70]

British sprinter Dwain Chambers, cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough^[71] competed in London after the British Olympic Association's policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.^[68]

Gold medallists at the games who had been involved in previous doping offences included Alexander Vinokourov, the winner of the men's road race,^[72] Tatyana Lysenko, the winner of the women's hammer throw, Aslı Çakır Alptekin winner of the women's 1500 meters and Sandra Perković, winner of the women's discus throw.^[73][74] Other competitors at the Summer games involved in previous doping cases included American athletes Justin Gatlin and LaShawn Merritt,^[75] and Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake.^[76]

Spanish athlete Ángel Mullera was first selected for the 3000 m steeplechase and later removed when emails were published in which he discussed EPO use with a trainer.^[77] Mullera appealed to CAS which ordered the Spanish Olympic Committee to allow him to participate.^[78]

Prior to the Olympic competition, several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests. World indoor medallists Dimitrios Chondrokoukis, Debbie Dunn, and Mariem Alaoui Selsouli were withdrawn from their Olympic teams in July for doping, as was 2004 Olympic medallist Zoltán Kővágó.^[79][80][81] At the Olympic competition, Tameka Williams admitted to taking a banned stimulant and was removed from the games.^[82] Ivan Tsikhan did not compete in the hammer throw as a re-test of his sample from the 2004 Athens Olympics, where he won silver, was positive.^[83] Amine Laâlou,^[84] Marina Marghieva,^[85] Diego Palomeque,^[86] and defending 50 km walk champion Alex Schwazer were also suspended before taking part in their events.^[87]

Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track-and-field athlete to be suspended following a positive in-competition doping sample.^[88] Nadzeya Astapchuk was stripped of the women's shot put title after her sample came back positive for the banned anabolic agent metenolone.^[89] Karin Melis Mey was withdrawn before the long jump final when an earlier failed doping test was confirmed.^[90]

A WADA report released in 2015 detailed an extensive Russian state-sponsored doping program implicating athletes, coaches, various Russian institutions, doctors and labs. The report stated that the London Olympic Games "were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing" and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova, Ekaterina Poistogova, Anastasiya Bazdyreva, Kristina Ugarova, and Tatjana Myazina.^[91][92]

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details of test
Hussain Al-Hamdah	Saudi Arabia	Athletics 5000 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 26 March 2009 onwards.[18][93]
Ghfran Almouhamad	Syria	Athletics 400 metres hurdles	Methylhexaneamine		IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics[18][94]
Yelena Arzhakova	Russia	Athletics 800 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 12 July 2011 onwards.[18][95][96]
Victoria Baranova	Russia	Cycling Track - sprint(DNS)	Testosterone		IOC pre-Games testing in Belarus[97]
Olga Beresnyeva	Ukraine	Swimming Open water	EPO		Retesting in 2015 of samples from IOC pre-Games testing in Ukraine[98][99]
Aslı Çakır-Alptekin	Turkey	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities	(women's 1500 metres)	IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 29 July 2010 onwards.[100][101]
Kissya Cataldo	Brazil	Rowing Single sculls(DNS)	EPO		International Rowing Federation pre-Games testing in Brazil[75][102]
Nicholas Delpopolo	United States	Judo	Cannabis		IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[103]
Hamza Driouch	Qatar	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 2 Aug. 2012 onwards.[18][104][105]
Luiza Galiulina	Uzbekistan(DNS)	Gymnastics(DNS)	Furosemide		IOC pre-Games testing in Uzbekistan.[106]
Tyson Gay	United States	Athletics 100 metres	Anabolic androgenic steroids		USADA investigation after positive for anabolic androgenic ateroids in 2013; admittance.[18][107][108][109]
Yelizaveta Grechishnikova	Russia	Athletics 10,000 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 18 August 2009 onwards.[18][96][110]
Semoy Hackett	Trinidad and Tobago	Athletics 100 metres 200 metres 4 × 100 metres relay	Methylhexaneamine		Positive from Division I Outdoor Track & Field Championships in June 2012[18][111][112]
Hassan Hirt	France	Athletics 5000 metres	EPO		IOC pre-Games testing.[18][113]
Natallia Kareiva	Belarus	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 28 July 2010 onwards.[18][96][114][115]
Yekaterina Kostetskaya	Russia	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 30 August 2011 onwards.[18][116][117]
Amine Laâlou	Morocco	Athletics 1500 metres (DNS)	Furosemide		IAAF post-competition testing at Diamond League meeting in Monte Carlo.[118]
Marina Marghieva (Marina Nichișenco)	Moldova	Athletics Hammer throw (DNS)	Stanozolol		IOC pre-Games testing.[18][119][120]
Zalina Marghieva	Moldova	Athletics Hammer throw	2009 WCh retest: Stanozolol, Oral Turinabol		IAAF retesting of samples from 2009 IAAF World Championships[18][120]
Karin Melis Mey	Turkey	Athletics Long jump	Testosterone		Positive from the 2012 European Athletics Championships in June.[18][120]
Andrei Mikhnevich	Belarus	Athletics Shot put	2005 WCh retest: Clenbuterol, Methandienone and Oxandrolone		IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships. All results from August 2005 onwards annulled.[18][63]
Nadzeya Ostapchuk	Belarus	Athletics Shot put	Methenolone	(women's shot put)	IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics (two separate positive samples).[18][121]
Diego Palomeque	Colombia	Athletics 400 metres (DNS)	Exogenous testosterone		IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[122]
Darya Pishchalnikova	Russia	Athletics Discus throw	Oxandrolone	(women's discus throw)	Random out of competition test in May 2012. All her results (Including those at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since May 2012 were annulled by the IAAF in April 2013.[18][123]
Hysen Pulaku	Albania	Weightlifting	Stanozolol		IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[72]
Pınar Saka	Turkey	Athletics 400 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 18 June 2010 onwards.[18][96][124]
Alex Schwazer	Italy	Athletics 50 km walk (DNS)	EPO		IOC pre-Games testing in Italy.[125]
Mohammed Shaween	Saudi Arabia	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 12 June 2011 onwards.[18][116][117]
Anzhelika Shevchenko	Ukraine	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 2 July 2011 onwards.[18][96]
Liliya Shobukhova	Russia	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 9 October 2009 onwards.[126][127]
Svitlana Shmidt	Ukraine	Athletics Steeplechase	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 8 March 2012 onwards.[18][128][129][130]
Soslan Tigiev	Uzbekistan	Wrestling	Methylhexaneamine	(freestyle 74 kg)	IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[131]
USA's Men's 4 × 100 meter relay team	United States	Athletics 4 × 100 meters	DHEA (Tyson Gay)		USADA investigation after Tyson Gays positive for Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in 2013; admittance.[18][107][108][109]
Binnaz Uslu	Turkey	Athletics Steplechase	2011 WCh retest: Stanozolol		IAAF retest of sample from 2011 World Championships[18][120][132]
Wang Jiali	China	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 29 May 2012 onwards.[18][133]
Tameka Williams	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Athletics 100 metres (DNS)	"Blast Off Red"		Did not fail test but confessed to have used an illegal "veterinary medicine".[134]
Nevin Yanit	Turkey	Athletics 100 metres hurdles	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards.[18][135][136][137]
Igor Yerokhin	Russia	Athletics 50 km walk	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 onwards.[18][138]
Lyudmyla Yosypenko	Ukraine	Athletics Heptathlon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 August 2011 onwards.[18][120]

Winter Olympic Games

1968 Grenoble

No athletes were caught doping at these Games.

1972 Sapporo

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Alois Schloder	West Germany	Ice hockey	Ephedrine

1976 Innsbruck

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Galina Kulakova	Soviet Union	Cross-country skiing	Ephedrine	(5 km)	[16]
Frantisek Pospisil	Czechoslovakia	Ice hockey	Codeine, Morphine		[16][139][140]
Dr. Otto Trefny	Czechoslovakia	Ice hockey	Administration of prohibited substances to Frantisek Pospisil. Banned from the Olympic Games for life.		[16][139][140]

1980 Lake Placid

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games.

1984 Sarajevo

The Finnish cross-country skier Aki Karvonen admitted in 1994 that he'd had blood transfusions for the Sarajevo Games.^[141] Blood transfusions weren't formally banned by IOC until 1986. Karvonen won a silver and two bronze at the games.

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Pürevjavyn Batsükh	Mongolia	Cross-country skiing	Methandienone

1988 Calgary

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Jaroslaw Morawiecki	Poland	Ice hockey	Testosterone

1992 Albertville

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Russian biathlete Sergei Tarasov admitted in 2015 that the Russian biathlon team had carried out illegal blood transfusions at the Games. Something went very wrong with his transfusion, and he was rushed to the hospital where they saved his life.^[142]

1994 Lillehammer

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games

1998 Nagano

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these games. The Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati, winner of the men's giant slalom, was initially disqualified and stripped of his gold medal by the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board after testing positive for marijuana.^[143] Marijuana was not then on the list of prohibited substances by the IOC, and their decision was reversed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and Rebagliati's medal reinstated.^{[143][144][145]}

2002 Salt Lake City

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Natalia Baranova-Masalkina	Russia	Cross-country skiing	WADA pre-Games test: EPO[146]
Alain Baxter	Great Britain	Alpine skiing	Methamphetamine	(slalom)
Olga Danilova	Russia	Cross-country skiing	Darbepoetin	(10 km pursuit), (10 km)
Larisa Lazutina	Russia	Cross-country skiing	Darbepoetin	(30 km), (10 km), (15 km freestyle)
Marc Mayer	Austria	Cross-country skiing	Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[147][148]
Walter Mayer	Austria	Cross-country skiing/Biathlon	Austrian cross-country/biathlon team coach, performed blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[147][148]
Johann Mühlegg	Spain	Cross-country skiing	Darbepoetin	(50 km), (30 km freestyle), (20 km pursuit)
Volker Müller	Austria	Cross-country skiing/Biathlon	German chiropractor working for the Austrian cross-country/biathlon team, involved in the blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[147][148]
Vasily Pankov	Belarus	Ice hockey	Nandrolone
Achim Walcher	Austria	Cross-country skiing	Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[147][148]

2006 Turin

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Roland Diethard	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[149]
Johannes Eder	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession and use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method[149]
Christian Hoffmann	Austria	Cross country skiing	Investigation concluded in 2011: Blood doping[150]
Wolfgang Perner	Austria	Biathlon	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[151]
Jürgen Pinter	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[152]
Olga Pyleva	Russia	Biathlon	Carphedon	(15 km)
Wolfgang Rottmann	Austria	Biathlon	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[151]
Martin Tauber	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[149]

2010 Vancouver

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Kornelia Marek	Poland	Cross-country skiing	Erythropoietin[153]

2014 Sochi

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details of test
Nicklas Bäckström	Sweden	Ice hockey	Pseudoephedrine[154]	Awarded despite the doping violation.[155]
Johannes Dürr	Austria	Cross-country skiing	Erythropoietin[156]
Ralfs Freibergs	Latvia	Ice hockey	Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone[157]
William Frullani	Italy	Bobsleigh	Methylhexanamine[158][159]
Marina Lisogor	Ukraine	Cross-country skiing	Trimetazidine[160][161]
Alexandr Loginov	Russia	Biathlon	EPO		Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 26 November 2013. All results from that date onwards annulled.[162]
Vitalijs Pavlovs	Latvia	Ice hockey	Methylhexanamine[163]
Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle	Germany	Biathlon	Methylhexanamine[158][164]
Serguei Sednev	Ukraine	Biathlon	EPO		Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 22 January 2013. All results from that date onwards annulled.[165]
Daniel Zalewski	Poland	Bobsleigh	Stimulant[166]

See also

• List of sporting scandals
• List of stripped Olympic medals
• List of doping cases in cycling
• List of doping cases in sport
• World Anti-Doping Agency
• Technology doping

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External links

• Olympic Movement Anti-doping Code