Westminster School

Westminster School
Motto

Dat Deus Incrementum

(God Gives the Increase)
Established Unknown, teaching existed since at least 1179, refounded in 1560
Type Public school
Independent day and boarding
Religion Church of England[1]
Head Master Patrick Derham[2]
Chairman of Governors Very Revd. John Hall, Dean of Westminster[3][4][5]
Founder Henry VIII (1541)
Elizabeth I (1560 - refoundation)
Location Little Dean's Yard
Westminster
London
SW1P 3PF[6][7]
United Kingdom
Coordinates: 51°29′54″N 0°07′42″W / 51.4984°N 0.1284°W / 51.4984; -0.1284
Local authority City of Westminster
DfE number 213/6047
DfE URN 101162 Tables
Staff 105
Students 747
Gender Boys
Coeducational (Sixth Form)[8][9]
Ages 13 (boys), 16 (girls)–18
Houses      College
     Grant's
     Rigaud's
     Busby's
     Liddell's
     Purcell's
     Ashburnham
     Wren's
     Dryden's
     Hakluyt's
     Milne's
Colours Pink     
Publication The Elizabethan
Former pupils Old Westminsters
Website www.westminster.org.uk

Westminster School is an independent school within the precincts of Westminster Abbey, England. It has the highest Oxford and Cambridge acceptance rates of any secondary school or college in the world.[10] With origins before the 12th century, the educational tradition of Westminster probably dates back as far as 960AD, in line with the Abbey's history.[11] The school's alumni include Ben Jonson, John Dryden, Robert Hooke,[12] Sir Christopher Wren, John Locke, Jeremy Bentham,[13] Edward Gibbon, Henry Mayhew, A. A. Milne, Peter Ustinov, Tony Benn and seven Prime Ministers. Boys are admitted to the Under School at age seven, and to the senior school at age thirteen; girls are admitted only at sixteen.[14] The school has around 750 pupils; around a quarter are boarders, most of whom go home at weekends, after Saturday morning school.[15] It is one of the original nine British public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868.[16] Charging up to £7,800 for day pupils per term and £11,264 for boarders per term in 2014/15, Westminster is the 13th most expensive HMC day school and 10th most expensive HMC boarding school in the UK.[17]

History

Little Dean's Yard from Liddell's Arch

Schoolboys have been educated at Westminster since 1179,[11] and if the Croyland Chronicle is to be believed since before the Norman Conquest, with parts of the buildings now used by the school dating back to the 11th century Anglo-Saxon Abbey at Westminster.

The entrance to Dean's Yard and Westminster School war memorial viewed from the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre in August 2012.

In 1540, Henry VIII ordered the dissolution of the monasteries in England, including that of the powerful Abbots of Westminster, but personally ensured the School's survival by his royal charter.[18] The College of St. Peter carried on with forty "King's Scholars" financed from the royal purse. By this point Westminster School had certainly become a public school (i.e., a school available to members of the public, so long as they could pay their own costs, rather than private tuition provided to the nobility). During Mary I's brief reign the Abbey was reinstated as a Roman Catholic monastery but the school continued.

Elizabeth I re-founded the School in 1560,[19] with new statutes to select 40 Queen's Scholars from boys who had already attended the school for a year.[20] Queen Elizabeth frequently visited her scholars, although she never signed the statutes nor endowed her scholarships, and 1560 is now generally taken as the date that the school was "founded".

Elizabeth I appointed William Camden[21] as headmaster and he was the only layman known to have held the role until 1937.[22] It was Dr Busby,[23][24] himself an Old Westminster, who established the reputation of the school for several hundred years, as much by his classical learning as for his ruthless discipline by the birch, immortalised in Pope's Dunciad. Busby prayed publicly Up School[25] for the safety of the Crown, on the very day of Charles I's execution, and then locked the boys inside to prevent their going to watch the spectacle a few hundred yards away. Regardless of politics, he thrashed Royalist and Puritan boys alike without fear or favour. Busby also took part in Oliver Cromwell's funeral procession in 1658; when Robert Uvedale, a Westminster schoolboy, succeeded in snatching the "Majesty Scutcheon" (white satin banner) draped on the coffin[26] (it was given to the School by his family two hundred years later). Busby remained in office throughout the Civil War and the Commonwealth, when the school was governed by Parliamentary Commissioners, and well into the Restoration.

In 1679, a group of scholars killed a bailiff, ostensibly in defence of the Abbey's traditional right of sanctuary, but possibly because the man was trying to arrest a consort of the boys. Dr Busby obtained a royal pardon for his scholars from Charles II, and added the cost to the school bills.

Liddell's arch, the main entrance to Little Dean's Yard.

Until the 19th century, the curriculum was predominantly made up of Latin and Greek, and all taught Up School.[27] The Westminster boys were uncontrolled outside school hours and notoriously unruly about town, but the proximity of the School to the Palace of Westminster meant that politicians were well aware of the boys' exploits. After the Public Schools Act 1868, in response to the Clarendon Commission[28] on the financial and other malpractices at nine pre-eminent public schools, the school began to approach its modern form. It was legally separated from the Abbey, although the organisations remain close and the Dean of Westminster Abbey is ex officio the Chairman of the Governors. There followed a scandalous public and parliamentary dispute over a further 25 years, to settle the transfer of the properties from the Canons of the Abbey to the School. School statutes have been made by Order in Council of Queen Elizabeth II. The Dean of Christ Church, Oxford and the Master of Trinity College, Cambridge are ex officio members of the school's governing body.[29]

Unusually among public schools, Westminster did not adopt most of the broader changes associated with the Victorian ethos of Thomas Arnold, such as the emphasis on team over individual spirit, and the school retained much of its distinctive character. Despite many pressures, including evacuation and the destruction of the School roof during the Blitz, the school also refused to move out of the city, unlike other schools such as Charterhouse and St. Paul's, and remains in its central London location, near the heart of Church and State.

Westminster Under School was formed in 1943[30] in the evacuated school buildings in Westminster, as a distinct preparatory school for day pupils between the ages of 8 to 13 (now 7 to 13). Only the separation is new: for example, in the 18th century, Edward Gibbon attended Westminster from the age of 11 and Jeremy Bentham from the age of 8.[31] The Under School has since moved to Vincent Square,[32] overlooking the School's playing fields. Its current Master is Mrs. Elizabeth Hill.

In 1967, the first female pupil was admitted to the School, with girls becoming full members of the school from 1973 onwards.[33] In 1981, a single-sex boarding house, Purcell's, was created for girls. In 1997 the school expanded further with the creation of a new day house, Milne's at 5a, Dean's Yard.

In 2005 the school was one of fifty leading private schools guilty of running a cartel, exposed by The Times, which had allowed them to collaborate in uncompetitive fees for thousands of customers.[34][35] Mrs Jean Scott, the head of the Independent Schools Council, said that independent schools had always been exempt from anti-cartel rules applied to business, were following a long-established procedure in sharing the information with each other, and that they were unaware of the change to the law (on which they had not been consulted). She wrote to John Vickers, the OFT director-general, saying, "They are not a group of businessmen meeting behind closed doors to fix the price of their products to the disadvantage of the consumer. They are schools that have quite openly continued to follow a long-established practice because they were unaware that the law had changed.".[36] However, each school agreed to pay a nominal penalty of £10,000 and ex-gratia payments totalling £3 million into a trust designed to benefit pupils who attended the schools during the period in respect of which fee information was shared.[37][38][39]

In 2007, the school responded to an invitation to become the sponsor of Pimlico School, which was due to be rebuilt as an academy, but decided not to go ahead after Westminster City Council developed its plans. In 2013 the school collaborated with the Harris Federation to set up a selective, mixed, sixth form academy, with entrance priority given to those from disadvantaged backgrounds. Harris Westminster Sixth Form opened nearby in 2014, and Pupils of the Academy share some lessons and facilities of the School.

In 2010 the School and the Abbey celebrated the 450th anniversary of the granting of their Royal Charter and Elizabeth I's re-foundation of the school in 1560. Queen Elizabeth II with HRH the Duke of Edinburgh unveiled a controversial statue in Little Dean's Yard of Her Majesty's namesake Elizabeth I, the nominal Foundress of the School, by Old Westminster sculptor Matthew Spender[40]. Her Royal Highness's comments in immediate reaction to the unveiling are not publicly reported, but are gleefully reputed within the School. The head of the statue came off in May 2016 after a Sixth Former (a pupil in Year 12) tried to climb on the statue. The school has yet to come to a decision about the future of the statue.

In May 2013, the school was criticised for staging an auction involving the selling of internships to fund bursaries, resulting in adverse coverage in the press.[41]

The School is located primarily in the precincts of the former medieval monastery of Westminster Abbey,[42] its main buildings surrounding its private square Little Dean's Yard (known as 'Yard'), off Dean's Yard, where Church House, the headquarters of the Church of England, is situated,[43] along with some of the Houses, the Common Room, the humanities building Weston's, and College Hall.

Liddell's House, and the school reception, taken from Dean's Yard

Immediately outside the Abbey precincts on Great College Street is Sutcliff's (named after the tuck shop in the building in the 19th century), where Geography, Art,[44] Theology, Philosophy and Classics (Latin and Ancient Greek) are taught. The Robert Hooke Science Centre[45] is further away, just off Smith Square.[46] As part of an expansion programme funded by donations and a legacy from A. A. Milne,[47] the school has acquired the nearby Millicent Fawcett Hall for Drama and Theatre Studies lessons and performances;[48][49] the Manoukian Centre for Music lessons[50][51][52] (both timetabled and private) and recitals; and the Weston Building at 3 Dean's Yard.[53][54] It also often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.

The School often uses St John's, Smith Square as a venue for major musical concerts.

College Garden, to the East of Little Dean's Yard, is believed to be the oldest garden in England, under continuous cultivation for around a millennium.[55] Just beyond rises the Victoria Tower of the Houses of Parliament; the Queen's Scholars have special rights of access to the House of Commons. To the North, the Dark Cloister leads straight to the Abbey, which serves as the School Chapel.[56]

The playing fields are half a mile away at Vincent Square,[57] which Dean Vincent created for the School by hiring a horse and plough to carve 10 acres (40,000 m2) out of the open Tothill Fields. The boathouse is now some way from the school at Putney,[57] where it is also used for the Oxford and Cambridge boat race; but the school's First Eight still returns annually to exercise its traditional right to land at Black Rod Steps of the Palace of Westminster.

In 2011, the school agreed to buy a 999-year lease for the Lawrence Hall, London from The Royal Horticultural Society.[58] This listed Art-Deco building, adjacent to the school's playing fields at Vincent Square, has been converted into a Sports Centre. It provides space for an array of activities, including climbing, martial arts, fencing, rowing, table tennis, badminton, netball, indoor football and indoor cricket.[59] In 2012 the School took possession of St Edward’s House, which was the last Anglican monastery in London.[60] Located on the corner of Great College Street and Tufton Street the building now houses Purcell’s, a Boarding House for girls and a Day House for boys, as well as a small Chapel and Refectory.[61] Westminster Under School has also been enlarged by the addition of a building on Douglas Street which provides an Art Studio, IT Suite and Dining Hall.[62]

Notable buildings

Westminster School, situated in the middle of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Westminster Abbey, St. Margaret's, and the Palace of Westminster, has several buildings notable for unique qualities, age, and history.

'College Hall', the 14th-century Abbot's state dining hall, is one of the oldest and finest examples of medieval refectory in existence, and is still in use for its original purpose every day in term-time; outside of term it reverts to the Dean, as the Abbot's successor.[63] Queen Elizabeth Woodville took sanctuary here in 1483 with 5 daughters and her son Richard, but failed to save him from his fate as one of the Princes in the Tower. In the 1560s, Elizabeth I several times came to see her scholars act their Latin Plays on a stage in front of the attractive Elizabethan gallery, which may have been first erected especially for the purpose.[64][65]

'College', now shared between the three Houses of College, Dryden's and Wren's, is a dressed stone building overlooking College Garden,[66] the former monastery's Infirmary garden which is still the property of the Collegiate Church of Westminster Abbey. College dates from 1729, and was designed by the Earl of Burlington based on earlier designs from Sir Christopher Wren (himself an Old Westminster).

'School', originally built in the 1090s as the monks' dormitory, is the School's main hall, used for Latin Prayers (a weekly assembly with prayers in the Westminster-dialect of Latin),[67] exams, and large concerts, plays and the like. From 1599 it was used to teach all the pupils, the Upper and Lower Schools being separated by a curtain hung from a 16th-century pig iron bar, which remains the largest piece of pig iron in the world. The School Gateway was also designed by the Earl of Burlington, and are engraved with the names of many pupils who used to hire a stonemason for the purpose.[68] The panelling "up School" is similarly, but officially, painted with the coats of arms of many former pupils. The original shell-shaped apse at the North end of School gave its name to the Shell forms taught there and the corresponding classes at many other public schools. The current shell displays a Latin epigram on the rebuilding of School, with the acrostic Semper Eadem, Elizabeth I's motto. The classroom door to the right of the Shell was recovered from the notorious Star Chamber at its demolition but was destroyed during the Blitz.

The phoenix which was placed on the roof of school in the 1950s to commemorate the school's resurgence after World War II.

The building lies directly on top of the Westminster Abbey museum, and ends at the start of the Pyx Chamber.

Both School and College had their roofs destroyed during the Blitz by incendiary bombs in 1941. The buildings were re-opened by George VI in 1950.[69]

Ashburnham House, as seen in 1880

Ashburnham House, which today houses the library,[70] the IT department[71] and the Mathematics Department,[72], but until 2005 the Economics, English and History of Art departments also, was built by Inigo Jones or his pupil John Webb around the time of the Restoration as a London seat for the family who became the Earls of Ashburnham. It incorporates remains of the mediaeval Prior's House, and its garden is the site of the monks' refectory and some of the earliest sittings of the House of Commons. In 1731 when Ashburnham housed the King's and Cottonian libraries, which form the basis of the British Library,[73] there was a disastrous fire, and many of the books and manuscripts still show the marks.[74] After the Public Schools Act 1868 there was a scandalous parliamentary and legal battle between the Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey and the School, until the School eventually obtained Ashburnham House under the Act for £4,000. The dispute was reported in The Times, and it was suggested by Thomas Wise, Secretary of The Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings that the property was "in danger of being pulled down or of being virtually destroyed by being converted into a boarding-house in connexion with Westminster School" adding that the "house is admirably suited for a residence for the Dean or one of the Canons, and is totally unfitted for a school or a boarding house".[75] The School responded writing that "The Chapter themselves have in past years greatly altered and disfigured Ashburnham-house. It had originally two wings; one was destroyed and never restored. About 1848 the roof was taken off, a story added, and a dome in the ceiling of the drawing-room demolished, the external elevation being ruined. The house now has no beauty externally, and hardly and features of interest internally, except the staircase, which in any case would be preserved".[76] On 28 November William Morris also became involved in the campaign, writing a letter to the Editor of the Daily News.[77] In the event the School demolished the adjacent building, Turle's House and renovated sections of the east wing, but left the staircase and drawing room untouched.[78] During the Second World War, the library was used for military purposes, and as an American officers' club, The Churchill Club.

Customs

Pupils fight for the pancake (left), watched by the Dean of Westminster Abbey and the Head Master (right). The set of scales will determine the winner.

The 'Greaze' has been held 'up School' (in the School Hall) on Shrove Tuesdays since at least 1753.[79] The head cook ceremoniously tosses a horsehair-reinforced pancake over a high bar, which was used from the 16th century to curtain off the Under School from the Great School. Members of the school fight for the pancake for one minute, watched over by the Dean of Westminster Abbey (as Chairman of the Governors), the Head Master, the upper years groups of the School[80] and distinguished or even occasionally Royal visitors. The pupil who gets the largest weight is awarded a gold sovereign (promptly redeemed for use next year), and the Dean begs a half-holiday for the whole School. Weighing scales are on hand in the event of a dispute. A cook who failed to get the 'pancake' over the bar after three attempts would formerly have been "booked", or stoned with Latin primers, although that tradition has long lapsed.[81][82]

The privilege of being the first commoners to acclaim each new sovereign at their coronation in Westminster Abbey is reserved for the Queen's (or King's) Scholars. Their shouts of "Vivat Regina/Rex" ("Long Live the Queen/King") are incorporated into the coronation anthem I was glad.[83] The tradition dates back to the coronation of King James II.[84]

Despite the formal separation from the Abbey,[85] the school remains Anglican, with services in the Abbey attended by the entire school at least twice a week, and many other voluntary-attendance services of worship. The school was expressly exempted by the Act of Uniformity to allow it to continue saying Latin prayers despite the Reformation. Every Wednesday there is an assembly Up School known as Latin Prayers, which opens with the Headmaster leading all members of the school in chanting prayers in Latin, followed by notices in English. The School's unique pronunciation of formal Latin is known as 'Westminster Latin', and descends from medieval English scholastic pronunciation: Queen Elizabeth I, who spoke fluent Latin, commanded that Latin was not to be said "in the monkish fashion", a significant warning upon loyalties between Church and State. The School commemorates its benefactors every year with a service in Westminster Abbey in Latin in which the Captain of the Queen's Scholars lays a wreath of pink roses on the tomb of Elizabeth I: the service alternates between 'Little Commem' which is held in Henry VII's Chapel and involves just the Queen's Scholars and the much larger 'Big Commem' to which the whole school community is invited.[86]

Since the monastic Christmas revels of medieval times, Latin plays have been presented by the Scholars, with a prologue and witty epilogue on contemporary events. Annual plays, "either tragedy or comedy", were required by the school statutes in 1560, and some early plays were acted in College Hall before Elizabeth I and her whole Council. However, in a more prudish age Queen Victoria did not accompany Prince Albert and the Prince of Wales to the play, and recorded in her diary that it was "very Improper". Today, the play is put on less frequently, any members of the school may take part, and the Master of the Queen's Scholars gives the Latin prologue. The 1938 play caused a diplomatic incident with the German ambassador withdrawing offended by the words 'Magna Germania' figuring in extenso on a map of Europe displayed.

The Queen's Scholars have privileged access to the House of Commons gallery, said to be a compromise recorded in the Standing Orders of the House in the 19th century, to stop the boys from climbing into the Palace over the roofs.

Entry

There are four main points of entry for pupils:

As well as the Queen's Scholarships which pay one half of boarding fees, and of which there are normally eight in each year, there are Honorary Scholarships for boys who pass the Challenge and could have been scholars but do not want to board. Stephen Hawking was entered for the Challenge in 1952, but fell ill on the day of the Challenge examination.

Those entering the Lower School also have the opportunity to win scholarships based on musical talent, and bursaries for those whose parents are not able to fund their tuition. Ignoring scholarships and bursaries, annual fees are as follows:

Pupil type 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2015–16[89]
Per term Per year Per term Per year Per term Per year Per term Per year Per term Per year Per term Per year Per term Per year Per Term Per Year Per Term Per Year Per Term Per Year Per Term Per Year Per Term Per Year Per Term Per Year
Boarding £6,288 £18,864 £6,886 £20,658 £7,316 £21,948 £7,682 £23,046 £8,105 £24,315 £8,652 £25,956 £9,172 £27,516 £9,448 £28,344 £9,802 £29,406 £10,146 £30,438 £10,450 £31,350 £10,830 £32,490 £11,686 £35,058
Day £4,355 £13,065 £4,770 £14,310 £5,068 £15,204 £5,321 £15,963 £5,614 £16,842 £5,992 £17,976 £6,352 £19,056 £6,542 £19,626 £6,788 £20,364 £7,026 £21,078 £7,236 £21,708 £7,500 £22,500 £8,092 £24,276
Day (VIth entrants) £4,724 £14,172 £5,173 £15,519 £5,496 £16,488 £5,771 £17,313 £6,088 £18,264 £6,499 £19,497 £6,888 £20,664 £7,094 £21,282 £7,360 £22,080 £7,618 £22,854 £7,846 £23,538 £8,130 £24,390 £8,774 £26,322
Under School £3,026 £9,078 £3,314 £9,942 £3,521 £10,563 £3,697 £11,091 £3,900 £11,700 £4,163 £12,489 £4,412 £13,236 £4,544 £13,632 £4,726 £14,178 £4,892 £14,676 £5,038 £15,114 £5,250 £15,750 £5,678 £17,034
Annual increase 6.5%
(WUS: 7%)		 9.5% 6.25% 5.0% 5.5% 6.75% 6.0% 3.0% 3.75%
(WUS: 4.0%)		 3.5% 3% 3.64%
(WUS: 4.2%)
National Inflation (CPI)[90] 1.3% 1.4% 1.3% 2.1% 2.3% 2.3% 3.6% 2.2% 3.3% 4.5% 2.8% 2.6%

University applications

According to a report by the Sutton Trust, Westminster School had the highest average Oxbridge acceptance rate over the period 2002–2007 of any school at 49.9%[91][92] and in the period 2008–2013,[10] with 97 pupils achieving Oxbridge places in 2014.[93][94][95] It also has an 85.6% (5-year average) acceptance rate into the Sutton 13 list of the top 13 universities for research in the UK. The report claimed that, in general, independent schools achieve 16.3% more places at Sutton 13 universities than would be expected on merely from A-level grades, although it has been accepted that module grades were significantly better at Westminster and that the new A* at A-Level should provide more accurate differentiation.[96]

Westminster jargon

Westminster has an unusual system for naming the school years, which can confuse those not familiar with the system.[97]

  • Year 9: Fifth Form
  • Year 10: Lower Shell
  • Year 11 (GCSE): Upper Shell
  • Year 12 (AS): Sixth Form
  • Year 13 (A2): Remove

The Lower and Upper Shell years are named after the shell-shaped alcove up School where they were originally taught; the name has been adopted by several other schools with a Westminster connection.

The first term of the academic year, from September to December, is known as Play Term. This is the term in which the Latin Play used to take place (see Customs). The second term, from January to Easter is the Lent Term. The third term of the academic year, from April to July is the Election Term. This is the term in which new scholars are elected, formerly in place of those examined and elected to the universities.

Other jargon and slang

Abbey
When used without an article, refers to the compulsory morning service in the Abbey on Mondays and Fridays;[98] "It's time for Abbey".
Begging a Play
Making a request for a Play (q.v.). The Dean annually begs a play at the Greaze, but other plays may also be begged especially by celebrities or in recognition of notable events in the life of the School.
The Challenge
The exam sat by boys applying for scholarships. It was wholly oral until 1855, its name deriving from the practice of a candidate interrupting, or 'challenging' one already speaking.[99]
Digniora
An award given to a pupil for an outstanding piece of work. Previously issued to pupils from all years (Vth form – Remove), it is now only given to boys in the lower school (Vth, Lower Shell and Upper Shell). An award of a digniora was once an extremely rare event, normally unwitnessed over the course of a Westminster career. The teacher awarding one would write digniora on the work to be honoured with instructions for the pupil to proceed to his housemaster; his housemaster would then escort the pupil to the Headmaster's study where a beaming head would fish out from a cache of surplus Maundy money a piece of silver coinage. More recently the custom has evolved where pupils who receive their first three go to the Head of Year to be given a silver threepenny piece, generally from the early 20th century, and for every 5 dignioras have been earned with the exception of the first three they can go and see the Head Master to be given a £10 book token.
Election
A year of scholars. The first election are the year 9 scholars, the second election are the year 10 scholars etc. There are usually eight scholars in each of 5 Elections.
Fields
Vincent Square. One is always "up Fields". See "up".
Going/coming down
Used in a sentence like "Are you going/coming down today?" This means "Are you going rowing?"
The Greaze
Annual pancake fight. See the section on customs.
Green
Dean's Yard; The lawn in the middle of Dean's Yard; "The school has a legal right to play football on Green" (always without an article).
Pupils relax and play football on Green
Greesh
Cigarette, origins unknown, though most likely a bastardisation of 'g'rette, a contraction of the word cigarette, whilst making a phonetic reference to the famous Westminster tradition, "The Greaze."
Hurdle
End of term exams for the Upper School, first coined by the Classics department in the 1970s.
Japs
Lavatories.
Mill (obsolete)
A fight.
Muzz (obsolete)
Swot (both noun and verb). This word was still in use in the 1920s and attempts were made to revive it in the 1970s.[100] cf "to mug" in Winchester College notions[101]
Occupat (obsolete)
During the annual Anglican confirmation service, non-church goers were confined to their Houses. This is referred to as occupat.[102]
Order Sheets
Historically, school reports. Today, only those given at half term are known by this name.
The Pink List
The list of pupils and members of the Common Room of the school. This exists both as a small pink book (the source of the name) and as a computer database.
Play
A day's holiday, especially in conjunction with a notable event. Annual plays are the Queen's Play and the Dean's Play. A recent extraordinary play was the "Pooh Play" in recognition of the School's selling the rights to Winnie the Pooh to the Walt Disney Corporation.[103] The day on which a play is given is usually a Saturday. q.v. 'Begging a play'.
Praebendum (plural Praebenda)
Essentially same as a Digniora, but issued to those boys and girls in the Upper School (VIth and Remove) who submit outstanding pieces of work, or attain well-above average test results.
Putney
Used to refer to Westminster School Boat Club, which is in Putney, an area of London.
Rag (obsolete)
Both a noun and a verb pertaining to misbehaviour (e.g. "He was punished for ragging in Prep.", or "What a foolish rag!")
Shag (Day)
Pupils may attend school wearing clothes not specified by the uniform code, but are expected to give a small donation to charity if they do so, known as "Shag Money". This is only permitted on certain days; "It's Shag Day on Saturday." Compare mufti day. As a verb, it was widely used to mean "play truant", but fell into disuse due to the more widely known modern meaning.
Station
Sports which are compulsory and held on Tuesday and Thursday afternoon at various times; "He missed Station as he was sick". Originally it meant any compulsory engagement.
Townboy (obsolete)
A pupil who is not a scholar.
Up (house, School,[104] Yard, etc.)
"Inside" or "to". "You should be up house if you don't have a lesson", "Latin prayers take place up School". Events in Vincent Square are said to be "up Fields", particularly among the Common Room. Exceptions to the rule are that one is never "up College" only "in College", "in Yard", "at Putney" and "on Green".
Water
Rowing Station (The Westminster School Boat Club is based in Putney)[57].
Yard
Little Dean's Yard; "He was in Yard" (always without an article). This is also often used to refer to the period after Prep from 9pm to 10pm when boarders are free to entertain themselves in Yard, and, in slang, to "Yard Football", the game that students play there in their free time.

Houses

Rigaud's House (far right), Grant's House (right), residence of the Master of the Queen's Scholars (centre), College (far left, top floors) and the Houses of Wren's and Dryden's (far left, ground floor)

The school is split into 11 houses, some of which are 'day houses' (and only admit day pupils, those who go home after school), the others having a mix of day pupils and boarders. Each house has a Housemaster, a teacher who is responsible for the house, the pupils in it and their welfare, and a Head of House, a pupil in the Remove, nominated by the Housemaster. The role of the Head of House largely consists in assisting the Housemaster in organising activities such as house competitions, for which the Head of House might draw up teams. Grant's is the only house to have a Head of Hall, also a pupil in the Remove, who acts as an assistant to the Head of House. The reason for this is because the Grant's Head of House must be a boarder, as there is a room specially for the Head of House. Thus the Head of Hall is chosen from the day pupils in Grant's. Further to these positions, each day house (a house which only admits day pupils) has an Assistant Housemaster, and each boarding house has a Resident Tutor. The houses are named after people connected to the house or school in various ways – mainly prominent Old Westminsters but also former Head Masters and Housemasters. Grant's is the oldest house for pupils other than scholars, not only of Westminster but of any public school.

Houses are a focus for pastoral care and social and sporting activities, as well as accommodation for boarders. All the day houses are mixed-sex, and all houses admit girls; only Busby's, Liddell's, Grant's and Purcell's provide boarding accommodation for girls – the remainder admit day girls only.[105]

Each house has associated colours, which are worn on ties awarded for various (usually sporting) achievement while representing the house. There are also pink-striped ties awarded for achievement while representing the whole school, with the amount of pink denoting the level of achievement. Wren's and Milne's use slightly different colours on house ties from those seen on their shirt.

At inter-house sporting events, pupils wear house T-shirts, which are in house colours and feature the name of the house (except the College T-shirt which has no text).
House Abbr. Founded Named after Colours Pupils
Boarding Non-boarding
College CC 1560 n/a Dark green Boys Girls
Grant's GG 1750 The "mothers" Grant – landladies who owned the property and put up boys in the days before boarding existed, when the School only accommodated Scholars; the oldest house in any of the Public Schools. ■ Maroon on light blue Mixed Mixed
Rigaud's RR pre-1896 (rebuilt) Stephen Jordan Rigaud ■ Black on orange Boys Mixed
Busby's BB 1925 Richard Busby ■ Dark blue on maroon Mixed Boys
Liddell's LL 1956 Henry Liddell ■ Blue on yellow Mixed Mixed
Purcell's[106] PP 1981 Henry Purcell ■ White on purple Girls Boys
Ashburnham AHH 1881 The Earls of Ashburnham whose London house is now part of the School ■ Light blue on dark blue None Mixed
Wren's WW 1948 Christopher Wren ■ Pink on black (Blue and Maroon used on ties)
Dryden's DD 1976 John Dryden ■ Silver on red
Hakluyt's HH 1987 Richard Hakluyt[107] ■ Yellow on blue
Milne's MM 1997 A. A. Milne ■ Black on orange (Tie uses Red and Yellow)

College, the House of the Queen's Scholars (all of whom board), has assigned to it some of the non-boarding girls who enter the School in the VIth form. Wren's was formerly known as Homeboarders and Dryden's as Dale's. Before it was rebuilt, Rigaud's was known as Clapham's and Best's.

Sport ("Station")

Westminster School Boat Club's boathouse in Putney.

The School has three Eton Fives courts, located behind Ashburnham House. The school frequently fields pupils as national entries in international competitions in rowing, or "Water", and fencing.

Westminster School Boat Club's boathouse in Putney.

Westminster School Boat Club is one of the oldest rowing clubs in the world, located on the River Thames. The Oxford University Boat Club uses Westminster's boat house at Putney as its HQ for the annual Oxford and Cambridge boat race on the Thames. The boathouse was remodelled in 1997, and won a Wandsworth design award in 1999.[108] The school's colour is pink; Westminster rowers raced Eton College for the right to wear pink.[109] One story goes that, at one annual Eton-Westminster rowing race, both crews arrived wearing pink, which was fashionable at the time. The Eton crew bought some light-blue ribbon (which later became the standard Eton colours) to differentiate themselves, but the Westminster crew won the race and the right to wear pink in perpetuity.[110] The premier Leander Club at Henley, founded in London by a number of Old Westminster rowers, later adopted it, although they call the colour cerise.[111] The only problems arise when racing against Abingdon School, who also wear pink.

The school playing fields in Vincent Square

Since 1810, when Headmaster William Vincent fenced off and ordered the ploughing of the waste marshlands known as Tothill Fields, which were being threatened by London's urban sprawl, for use by the school, the School's main sports ground is nearby at Vincent Square,[112][113] which football and cricket on the main area and tennis and netball on the courts; it also hosts a playground for Westminster Under School. At 13 acres, it is the largest private, open green space in Central London, despite this, it is not large enough for all the pupils doing these sports to use simultaneously (the three football pitches and typically one smaller practise pitch become one main cricket square and several smaller practise squares for the cricket season). Therefore, the school hires and owns other sporting facilities near the school. These include the oldest boating club in the world, an astroturf ground in Battersea, and a fencing centre. "Green" (Dean's Yard) is also used, as are the 2 school gyms (one in the Abbey Cloisters and one in the Weston Building) and the three Eton Fives courts in Ashburnham Garden, the garden behind Ashburnham House.

Westminster played in the first school cricket match against Charterhouse School in 1794[114] and from 1796 played cricket against Eton.[115]

Westminster has an historic joint claim to a major role in the development of Association Football,[116] which remains the school's largest sport. During the 1840s at both Westminster and Charterhouse, pupils' surroundings meant they were confined to playing their football in the cloisters,[117] making the rough and tumble of the handling game that was developing at other schools such as Rugby impossible, and necessitating a new code of rules. During the formulation of the rules of Association Football in the 1860s, representatives of Westminster School and Charterhouse also pushed for a passing game, in particular rules that allowed forward passing ("passing on"). Other schools (in particular Eton College and Harrow) favoured a dribbling game with a tight off-side rule. By 1867 the Football Association had chosen in favour of the Westminster and Charterhouse game and adopted an off-side rule that permitted forward passing.[118][119] The modern forward-passing game was a direct consequence of Westminster and Charterhouse Football.

Headmasters

Other notable masters

Notable former pupils

The following people were educated at Westminster, amongst about 900 listed in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography:

A monument to commemorate former pupils who died in the Crimean War, situated in the Sanctuary, next to the Great West Door of Westminster Abbey

Victoria Cross holders

Six former pupils of Westminster have won the Victoria Cross:

See also

References

  1. ↑ School Overview – Westminster School, schoolsfinder (government website).
  2. ↑ http://www.westminster.org.uk/about-us/head-masters-thoughts.html
  3. ↑ As Dean of Westminster he chairs the governors of Westminster School. Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ "Westminster School Intranet". Intranet.westminster.org.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  5. ↑ "The Very Reverend John R Hall BA Hon DD Hon DTheol FRSA, Dean of Westminster". Westminster Abbey. 2 December 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  6. ↑ "Westminster School". BBC News. 15 January 2009. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  7. ↑ Performance tables, Westminster School. Department for Education, 2005.
  8. ↑ "Westminster School, Westminster, London Area, Independent Schools". Isc.co.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  9. ↑ "Schools List South". Ogdentrust.com. 25 January 2008. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  10. 1 2 http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/sn00616.pdf
  11. 1 2 https://www.westminster.org.uk/about-westminster/history/westminster-abbey
  12. ↑ "A Memorial to Robert Hooke 1635". Roberthooke.org.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  13. ↑ Kenny, Anthony (2007). Philosophy in the modern world. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  14. ↑ "Westminster School". UK Boarding Schools Guide. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  15. ↑ Schools Guide. The Tatler (London). 2009.
  16. ↑ "A Guide to Public Schools in the United Kingdom". Publicschools.co.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  17. ↑ http://www.privateschoolfees.co.uk
  18. ↑ Historical notes on Westminster Schools. Westminster City Council. "After the dissolution of the monasteries in 1540, Henry VIII personally ensured its survival by statute".
  19. ↑ "Elizabeth I has been credited with founding the Westminster School in 1560". Luminarium.org. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  20. ↑ "Westminster School in London". Londonancestor.com. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  21. ↑ "William Camden". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  22. ↑ The King's Nurseries, John Field, page 29
  23. ↑ "Dr. Richard Busby, Lord of the Manor & Headmaster of Westminster School". Clutch.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  24. ↑ "Dr. Richard Busby's legacy". Clutch.open.ac.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  25. ↑ "Up School" is a Westminster term, meaning in or to the ancient school hall.
  26. ↑ Denis Larionov & Alexander Zhulin. "The 'Majesty Scutcheon.' taken from Cromwell's bier. ebooksread.com electronic library". Ebooksread.com. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  27. ↑ "Westminster School Past and Present". Wyman & Sons. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  28. ↑ "Public Schools and Private Education: The Clarendon Commission, 1861-64". Manchester University Press. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  29. ↑ "Westminster School: The Governing Body". www.westminster.org.uk. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  30. ↑ "Westminster Under School". Westminsterunder.org.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  31. ↑ The Record of Old Westminsters
  32. ↑ "Innovative. Individual. Inspirational". Education UK. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  33. ↑ Rae, John (18 April 2009). "The Old Boys' Network". The Spectator (London). Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  34. ↑ Halpin, Tony (10 November 2005). "Independent schools face huge fines over cartel to fix fees". The Times (London).(subscription required)
  35. ↑ Calvert, Jonathan (4 May 2003). "Parents may sue on school fee rise 'cartel'". The Times (London).(subscription required)
  36. ↑ "Private schools send papers to fee-fixing inquiry". The Daily Telegraph (London). 1 March 2004. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  37. ↑ "OFT names further trustees as part of the independent schools settlement" (Press release). Office of Fair Trading. 21 December 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  38. ↑ Clare, John (25 February 2006). "Why did OFT take a pile-driver to crack a nut?". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  39. ↑ MacLeod, Donald (9 November 2005). "Elite schools 'breached law' on fees". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  40. ↑ "Queen unveils statue of Elizabeth I at Westminster Abbey". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-05-05.
  41. ↑ Luke Hurst: Westminster School are Slapping You in the Face With a Big Wad of Cash. Huffington Post. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  42. ↑ "Westminster School has been teaching scholars in the precincts of the Abbey since at least 1394" |date=10 July 2015
  43. ↑ "The Corporation of Church House". Churchhouse.org.uk. 10 June 1940. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  44. ↑ Westminster School | Activities | Art Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  45. ↑ "Weston Williamson Architects – Projects". Westonwilliamson.com. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  46. ↑ Westminster School | Academic Life | Robert Hooke Science Centre Archived 29 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  47. ↑ Mount, Harry (12 October 2004). "Trust me: TJP would gain nothing from taking a PGCE". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  48. ↑ Westminster School | Activities | Drama Archived 29 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  49. ↑ "Radio 4 Making History – Latest programme". BBC. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  50. ↑ "Commercial Case Studies". Smartcomm. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  51. ↑ Westminster School | Activities | Music Archived 28 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ "London Conducting Workshop Details". London-conducting-workshop.com. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  53. ↑ Westminster School | Academic Life | Information Technology Archived 24 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ↑
  55. ↑ "College Garden". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  56. ↑ Horan, Tom (2 April 2009). "The Old Boys' Network: a Headmaster's Diaries, 1970–86 by John Rae: Review". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  57. 1 2 3 Westminster School | Activities | Sports Archived 12 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  58. ↑ "Westminster School News". Westminster.org.uk. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  59. ↑ "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 14". oldwestminster.org.uk/. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  60. ↑ Society of St. John the Evangelist#British congregation
  61. ↑ "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 16". oldwestminster.org.uk/. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  62. ↑ "The Elizabethan Newsletter, 2012/2013, p. 17". oldwestminster.org.uk/. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  63. ↑ Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  64. ↑ "Abbey's 'secret' hall opens its doors". London: BBC News. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  65. ↑ "Six hundred years of history". BBC News. 28 February 2002. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  66. ↑ "College Garden". Westminster Abbey. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  67. ↑ Westminster School Almanack, p. 13.
  68. ↑ "History of the School Gateway". Westminster School. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  69. ↑ The King's Nurseries, John Field, page 101
  70. ↑ Westminster School | Academic Life | The Library Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  71. ↑ Westminster School | Academic Life | Information Technology Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  72. ↑ "Westminster Almanack, p. 16" (PDF). Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  73. ↑ Cotton Manuscripts, British Library.
  74. ↑ "Burnt Cotton Collection survey enables digitisation prioritisation". Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  75. ↑ [The Times (London, England), Wednesday, 23 Nov 1881; pg. 8]
  76. ↑ [The Times (London, England), Monday, 28 Nov 1881; pg. 6]
  77. ↑ "The Collected Letters of William Morris, Volume II, Part A: 1881-1884, Volume 2". Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  78. ↑ "William Morris and the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings". Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  79. ↑ 1753 – "First recorded 'Pancake Greaze" |accessdate=10 July 2015
  80. ↑ "Health and safety diminishes Westminister School's annual Pancake 'Greaze'". The Telegraph. 4 March 2010.
  81. ↑ "One Pancake for Fifteen Boys". The New York Times. 2 March 1899.
  82. ↑ "English Schoolboys: Recollections of Westminster". The New York Times. 11 July 1903.
  83. ↑ "Guide to the Coronation Service". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  84. ↑ Tanner, Lawrence E (1934), Westminster School: A History, Country Life Ltd, London (p. 36)
  85. ↑ "Westminster School, a public school with ancient and modern buildings nearby, was once the Abbey School." Archived 25 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  86. ↑ https://www.oldwestminster.org.uk/big-commem-2014
  87. ↑ "Westminster School | Entry at 7/8". Westminster.org.uk. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  88. ↑ "General Information for Parents". ISEB. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  89. ↑ "Westminster, Boarding, Day, co-educational sixth form, School, Central London, Fees". 2015-09-19. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-05.
  90. ↑ Office for National Statistics. "Consumer Prices Index (CPI): cpi1 D7G7". ONS StatBase. UK Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 April 2014.
  91. ↑ Top 100 Schools, Financial Times Special Report, 8 March 2008.
  92. ↑ Boone, Jon (9 March 2007). "Average state school fails test for Oxbridge". Financial Times (London).
  93. ↑ Freedman, Lisa (14 November 2008). "Competing for grammar school". Financial Times (London).
  94. ↑ Freedman, Lisa (17 November 2006). "An admissions history hard to rewrite". Financial Times (London).
  95. ↑ http://www.westminster.org.uk/
  96. ↑ Sutton Trust Report – September 2007 Archived 25 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  97. ↑ Westminster School | Studying at Westminster Archived 6 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  98. ↑ "almanackP08.qxd" (PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  99. ↑ In the term before entry, candidates take the Common Entrance or The Challenge (Westminster scholarship examination) to ensure the required standard is met. Archived 23 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  100. ↑ Partridge, Eric (2003). The Routledge Dictionary of Historical Slang. Routledge. p. 3479. ISBN 978-1-135-79542-9.
  101. ↑ Lawson, W.H., Hope, J.R. and Cripps, A.H.S., Winchester College Notions, by Three Beetleites: Winchester 1901. page 81
  102. ↑ "almanackE09.qxd" (PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  103. ↑ Reynolds, Nigel (3 March 2001). "Disney ready to pay £300m for Winnie the Pooh". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  104. ↑ "Full text of 'Annals of Westminster School'". Archive.org. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  105. ↑ Westminster School | Entry Levels | Entry at 7/8 Archived 11 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  106. ↑ Formerly Barton Street, and originally a part of Dryden's
  107. ↑ "Hakluyt's Online | About Hakluyt's". Homepages.westminster.org.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  108. ↑ Archived 12 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  109. ↑ Prospectus, p. 20. "In 1837 there was a boat race against Eton in which each school chose their colours – Westminster chose pink which remains the school's colour to this day."
  110. ↑ Mount, Harry (5 August 2009). "Why real macho men are proud to wear pink". Daily Mail (London). To this day, the strapping male rowing teams at Westminster School wear a fondant-fancy coloured kit; legend has it that they had to beat their arch-rivals Eton in a race in 1837 for the privilege of wearing the fashionable colour.
  111. ↑ "Leander Club – Shop – About". Leander.co.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  112. ↑ Shearer, Paul (16 May 2009). "Palatial surroundings". Financial Times (London).
  113. ↑ Coren, Giles (23 May 2009). "Forget the Ashes This is how to play cricket". The Times (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  114. ↑ The Earliest School Match
  115. ↑ "Eton College v Westminster 1796". Cricket Archive. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  116. ↑ "History of Football – The Global Growth". FIFA. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  117. ↑ "World Cup kicked off in the Cloisters". Westminster Abbey. 1 June 2006. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  118. ↑ Marples, Morris. A History of Football, Secker and Warburg, London 1954, page 150
  119. ↑ FIFA.com – Football Rules are brilliant! Archived 5 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  120. ↑ Gerald Roe Crone. "Richard Hakluyt (British geographer)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  121. ↑ "Ben Jonson (English writer)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  122. ↑ "George Herbert (British poet)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  123. ↑ "John Dryden (British author)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  124. ↑ "John Locke (English philosopher)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  125. ↑ "History – Historic Figures: Sir Christopher Wren (1632–1723)". BBC. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  126. ↑ "Chronology of Robert Hooke". Roberthooke.org.uk. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  127. ↑ "Charles Wesley (English clergyman)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  128. ↑ "Edward Gibbon (British historian)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  129. ↑ "Jeremy Bentham (British philosopher and economist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  130. ↑ "Robert Southey (English author)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  131. ↑ "Matthew Gregory Lewis (English writer)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  132. ↑ "Milne, Alan Alexander (MLN900AA)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
  133. ↑ "Sir John Gielgud (British actor and director)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  134. ↑ Chambers Biographical Dictionary. Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2011. Hosted by Credo Reference.
  135. ↑ "Sir Peter Ustinov (British actor, author, and director)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  136. ↑ "Tony Benn: End of an era". BBC News. 10 March 2001. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  137. ↑ "Simon Gray (British dramatist)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  138. ↑ "In the footsteps of Tizard – Periodic Table of Videos", The Periodic Table of Videos (The University of Nottingham), retrieved 28 May 2013
  139. ↑ Moore, Charles (6 July 2009). "Shining a light on the magic of the coronation in Westminster Abbey". The Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  140. ↑ Wroe, Nicholas (28 November 2009). "A life in drama: Stephen Poliakoff". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  141. ↑ Interview by Michael White – 16 July 2009 00:00 EDT (16 July 2009). "‘Harry Potter' Producer Ignored First Rowling Book: Interview". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  142. ↑ "Making Harry Potter magic – Norwalk News – The Hour – Norwalk's Newspaper". The Hour. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  143. ↑ "His Wizard Connection". The Baltimore Sun. 17 July 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  144. ↑ "Matt Frei: Aiming for the White House". The Independent (London). 26 May 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  145. ↑ "Helena Bonham Carter Biography – Yahoo! Movies". Yahoo!. Retrieved 30 August 2011.
  146. ↑ Oliver, Jonathan (14 September 2008). "Nick Clegg may send sons to private school". The Times (London). Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  147. ↑ "Profile: Ruth Kelly". BBC News. 24 September 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  148. ↑ "Marcel Theroux – More than just a family affair". The Independent (London). 16 August 2001. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  149. ↑ "Martha my very dear". BBC News. 2 March 2000. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
  150. ↑ Westminster School Development Office, (2005), The Elizabethan Newsletter 2004/2005, page 4, (Westminster School)

Further reading

  • John Rae (2009). The Old Boy's Network. Short Books. 
  • Tony Trowles (2005). A Guide to the Literature of Westminster Abbey, Westminster School and St. Margaret's Church 1571–2000. Boydell Press. 
  • John Rae (1994). Delusions of Grandeur: A Headmaster's Life. HarperCollins. 
  • Lance Bertelsen (1987). The Nonsense Club: Literature and Popular Culture, 1749–1764. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-812859-2. 
  • John Field (1986). The King's Nurseries: The Story of Westminster School (2nd edition). James & James. ISBN 0-907383-01-7. 
  • John Dudley Carleton (1965). Westminster School: A History (revised edition). R. Hart-Davis. 
  • Lawrence Edward Tanner (1934). Westminster School: A History. Country Life. 
  • Reginald Airy (1902). Handbooks to the great Public Schools: Westminster. George Bell & Sons. 
  • John Sargeaunt (1898). Annals of Westminster School. Methuen. 
  • Frederic Forshall (1884). Westminster School: Past and Present. Wyman & Sons. 
  • Westminster School Almanack

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Westminster School.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, May 05, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.