Treponema

Treponema
Treponema pallidum spirochaetes.
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Spirochaetes
Class:	Spirochaetes Cavalier-Smith 2002
Order:	Spirochaetales Buchanan 1917
Family:	Spirochaetaceae Swellengrebel 1907
Genus:	Treponema Schaudinn 1905
Species
Candidatus Treponema suis Molbak et al. 2006 Treponema amylovorum Wyss et al. 1997 Treponema azotonutricium Graber et al. 2004 Treponema berlinense Nordhoff et al. 2005 Treponema brennaborense Schrank et al. 1999 Treponema bryantii Stanton and Canale-Parola 1980 Treponema calligyrum ♠ Noguchi Treponema carateum ♥ Treponema denticola (ex Flügge 1886) Chan et al. 1993 Treponema isoptericolens Dröge et al. 2008 Treponema lecithinolyticum Wyss et al. 1999 Treponema maltophilum Wyss et al. 1996 Treponema medium Umemoto et al. 1997 Treponema minutum ♦ Dobell 1912 Treponema pallidum ♦ (Schaudinn and Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905 Treponema paraluisleporis ♠ Lumeij et al. 1994 Treponema paraluiscuniculi ♦ (Jacobsthal 1920) Smibert 1974 Treponema parvum Wyss et al. 2001 Treponema pectinovorum Smibert and Burmeister 1983 Treponema pedis Evans et al. 2009 Treponema pertenue ♦ (Castellani 1905) Castellani and Chalmers 1910 Treponema phagedenis ♠ (Noguchi 1912) Brumpt Treponema porcinum Nordhoff et al. 2005 Treponema primitia Graber et al. 2004 Treponema putidum Wyss et al. 2004 Treponema refringens ♠ (Schaudinn and Hofmann 1905) Castellani and Chalmers Treponema saccharophilum Paster and Canale-Parola 1986 Treponema socranskii Smibert et al. 1984 Treponema succinifaciens Cwyk and Canale-Parola 1981 Treponema vincentii ♠ Smibert 1984 Treponema zioleckii ♠ Piknova et al. 2008

Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws. Treponema carateum is the cause of pinta.^[1] Treponema paraluiscuniculi is associated with syphilis in rabbits.^[2]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) ^[3] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)^[4] and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 by 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project ^[5]

?T. calligyrum ♠ Noguchi ?T. carateum ♥ (pinta causing Treponema) ?T. minutum ♦ Dobell 1912 ?T. pallidum ♦ T. p. endemicum ♠ Smibert 1984 (bejel causing Treponema) T. p. pallidum ♠ (Schaudinn and Hoffmann 1905) Schaudinn 1905 (syphilis causing Treponema) ?T. paraluisleporis ♠ Lumeij et al. 1994 ?T. paraluiscuniculi ♦ (Jacobsthal 1920) Smibert 1974 ?T. pertenue ♦ (Castellani 1905) Castellani and Chalmers 1910 (yaws causing Treponema) ?T. phagedenis ♠ T. p. phagedenis ♠ (Noguchi 1912) Brumpt T. p. vaccae ♠ Evans et al. 2006 ?T. refringens ♠ (Schaudinn and Hofmann 1905) Castellani and Chalmers ?T. vincentii ♠ Smibert 1984 ?T. zioleckii ♠ Piknova et al. 2008 Spirochaeta caldaria Pohlschroeder et al. 1995 Spirochaeta stenostrepta Zuelzer 1912 T. isoptericolens Dröge et al. 2008 T. azotonutricium Graber et al. 2004 T. primitia Graber et al. 2004 Spirochaeta zuelzerae (ex Veldkamp 1960) Canale-Parola 1980 T. medium T. m. bovis ♠ Evans et al. 2006 T. m. medium ♠ Umemoto et al. 1997 T. pedis Evans et al. 2009 T. denticola (ex Flügge 1886) Chan et al. 1993 T. putidum Wyss et al. 2004 T. lecithinolyticum Wyss et al. 1999 T. maltophilum Wyss et al. 1996 T. brennaborense Schrank et al. 1999 T. saccharophilum Paster and Canale-Parola 1986 T. berlinense Nordhoff et al. 2005 T. pectinovorum Smibert and Burmeister 1983 T. bryantii Stanton and Canale-Parola 1980 T. porcinum Nordhoff et al. 2005 T. succinifaciens Cwyk and Canale-Parola 1981 T. parvum Wyss et al. 2001 T. amylovorum Wyss et al. 1997 T. socranskii T. s. paredis Smibert et al. 1984 T. s. buccale Smibert et al. 1984 T. s. socranskii Smibert et al. 1984

Notes:
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)
♥ Strains not lodged at National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) or listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)

The species Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens have been reclassified into Serpulina hyodysenteriae and Serpulina innocens.^[6]

References

1. Antal GM, Lukehart SA, Meheus AZ (January 2002). "The endemic treponematoses". Microbes Infect. 4 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01513-1. PMID 11825779.
2. Harper KN, Liu H, Ocampo PS, et al. (August 2008). "The sequence of the acidic repeat protein (arp) gene differentiates venereal from nonvenereal Treponema pallidum subspecies, and the gene has evolved under strong positive selection in the subspecies that causes syphilis". FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 53 (3): 322–32. doi:10.1111/j.1574-695X.2008.00427.x. PMID 18554302.
3. J.P. Euzéby. "Treponema". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2013-03-20.
4. Sayers; et al. "Treponema". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
5. 'The All-Species Living Tree' Project."16S rRNA-based LTP release 111 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
6. Stanton TB, Jensen NS, Casey TA, Tordoff LA, Dewhirst FE, Paster BJ (January 1991). "Reclassification of Treponema hyodysenteriae and Treponema innocens in a new genus, Serpula gen. nov., as Serpula hyodysenteriae comb. nov. and Serpula innocens comb. nov". Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 41 (1): 50–8. doi:10.1099/00207713-41-1-50. PMID 1704792.