Euarchontoglires

Euarchontoglires Temporal range: Paleocene - Holocene, 65–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Synapsida
Class:	Mammalia
Magnorder:	Boreoeutheria
Superorder:	Euarchontoglires Murphy et al., 2001
Orders
Glires Anagaloidea† Arctostylopida† Rodentia Lagomorpha Euarchonta Dermoptera Scandentia Primates Plesiadapiformes†

Euarchontoglires (synonymous with Supraprimates) is a clade and a superorder of mammals, the living members of which belong to one of the five following groups: rodents, lagomorphs, treeshrews, colugos and primates (including humans).

Evolutionary relationships

The Euarchontoglires clade is based on DNA sequence analyses and retrotransposon markers, combining the Glires clade, which consists of Rodentia and Lagomorpha, with that of Euarchonta, a clade consisting of Scandentia, Primates and Dermoptera. So far, few if any anatomical features supporting Euarchontoglires have been recognized, but neither is there strong evidence from anatomy to support alternative hypotheses.

Euarchontoglires is now recognized as one of the four major clades within the clade Eutheria, containing placentalia (placental mammals),^[1] and it is usually discussed without a taxonomic rank but has been assigned those of cohort or magnorder and superorder. Relations between the four cohorts (Euarchontoglires, Xenarthra, Laurasiatheria, and Afrotheria) and the identity of the placental root, remain somewhat controversial.^[2]

Euarchontoglires probably split from the Laurasiatheria sister group about 85 to 95 million years ago, during the Cretaceous, developing in the Laurasian island group that would later become Europe. This hypothesis is supported by molecular evidence; so far, the earliest known fossils date to the early Paleocene.^[3] The clade of Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria is recognized as Boreoeutheria. Both Euarchontoglires and diprotodont marsupials are documented to possess a vermiform appendix, although this evolved as a result of convergent evolution.^[4]

Organization

The hypothesized relationship among the Euarchontoglires is as follows:

Euarchontoglires	Gliriformes †Anagaloidea? †Arctostylopida[5] Glires Rodentia (rodents) Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, pikas) Euarchonta Scandentia (treeshrews) Primatomorpha Dermoptera (colugos) Primates †Plesiadapiformes

One study based on DNA analysis suggests that Scandentia and Primates are sister clades, but did not discuss the position of Dermoptera.^[6]

References

1. Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J.; Madsen, Ole; Scally, Mark; Douady, Christophe J.; Teeling, Emma; Ryder, Oliver A.; Stanhope, Michael J.; de Jong, Wilfried W.; Springer, Mark S. (2001). "Resolution of the Early Placental Mammal Radiation Using Bayesian Phylogenetics". Science 294 (5550): 2348–2351. doi:10.1126/science.1067179. PMID 11743200.
2. Asher, RJ; Bennett, N; Lehmann, T (2009). "The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution". BioEssays 31 (8): 853–864. doi:10.1002/bies.200900053. PMID 19582725.
3. O'Leary, M. A.; Bloch, J. I.; Flynn, J. J.; Gaudin, T. J.; Giallombardo, A.; Giannini, N. P.; Cirranello, A. L. (2013). "The placental mammal ancestor and the post–K-Pg radiation of placentals". Science 339 (6120): 662–667. doi:10.1126/science.1229237. PMID 23393258.
4. Smith, H. F.; Fisher, R. E.; Everett, M. L.; Thomas, A. D.; Randal Bollinger, R.; Parker, W. (October 2009). "Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic distribution of the mammalian cecal appendix". Journal of Evolutionary Biology 22 (10): 1984–1999. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01809.x. PMID 19678866.
5. Missiaen P, Smith T, Guo DY, Bloch JI, Gingerich PD (2006). "Asian gliriform origin for arctostylopid mammals.". Naturwissenschaften 93 (8): 407–411. doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0122-1. PMID 16865388.
6. Song S, Liu L, Edwards SV, Wu S (2012) Resolving conflict in eutherian mammal phylogeny using phylogenomics and the multispecies coalescent model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA

Further reading

• Churakov, G.; Kriegs, J. O.; Baertsch, R.; Zemann, A.; Brosius, J. R.; Schmitz, J. R. (2009). "Mosaic retroposon insertion patterns in placental mammals". Genome Research 19 (5): 868–875. doi:10.1101/gr.090647.108. PMC 2675975. PMID 19261842.
• Goloboff, Pablo A.; Catalano, Santiago A.; Mirande, J. Marcos; Szumik, Claudia A.; Arias, J. Salvador; Källersjö, Mari; Farris, James S. (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups". Cladistics 25 (3): 211–230. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x.
• Nikolaev, Sergey; Montoya-Burgos, Juan I.; Margulies, Elliott H.; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Rougemont, Jacques; Nyffeler, Bruno; Antonarakis, Stylianos E. (2007). "Early History of Mammals is Elucidated with the ENCODE Multiple Species Sequencing Data". PLoS Genetics 3 (1): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030002. PMC 1761045. PMID 17206863.
• Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003). "Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (3): 1056–1061. doi:10.1073/pnas.0334222100. PMC 298725. PMID 12552136.
• Waddell, Peter J.; Kishino, Hirohisa; Ota, Rissa (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics". Genome Informatics 12: 141–154. PMID 11791233.
• Wildman, Derek E.; Chen, Caoyi; Erez, Offer; Grossman, Lawrence I.; Goodman, Morris; Romero, Roberto (2006). "Evolution of the mammalian placenta revealed by phylogenetic analysis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (9): 3203–3208. doi:10.1073/pnas.0511344103. PMC 1413940. PMID 16492730.