Summits of the Americas

The Summits of the Americas (SOA) is a series of international summit meetings bringing together the leaders of countries in the Americas. All countries sent representatives to all meetings except for Cuba, who joined to the Summit on its seventh edition.^[1] In the early 1990s, what were formerly ad hoc summits came to be institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.^[2] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the Organization of American States, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

List of summits

Summit	Dates	Host Country	Host City	Host leader
First	December 9–11, 1994	United States[3]	Miami	Bill Clinton
Second	April 18–19, 1998	Chile[4]	Santiago	Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
Third	April 20–22, 2001	Canada[5]	Quebec City	Jean Chrétien
Special	January 12–13, 2004	Mexico[6]	Monterrey	Vicente Fox
Fourth	November 4–5, 2005	Argentina[7]	Mar del Plata	Néstor Kirchner
Fifth	April 17–19, 2009	Trinidad and Tobago[8]	Port-of-Spain	Patrick Manning
Sixth	April 14–15, 2012	Colombia[9]	Cartagena	Juan Manuel Santos Calderón
Seventh	April 10–11, 2015	Panama[10]	Panama City	Juan Carlos Varela
Eighth	March 23–25, 2018	Peru[11]	Lima

The summits that garnered most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata events, both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti–Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

OAS member states

All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.

Nation	Capital	HDI 2015 est. for 2014[12]	Official language
Antigua and Barbuda	St. John's	0.783	English
Argentina	Buenos Aires	0.836	Spanish
Bahamas	Nassau	0.790	English
Barbados	Bridgetown	0.785	English
Belize	Belmopan	0.715	English
Bolivia	Sucre	0.662	Spanish
Brazil	Brasilia	0.755	Portuguese
Canada	Ottawa	0.913	English, French
Chile	Santiago	0.832	Spanish
Colombia	Bogota	0.720	Spanish
Costa Rica	San José	0.766	Spanish
Cuba	Havana	0.769	Spanish
Dominica	Roseau	0.724	English
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	0.715	Spanish
Ecuador	Quito	0.732	Spanish
El Salvador	San Salvador	0.666	Spanish
Grenada	St. George's	0.750	English
Guatemala	Guatemala City	0.627	Spanish
Guyana	Georgetown	0.636	English
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	0.483	French, Haitian Creole
Honduras	Tegucigalpa	0.606	Spanish
Jamaica	Kingston	0.719	English
Mexico	Mexico City	0.756	Spanish
Nicaragua	Managua	0.631	Spanish
Panama	Panama City	0.780	Spanish
Paraguay	Asuncion	0.679	Spanish
Peru	Lima	0.734	Spanish
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	0.752	English
Saint Lucia	Castries	0.729	English
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown	0.720	English
Suriname	Paramaribo	0.714	Dutch
Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain	0.772	English
United States	Washington D.C.	0.915	none[lower-alpha 1]
Uruguay	Montevideo	0.793	Spanish
Venezuela	Caracas	0.762	Spanish

Non-members

The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.

 Denmark

•  Greenland
  (Autonomous country)

 France

•  Guadeloupe
  (Overseas region)
•  French Guiana
  (Overseas region)
•  Martinique
  (Overseas region)
•  Saint Barthélemy
  (Overseas collectivity)
•  Saint Martin
  (Overseas collectivity)
•  Saint Pierre and Miquelon
  (Overseas collectivity)

 Netherlands

•  Aruba
  (Constituent country)
•  Bonaire
  (Public body)
•  Curaçao
  (Constituent country)
•  Saba
  (Public body)
•  Sint Maarten
  (Constituent country)
•  Sint Eustatius
  (Public body)

 United Kingdom

•  Anguilla
  (Overseas territory)
•  Bermuda
  (Overseas territory)
•  Cayman Islands
  (Overseas territory)
•  Falkland Islands
  (Overseas territory)
  Disputed with Argentina
•  Montserrat
  (Overseas territory)
•  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
  (Overseas territory)
  Disputed with Argentina
•  Turks and Caicos Islands
  (Overseas territory)
•  British Virgin Islands
  (Overseas territory)

 United States

•  Navassa Island
  (unincorporated unorganized territory)
  Disputed with Haiti
•  Puerto Rico
  (Unincorporated organized commonwealth)
•  U.S. Virgin Islands
  (Unincorporated organized territory)

References

Notes

1. None at the federal level. English is however, the de facto language of the U.S. government.

Citations

1. Prieto, Alfredo. "Everybody But Cuba," Havana Times. April 15, 2009.
2. Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World, p. 382.
3. Summit Americas: I summit (1st)
4. Summit Americas: II summit (2nd)
5. Summit Americas: III summit (3rd)
6. Special Summit of the Americas: Special Summit
7. Summit Americas: IV summit (4th)
8. Summit Americas: V summit (5th)
9. Summit Americas: VI summit (6th)
10. Summit Americas: VII summit (7th)
11. Summit Americas: VIII summit (8th)
12. "Human Development Report 2015 – "Rethinking Work for Human Development"" (PDF). HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 14 December 2015.

• Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing. ISBN 978-0-86569-288-6; OCLC 48132063

External links

• Summits of the Americas
• The Fifth Summit of The Americas
• Summits of the Americas Follow-up System (SISCA)
• Follow-up and Implementation of Summits
• Summits Virtual community (SVC)