Strongman (politics)

A strongman is a political leader who rules by force and runs an authoritarian regime. The term is often used interchangeably with "dictator" in the western world, but differs from a "warlord" and commonly lacks the negative connotations especially in some Eastern European and Central Asian countries.

A strongman is not necessarily always a formal head of state or head of government; sometimes journalists use the term to describe a military or political figure who exercises far more influence over the government than a local constitution allows. General Manuel Noriega, for example, was often dubbed the "Strongman of Panama" for the enormous amount of political power he exercised over Panama, despite the fact that he was not the formal president of the state.

Similarly, not every discussion of "strong leadership"[1] (or every promise to provide such[2]) envisages rule by a strongman.

Political figures referred to as "strongmen"

Country Leader
 Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin[3]
 Albania Enver Hoxha[4]
 Angola José Eduardo dos Santos[5]
 Argentina Juan Perón[6]
 Argentina Jorge Rafael Videla[7]
 Argentina Leopoldo Galtieri[8]
 Armenia Garegin Nzhdeh[9]
 Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan[10]
 Austria Engelbert Dollfuss[11]
 Austria Kurt Schuschnigg[12]
 Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev[13]
 Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev[14]
 Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman[15]
 Belarus Alexander Lukashenko[16]
 Bolivia Hugo Banzer[17]
 Brazil Getúlio Vargas[18]
 Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov[19]
 Burma Ne Win[20]
 Burma Than Shwe[21]
 Burundi Pierre Buyoya[22]
 Cambodia Hun Sen[23]
 Cameroon Paul Biya[24]
 Cambodia Pol Pot[25]
 Central African Republic Jean-Bedel Bokassa[26]
 Central African Republic Francois Bozize[27]
 Central African Republic Michel Djotodia[26]
 Chad Hissène Habré[28]
 Chad Idriss Deby
 Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov[29]
 Chile Augusto Pinochet[30]
 People's Republic of China Mao Zedong[31]
 People's Republic of China Deng Xiaoping[31]
 People's Republic of China Xi Jinping[32]
 Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek[33]
 Republic of China Chiang Ching-kuo[34]
 Colombia Gustavo Rojas Pinilla[35]
 Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou-Nguesso[36]
 Croatia Ante Pavelić[37]
 Croatia Franjo Tudjman[38]
 Cuba Gerardo Machado[39]
 Cuba Fulgencio Batista[40]
 Cuba Fidel Castro[41]
 Cuba Raúl Castro[42]
 Czechoslovakia Antonín Novotný[43]
 Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák[44]
 Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo[45]
 Ecuador Rafael Correa[46]
 Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser[47]
 Egypt Anwar Sadat[48]
 Egypt Hosni Mubarak[49]
 Egypt Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi[50]
 England Oliver Cromwell[51]
 Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[52]
 Eritrea Isaias Afewerki[53]
 Estonia Konstantin Pats[54]
 Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam[55]
 Ethiopia Meles Zenawi[56]
 Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim[57]
 Finland Urho Kekkonen[58]
 France Napoleon[59]
 France Philippe Pétain[60]
 France Charles de Gaulle[61]
 Gambia Yahya Jammeh[62]
 Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze[63]
 German Empire Otto von Bismarck[64]
 German Empire Erich Ludendorff[65]
 Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler[66]
 East Germany Walter Ulbricht[67]
 East Germany Erich Honecker[68]
 Greece Ioannis Metaxas[69]
 Greece Georgios Papadopoulos[70]
 Guyana Forbes Burnham[71]
 Haiti Paul Magloire[72]
 Haiti Francois Duvalier[73]
 Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier[74]
 Honduras Tiburcio Carías Andino[75]
 Hungary Miklós Horthy[76]
 Hungary Ferenc Szálasi[77]
 Hungary Mátyás Rákosi[78]
 Hungary János Kádár[79]
 Hungary Viktor Orbán[80]
 India Jawaharlal Nehru
 India Indira Gandhi
 India Narendra Modi[81]
 Indonesia Suharto[82]
 Indonesia Sukarno[83]
 Iran Ruhollah Khomeini[84]
 Iraq Saddam Hussein[85]
 Israel David Ben-Gurion[86]
 Israel Ariel Sharon[87]
 Israel Benjamin Netanyahu[88]
 Italy Francesco Crispi[89]
 Italy Benito Mussolini[90]
 Italy Silvio Berlusconi[91]
 Japan Hideki Tojo[92]
 Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev[93]
 Kenya Jomo Kenyatta
 Kenya Daniel Arap Moi[94]
 Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiyev[95]
 Latvia Kārlis Ulmanis[96]
 Lebanon Hassan Nasrallah[97]
 Libya Muammar Gaddafi[98]
 Lithuania Antanas Smetona[77]
 Malaysia Mahathir bin Mohamad[99]
 Maldives Maumoon Abdul Gayoom
 Mexico Antonio López de Santa Anna[100]
 Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza García[101]
 Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Debayle[102]
 Nicaragua Daniel Ortega[103]
 North Korea Kim Il-sung[104]
 North Korea Kim Jong-il[105]
 North Korea Kim Jong-un
 North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh[106]
 North Vietnam Lê Duẩn
 Ottoman Empire Ismail Enver Pasha[107]
 Pakistan Ayub Khan[108]
 Pakistan Yahya Khan[109]
 Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[110]
 Pakistan Pervez Musharraf[111]
 Palestine Yasser Arafat[112]
 Panama Omar Torrijos[113]
 Panama Manuel Noriega[114]
 Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner[115]
 Peru Juan Velasco Alvarado[116]
 Peru Alberto Fujimori[117]
 Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo[118]
 Philippines Ferdinand Marcos[119]
 Poland Józef Piłsudski[120]
 Poland Wojciech Jaruzelski[121]
 Poland Jarosław Kaczyński[122]
 Portugal António de Oliveira Salazar[123]
 Rhodesia Ian Smith
 Romania Ion Antonescu[124]
 Romania Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej[125]
 Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu[126]
 Russia Vladimir Putin[127]
 Rwanda Paul Kagame[128]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Mohamed Abdelaziz
 Serbia Slobodan Milošević[129]
 Serbia Aleksandar Vučić[130]
 Singapore Lee Kuan Yew[131]
Slovakia Jozef Tiso[77]
 Slovakia Vladimír Mečiar[132]
 Slovakia Robert Fico[133]
South Africa Hendrik Verwoerd[134]
South Africa Balthazar Johannes Vorster[135]
South Africa Pieter Willem Botha[136]
 South Korea Syngman Rhee[137]
 South Korea Park Chung-Hee[138]
 South Korea Chun Doo-Hwan[139]
 South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem[140]
Spain Spain Miguel Primo de Rivera[141]
 Spain Francisco Franco[142]
 Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa[143]
 Sudan Omar al-Bashir[144]
 Suriname Dési Bouterse[145]
 Syria Salah Jadid[146]
 Syria Hafez al-Assad[147]
 Syria Bashar al-Assad[148]
 Tajikistan Emomali Rakhmon[149]
 Thailand Plaek Phibunsongkhram[150]
 Thailand Sarit Thanarat[151]
 Thailand Thanom Kittikachorn[152]
 Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda[153]
 Thailand Prayuth Chan-ocha[154]
 Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk[155]
 Turkey İsmet İnönü[156]
 Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[157]
 Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov[158]
 Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov[159]
 Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[160]
 Tunisia Habib Bourguiba
 Uganda Idi Amin Dada[161]
 Uganda Milton Obote[162]
 Uganda Yoweri Museveni[163]
 Ukraine Leonid Kuchma[164]
 Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych[165]
 Soviet Union Joseph Stalin[166]
 Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev[167]
 Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev[168]
 Uruguay Juan María Bordaberry[169]
 Uzbekistan Islam Karimov[170]
 Venezuela Hugo Chávez[171]
 Venezuela Juan Vincente Gomez[172]
 Venezuela Juan Antonio Perez[172]
 Venezuela Antonio Guzmán Blanco[172]
 Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez[172]
 FR Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević[173]
 SFR Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito[174]
 Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko[175]
 Zambia Kenneth Kaunda[176]
 Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe[177]

See also

References

  1. ↑ For example: Sinclair, Barbara (1992). "The Emergence of Strong Leadership in the 1980s House of Representatives". The Journal of Politics 54 (03): 657–684. doi:10.2307/2132306. Retrieved 2013-10-27. An explanation for the emergence of strong leadership is offered and tested. I argue that, during the period under study, the costs and benefits to majority party members of strong leadership changed significantly.
  2. ↑ See for example: Rao, Mumtaz Hamid, ed. (May 2010). "David Cameron takes the reins in UK; Vows strong leadership". Pakistan Times (Islamabad). Pakistan Times UK Bureau. ISSN 1729-7915. Retrieved 2013-10-27. Prime Minister David Cameron has said the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition will be united to give Britain a strong and stable leadership for the long term.[...] 'And it will be an administration united behind one key purpose and that is to give our country the strong and stable and determined leadership that we need for the long term.' [...] New Prime Minister David Cameron unveiled more details of his historic coalition on Wednesday, vowing "strong" government after ending 13 years of Labour rule. [...] New Foreign Secretary William Hague insisted the coalition agreement [...] would stand the test of time. [...] 'It will be a strong government,' said Hague.
  3. ↑ Sinno, Abdulkader H. (2008). Organizations at War in Afghanistan and Beyond. Cornell University Press. pp. 108. ISBN 0-8014-4618-X.
  4. ↑ Yugoslavia accused Albanian strongman Enver Hoxha Tuesday of trying...
  5. ↑ "Dos Santos: Angola's shy strongman". Africa Review. 22 March 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  6. ↑ "Admiral Emilio Massera obituary". The Guardian. 10 November 2010.
  7. ↑
  8. ↑ "Argentina's former strongman Galtieri dies". RTE.ie. 12 January 2003.
  9. ↑ "ARMENIA AND KARABAGH" (PDF). Minority Rights Group. 1991. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  10. ↑ Corley, Felix (29 October 1999). "Vazgen Sarkissian". The Independent. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  11. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aU57AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=engelbert+dollfuss+strongman&source=bl&ots=d_PCbgbROH&sig=4rbsqdoyY5KHL_MxhgMjI30BHaw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBGoVChMIhNbgpqa4xwIVxjLbCh2tVA5a
  12. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19361116&id=_wksAAAAIBAJ&sjid=E7oEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5708,4080890&hl=en
  13. ↑ Antelava, Natalia (1 November 2005). "Dead leader still influences Azeris". BBC News.
  14. ↑ http://www.voanews.com/content/voting-begins-in-azerbaijan/3031740.html
  15. ↑ Ziaur Rahman, 1975-81
  16. ↑ Christopher Harress (31 January 2015). "Scared By Ukraine War, Belarus Strongman Lukashenko Mulls Ditching Russia". International Business Times.
  17. ↑ "Paz Wins Presidency in Bolivia". Los Angeles Times. 5 August 1985.
  18. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC&pg=PA9&lpg=PA9&dq=vargas+brazil+strongman&source=bl&ots=PumwuPNHS1&sig=V7hnAJwqUkYZTqGuhbiH7Wq2-cM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBGoVChMIt5vHyqS4xwIVRgTbCh3qIQhx#v=onepage&q=vargas%20brazil%20strongman&f=false
  19. ↑ http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980806&slug=2765014
  20. ↑ "General Ne Win". The Guardian (Obituary). December 6, 2002.
  21. ↑ Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South East Asia. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. p. 304. ISBN 978-981-4634-70-0.
  22. ↑ McKinley Jr, James C. (19 September 1996). "Despite Strongman's Vow, Burundi Strife Grows". New York Times. Retrieved 23 June 2013.
  23. ↑ "ASIA-PACIFIC | Cambodia strongman gives election pledge". BBC News. 29 April 1998. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  24. ↑ Tumanjong, Emmanuel (8 October 2011). "Cameroon's longtime strongman seeks another term". Huffington Post. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  25. ↑ "Pol Pot". Los Angeles Times. October 30, 1997.
  26. 1 2 C.Africa strongman vows to hand over in 3years
  27. ↑ Central African Republic strongman faces vote
  28. ↑ Africa's trial: Former Chadian strongman Hissène Habré in the dock (part 1)
  29. ↑ Parfitt, Tom (21 May 2013). "Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov welcomes Gerard Depardieu and Elizabeth Hurley to Grozny". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  30. ↑ "People's Daily Online – Pinochet, long-time strongman in Chile, dies at 91". People's Daily. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  31. 1 2 Xiang, Lanxin (20 April 2012). "Bo Xilai probe shows up China's outdated system of government". South China Morning Post
  32. ↑ China’s new strongman Xi has a dream
  33. ↑ "Taiwan tosses Chiang Kai-shek statues to shed authoritarian past". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  34. ↑ Policing in Taiwan: From Authoritarianism to Democracy
  35. ↑ Gen. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, former leader of Colombia
  36. ↑ "As Zimbabwe Goes...". The Nation. 8 April 2002. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  37. ↑ The Balkans in World History
  38. ↑ Jelacic, Nerma (14 November 1999). "Croat Strongman Nears Death". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  39. ↑ A Brief History of the Caribbean
  40. ↑ "U.S. GETS A LOOK AT FULGENCIO BATISTA, STRONG MAN OF CUBA". Life magazine. Time Inc. 21 Nov 1938. p. 20. ISSN 0024-3019.
  41. ↑ "Castro: Clinton-Obama ticket 'invincible'". CNN. 28 August 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  42. ↑ Obama Meets With Cuban Strongman Raul Castro, Launches New Era of US-Cuba Ties
  43. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19680605&id=rvwtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0J8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=921,1126725&hl=en
  44. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1129&dat=19891116&id=v5YxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pm4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=2974,62280&hl=en
  45. ↑ "DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Strongman's Whimsy". TIME Magazine. January 19, 1953.
  46. ↑ "Tirano Correa". ElColombiano.com. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  47. ↑ "EGYPT: The Big Lie". Time. 18 November 1957.
  48. ↑ https://www.questia.com/library/history/african-history/african-countries/egypt/anwar-sadat
  49. ↑ Hardy, Roger (11 February 2011). "Middle East after Hosni Mubarak: impact of a revolution". BBC. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  50. ↑ Gen. Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi: Egypt's new strongman
  51. ↑ The House of Commons, 1793-94 by Karl Anton Hickel
  52. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea's strongman lambasts Libya intervention, then attends NTC celebration". Foreign Policy. 21 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  53. ↑ "wadanka - The bad boy of the Horn of Africa: How Eritrea’s strongman uses Kenya as a terror finance hub". wadanka.com.
  54. ↑ The handbook of political change in Eastern Europe
  55. ↑ Ethiopia's military strongman Mengistu Haile Mariam steps down and flies to exile in Zimbabwe after fourteen years of brutal rule
  56. ↑ "Ethiopians mourn strongman ruler Meles, dead at 57". reuters.com. 21 August 2012.
  57. ↑ Breuer, William B. (2002). Deceptions of World War II. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-09590-7.
  58. ↑
  59. ↑ Claus Telp (2005). The Evolution Of Operational Art, 1740-1813: From Frederick The Great To Napoleon. Frank Cass. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7146-5722-6.
  60. ↑ Stratigakos, Despina (2015). Hitler at Home. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18381-8.
  61. ↑ Putin's Strongman Model Is Charles de Gaulle
  62. ↑ "Gambia’s President Yahya Jammeh orders end of English as official language". South China Morning Post. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  63. ↑ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/2415d632-068d-11e2-abdb-00144feabdc0.html#axzz44KrSo9GU
  64. ↑ Blood and iron; origin of German empire as revealed by character of its founder, Bismarck
  65. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ltpexqyTARcC&pg=PA311&lpg=PA311&dq=ludendorff+strongman&source=bl&ots=UVsgk0b8CO&sig=DU4bqp3_wTuF7AlFANI4MCglWm8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjEiIux--bLAhUH0A4KHdt5C90Q6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q=ludendorff%20strongman&f=false
  66. ↑ Smaldone, William (2010). Confronting Hitler: German Social Democrats in Defense of the Weimar Republic, 1929-1933. Lexington Books. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7391-3211-1.
  67. ↑ Jurek Becker: A Life in Five Worlds
  68. ↑ Caldwell, Peter C.; Shandley, Robert R. (2011). German Unification: Expectations and Outcomes. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-230-33795-4.
  69. ↑ Profile: Greece's far-right Golden Dawn party
  70. ↑ Steen, Gonda A.H. Van (2000). Venom in Verse: Aristophanes in Modern Greece. Princeton University Press. p. 181. ISBN 1-4008-2375-7.
  71. ↑ George K. Danns (1 January 1982). Domination and Power in Guyana: A Study of the Police in a Third World Context. Transaction Publishers. pp. 141–. ISBN 978-1-4128-2190-2.
  72. ↑ Haiti: State Against Nation
  73. ↑ The Making and the Destruction of Haiti
  74. ↑ Haiti's previous dictator, Jean-Claude Duvalier, fled to France in 1986, supposedly with $120 million. Now he lives in near-poverty--a cautionary figure for his nation's military leaders.
  75. ↑ Publications, International Business; Ibp, Usa (2003). Honduras Country Study Guide. Int'l Business Publications. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-7397-9525-5.
  76. ↑ World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
  77. 1 2 3 The handbook of political change in Eastern Europe
  78. ↑ https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19470702&id=Wh0aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IiUEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4515,555356&hl=en
  79. ↑ Fall of the wall
  80. ↑ Stephan Faris (22 January 2015). "Power Hungary: Viktor Orban, Europe's New Strongman - Bloomberg Business". Bloomberg.com.
  81. ↑ India's strongman
  82. ↑ Tadjoeddin, Mohammad Zulfan; service), Palgrave Connect (Online (2014). Explaining Collective Violence in Contemporary Indonesia: From Conflict to Cooperation. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-137-27064-1.
  83. ↑ Inc, Time (1965). Life. Time Inc. p. [https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=Ww6XgU2dxZ0C&pg=PA76 76. ISSN 0024-3019.
  84. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BQ3MroJP_9AC&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=khomeini+strongman&source=bl&ots=JCFNWgP6TT&sig=LKkVAX4KUpMgN-8NpSWY03KQANo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj76N2-m8_LAhUGG5oKHalUBrIQ6AEIJTAB#v=onepage&q=khomeini%20strongman&f=false
  85. ↑ Anderson, Dale (2004). Saddam Hussein. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8225-5005-1.
  86. ↑ A History of Modern Israel
  87. ↑ Ariel Sharon: Israel’s Soldier and Strongman, 1928-2014
  88. ↑ Netanyahu's strongman image boosts ratings, countering U.S. rift
  89. ↑ Il primo governo Crispi
  90. ↑ Fleischman, Stephen (2007). Short Jabs to the Head: Snapshots of History 2005-2007. iUniverse. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-595-46445-6.
  91. ↑ Sì, Berlusconi è un dittatore
  92. ↑ The Greatest Blunders of World War II
  93. ↑ "75th birthday of Kazakhstan strongman raises questions on country's future". Reuters. 4 July 2015.
  94. ↑ Phombeah, Gray (5 August 2002). "Moi's legacy to Kenya". BBC News. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  95. ↑ Kyrgyzstan votes in historic national election
  96. ↑ Soviet Russia's Persecution of Latvia, 1918 to the Present
  97. ↑ "Hassan Nasrallah". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  98. ↑ "The Wall Street Journal Online – Featured Article". Opinionjournal.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  99. ↑ "Malaysia crisis | Profile: Malaysia's strongman Mahathir". BBC News. 10 November 1999. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  100. ↑ Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement
  101. ↑ "Daughter of former Nicaraguan strongman dies in Washington". The Miami Herald. May 17, 2003.
  102. ↑ A Bat Man in the Tropics: Chasing El Duende
  103. ↑ Nicaraguan junta strongman Daniel Ortega announced a massive confiscation...
  104. ↑ Perret, Geoffrey (2008). Commander in Chief: How Truman, Johnson, and Bush Turned a Presidential Power into a Threat to America's Future. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-4299-2308-8.
  105. ↑ "Is North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il ready to trade away his growing nuclear arsenal, or is he just playing for time? – US News and World Report". Usnews.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  106. ↑ Gann, Lewis H.; Duignan, Peter. World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. Hoover Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-8179-3773-7.
  107. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LQvluwPEBlcC&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=enver+pasha+strongman&source=bl&ots=12B7OIroEx&sig=ZoK4bxG0u8f28Y3uf-nC9ssOTuY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6huP2m-jLAhWDJw8KHRs-C-IQ6AEINjAF#v=onepage&q=enver%20pasha%20strongman&f=false
  108. ↑ Discontent Seen Erupting Against Strongman Ayub
  109. ↑ Comparative Asian Politics: Power, Policy, and Change
  110. ↑ Karzai: The Failing American Intervention and the Struggle for Afghanistan
  111. ↑ William Mervin Gumede (2007). Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. Zebra. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-77007-099-8.
  112. ↑ Building A Virile Nation: ...The Private Sector Perspective
  113. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1981/08/02/obituaries/panama-leader-killed-in-crash-in-bad-weather.html
  114. ↑ "Manuel Noriega Biography". Notablebiographies.com. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  115. ↑ "Obituary: Alfredo Stroessner". BBC News. 16 August 2006.
  116. ↑ Latin America 2013
  117. ↑ An elected strongman brought to book
  118. ↑ Hedman, Eva-Lotta; Sidel, John (2005). Philippine Politics and Society in the Twentieth Century: Colonial Legacies, Post-Colonial Trajectories. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 978-1-134-75421-2.
  119. ↑ "Ferdinand Marcos". multied.com.
  120. ↑ Elster, Jon (1996). The Roundtable Talks and the Breakdown of Communism. University of Chicago Press. p. 13. ISBN 0226206289.
  121. ↑ Lutz, Ellen L.; Reiger, Caitlin (2009). Prosecuting Heads of State. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-49109-9.
  122. ↑ https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/12/01/pola-d01.html
  123. ↑ Bilefsky, Dan (23 July 2007). "Nostalgia for António de Oliveira Salazar divides the Portuguese". The New York Times.
  124. ↑ Ford, Franklin L. (1985). Political Murder: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism. Harvard University Press. p. 274. ISBN 0674686365.
  125. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BlMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=Gheorghe+Gheorghiu-Dej+strongman&source=bl&ots=eaQX3rk1cU&sig=Vteh4ZP7x6l1ARxV3kxdraTb2QU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwihue_8hY_LAhXDORQKHaqWB5UQ6AEILDAC#v=onepage&q=Gheorghe%20Gheorghiu-Dej%20strongman&f=false
  126. ↑ "Europe - Twenty years after fall, ghost of Ceausescu's gov't still haunts Romanians". France 24.
  127. ↑ Angus Roxburgh (2012). The Strongman: Vladimir Putin and the Struggle for Russia. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-016-2.
  128. ↑ "World | Africa | Profile: Rwanda's strongman". BBC News. 25 January 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  129. ↑ "Milosevic: Serbia's fallen strongman". BBC News. March 30, 2001.
  130. ↑ https://next.ft.com/content/878ceb02-416e-11e3-9073-00144feabdc0 Serbia champions new pro-European strongman]
  131. ↑ The Strongman of Singapore
  132. ↑ Krushelnycky, Askold (20 September 2002). "Slovak strongman stares election defeat in the face". The Daily Telegraph (London).
  133. ↑ http://www.cato.org/blog/slovakias-strongman-heading-defeat
  134. ↑ https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=JPOST19631101-01.1.17
  135. ↑ South Africa Selects New Strong Man
  136. ↑ south africa: former apartheid strongman pw botha found dead
  137. ↑ Monday, 30 June 1952 (30 June 1952). "Strongman Syngman". TIME. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  138. ↑ Sang-Hun, Choe (20 August 2012). "Ex-Dictator’s Daughter Nominated for South Korean Presidency". New York Times. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  139. ↑ South Korea goes after the fortune of Chun Doo-hwan, its last military strongman
  140. ↑ Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2014). Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4422-2303-5.
  141. ↑ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LXCjAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=Miguel+Primo+de+Rivera+strongman&source=bl&ots=GCD0mbpkEs&sig=-e-80NwlAwDt_qMYCr9bka49E9s&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjb89OQl-jLAhVCnA4KHXlpCG4Q6AEIQjAJ#v=onepage&q=Miguel%20Primo%20de%20Rivera%20strongman&f=false
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  143. ↑ Former Sri Lankan strongman Rajapaksa aims for a political comeback
  144. ↑ http://www.freedomhouse.org/article/freedom-house-condemns-sudanese-government%E2%80%99s-killing-12-during-protests
  145. ↑ "Suriname: The Dictator Who Came In From The Cold". Time. 12 August 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  146. ↑ Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel and Silk. Cune Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-885942-41-8.
  147. ↑ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla (2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-85109-842-2.
  148. ↑ Totten, Michael J. (2013). The Road to Fatima Gate: The Beirut Spring, the Rise of Hezbollah, and the Iranian War Against Israel. Encounter Books. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-59403-655-2.
  149. ↑ "Strongmen standing together". The Economist. 11 November 2013.
  150. ↑ A Special Relationship: The United States and Military Government in Thailand, 1947-1958
  151. ↑ Thailand's Macroeconomic Miracle: Stable Adjustment and Sustained Growth
  152. ↑ Former Thai strongman, booted out in 1973, dies
  153. ↑ The Ultimate Travel Guide to Thailand: The Most Exotic Destination in South-East Asia
  154. ↑ . foreignpolicy.com. Missing or empty |title= (help); External link in |publisher= (help);
  155. ↑ "Quezon and Ataturk: a study of strongman rule". inquirer.net.
  156. ↑ "Daytona Beach Sunday News-Journal - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
  157. ↑ Board, Editorial (3 June 2013). "Prime Minister Erdogan's strongman tactics in Turkey". Washington Post. Retrieved 22 June 2013.
  158. ↑ "Turkmenistan ex-leader Niyazov's golden statue toppled". BBC News. 26 August 2010.
  159. ↑ Turkmenistan Strongman Erects First Gold Statue to Himself
  160. ↑ Ousted Tunisian strongman convicted of corruption charges
  161. ↑ "Idi Amin seeks kidney donor". BBC News. 14 August 2003. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  162. ↑ "Milton Obote Dies at 80; Strongman in Uganda, Twice Overthrown". New York Times. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  163. ↑ Lorch, Donatella (29 January 1995). "Uganda Strongman a Favorite of World Lenders". New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  164. ↑ Two Viktors, only one victor
  165. ↑ Viktor Yanukovych: can the great survivor of Ukraine politics hang on?
  166. ↑ Monday, 2 April 1956 (2 April 1956). "The Quick & the Dead". TIME. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  167. ↑ Russian Legends: The Life and Legacy of Nikita Khrushchev
  168. ↑ Afghanistan: The First Faultline War
  169. ↑ Uruguay High Court Declares Amnesty Law Unconstitutional
  170. ↑ Uzbek strongman re-elected in landslide victory
  171. ↑ Delacour, Justin. "The Op-Ed Assassination of Hugo Chávez". Fair.org. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  172. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Charles L. (2015). Working-Class Mobilization and Political Control: Venezuela and Mexico. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 42. ISBN 978-0-8131-6280-5.
  173. ↑ Judah, Tim (March 30, 2001). "Milosevic: Serbia's fallen strongman". BBC News.
  174. ↑ Leonard, Thomas M. (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Taylor & Francis. p. 1418. ISBN 978-1-135-20515-7.
  175. ↑ Daniszewski, John; Simmons, Ann M. (8 September 1997). "Ex-Dictator Mobutu Dies In Exile -- Brutal Strongman Became Rich As Zaire Descended Into Poverty". Seattle Times. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  176. ↑ http://minet.org/TM-EX/Fall-91
  177. ↑ Graham K. Brown; Arnim Langer (2013). Elgar Handbook of Civil War and Fragile States. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 387. ISBN 978-1-84844-842-1.
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