International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
| Abbreviation | INTOSAI |
|---|---|
| Motto | Experientia Mutua Omnibus Prodest, "Mutual experience benefits all" |
| Formation | 1953 |
| Type | IGO |
| Headquarters | Vienna, Austria |
| Website | http://www.intosai.org |
The International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI) is a worldwide affiliation of governmental entities. Its members are the Chief Financial Controller/Comptroller General/Auditor General Offices of nations.
INTOSAI was founded in 1953[1] in Havana, Cuba.[2] Thirty-four audit organizations formed the group originally and as of 2010 the current membership includes 193 institutions (188 national institutions, the European Court of Auditors and 4 associated members).[1]
The members of INTOSAI are the primary external auditors of the United Nations.[2] The UN's General Assembly appoints the UN Board of Auditors (3 members appointed for 6 years) among the INTOSAI member representatives.[3]
INTOSAI holds a triennial conference entitled the International Congress of Supreme Audit Institutions (INCOSAI).[4] It publishes the quarterly International Journal of Government Auditing. Examples of its major publications are:
- Guidelines for Internal Control Standards for the Public Sector (1992 - The current text is the 2004 revision by the INTOSAI Internal Control Standards Committee, approved by the XVIIIth INCOSAI of October 2004. It has been subsequently integrated in the INTOSAI standards/guidances as "INTOSAI GOV 9100"). It relies upon the COSO's integrated framework for internal control (as stated in the preface), and uses the COSO's definition of Internal Control and IIA's definition of Internal Audit.
- Guidelines on Best Practice for the Audit of Privatizations, (1998)
- Guidance for Planning an Audit of Internal Controls for Public Debt, (2002)
The ISSAIs, International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions
The International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions (ISSAI) are a benchmark for auditing public entities (External Audit Standards for public entities).
The "INTOSAI Auditing Standards" had been approved by the INCOSAI in 1998 and updated in 2001. In its strategic plan 2005-2010, the INTOSAI decided to "provide an up-to-date framework of professional standards", so the INTOSAI Professional Standards Committee decided to merge the existing and new INTOSAI standards and guidelines into a framework.
The framework comprises all documents endorsed by INCOSAI with the purpose →of guiding the professional standards used by SAIs
The ISSAIs can be found at INTOSAI.ORG and issai.org. The list of ISSAIs is in the table below:
- Auditing Standards (ISSAI-numbers of 3 digits) stipulate general principles and postulates for carrying out the audit work;
- Implementation Guidelines (ISSAI-numbers of 4 digits) give more detailed guidance, practical assistance to SAIs in implementing the Standards in their individual constituents.
| Hierarchical level of the text | ISSAI series | Name | Notes | Link to ISSAI document |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level 1: Founding Principles | ISSAI 1 | The Lima Declaration (endorsed 1977) | Comprehensive precepts on auditing in the public sector | |
| Level 2: Prerequisites | ISSAI 10-40 | Prerequisites for the Functioning of Supreme Audit Institutions | * The 'ISSAI 30' Code of Ethics is the statement of values and principles guiding the daily work of the auditors. One of the principles outlined in the Code of Ethics is the statutory auditor’s obligation to apply generally accepted auditing standards. (not to be mistaken with the AICPA's Generally accepted auditing standards) | |
| Level 3: Fundamental Auditing Principles | ISSAI 100-400 | Basic Principles, General Standards, Field Standards (endorsed 2001), and Reporting Standards | ||
| Level 4: Auditing Guidelines | ISSAI 1000-1810 | Financial Audit Guidelines | Financial_Audit_Guidelines_E.pdf | |
| ISSAI 3000-3100 | Performance Audit Guidelines | |||
| ISSAI 4000-4200 | Compliance Audit Guidelines | |||
| ISSAI 5000-5010 | Guidelines on auditing International Institutions | |||
| ISSAI 5100-5140 | Guidelines on Environmental Audit | |||
| ISSAI 5200-5240 | Guidelines on Privatisation | |||
| ISSAI 5300-5399 | guidelines on IT-audit | |||
| ISSAI 5400-5499 | Guidelines on Audit of Public Debt | |||
| ISSAI 5500-5599 | Guidelines on Audit of Disaster-related Aid | |||
| ISSAI 5600-5699 | Guidelines on Peer Reviews | |||
| Guidance for Good governance | INTOSAI GOVs 9100 - 9230 | Internal Control and Accounting Standards | www.issai.org/media(891,1033)/Internal_Control_Standards.pdf |
Two main types of audit
The INTOSAI Auditing Standards distinguish basically two types of audit that a government auditor may perform:
Regularity audit
A Regularity audit or Statutory audit is a financial audit of the financial reporting or budget reporting of the audited entity.
In a regularity audit, the audit report contains the auditor's opinion.
Performance audit
Performance audit refers to an examination of a program, function, operation or the management systems and procedures of a governmental or non-profit entity to assess whether the entity is achieving economy, efficiency and effectiveness in the employment of available resources.
In a performance audit, the report should contain a statement of assurance on those items tested for compliance, as the auditor's conclusion (as opposed to opinion).
The INTOSAI's (and GAO's or ECA's) Performance audit corresponds to the Review Engagements or "Assurance Engagements other than Audits" of the IFAC.
Adoption by intergovernmental organizations
In addition to the INTOSAI members (the Supreme Audit Institutions), the following intergovernmental organizations have adopted INTOSAI AS:
- Council of Europe
- European Communities
- The European Court of Auditors performs its audits in accordance with the IFAC and INTOSAI Auditing Standards and Codes of ethics, in so far as these are applicable in the European Community context.[5]
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
- Audit by two appointed Supreme Audit Institutions.
- European Space Agency
- Audit by an Audit Board composed of Supreme Audit Institutions auditors.
- EUMETSAT
- Audit by an appointed Supreme Audit Institution.
- International Criminal Police Organization
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Audit by a Supreme Audit Institution.
- The United Nations
- The United Nations' Board of Auditors (the external audit of the UN) has adopted the ISAs[6] (International Standards on Auditing). The Board is composed of three Supreme Audit Institutions chairmen, familiar with and usually using the INTOSAI Auditing Standards.[7]
INTOSAI and Internal Audit
The Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) is among the 4 associated members of the INTOSAI.[8]
The INTOSAI is a strong advocate for the establishment of Independent Internal audit in public entities.
- ISSAI 1610 – Using the Work of Internal Auditors
- INTOSAI Guidance for Good governance : INTOSAI GOVs 9100 - 9230
The guidance 'INTOSAI GOV 9100' states:
-(page 46) "The Supreme Audit Institution also has a vested interest in ensuring that strong internal audit units exist where needed. Those audit units constitute an important element of internal control by providing a continuous means for improving an organisation's operations. In some countries, however, the internal audit units may lack independence, be weak, or be non-existent. In those cases, the SAI should, whenever possible, offer assistance and guidance to establish and develop those capacities and to ensure the independence of the internal auditor's activities."
- "The creation of an internal audit unit as part of the internal control system is a strong signal by management that internal control is important.
(...) For an internal audit function to be effective, it is essential that the internal audit staff be independent from management, work in an unbiased, correct and honest way and that they report directly to the highest level of authority within the organisation.
(...) "For professional guidance, internal auditors should use the Professional Practices Framework (PPF) of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) (...) Additionally, internal auditors should follow the INTOSAI Code of Ethics".
Regional working groups
- AFROSAI: African Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
- ARABOSAI: Arab Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
- ASOSAI: Asian Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
- CAROSAI: Caribbean Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions
- EUROSAI: European Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. For more information please see website.
- OLACEFS: Organization of Latin American and Caribbean Supreme Audit Institutions. For more information please see website
- PASAI: Pacific Association of Supreme Audit Institutions
List of INCOSAI Conferences
| INCOSAI | Place | Date | Host | Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | November 1953 | Ministry of Auditing and Control of the Republic of Cuba | ||
| II | September 1956 | Court of Audit of Belgium | ||
| III | May 1959 | Tribunal de Contas da União | ||
| IV | May 1962 | Court of Audit of the Republic of Austria | ||
| V | June 1965 | State Comptroller's Office of Israel | ||
| VI | May 1968 | Board of Audit of Japan | ||
| VII | September 1971 | Office of the Auditor General of Canada | ||
| VIII | May 1974 | Tribunal de Cuentas | ||
| IX | October 1977 | Contraloría General de la República del Perú | ||
| X | June 1980 | Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of Kenya | ||
| XI | April 1983 | Philippine Commission on Audit | ||
| XII | April 1986 | Australian National Audit Office | ||
| XIII | June 1989 | Bundesrechnungshof |
_1989%2C_MiNr_843.jpg) German commemorative stamp from XIII INCOSAI | |
| XIV | October 1992 | Government Accountability Office | ||
| XV | September - October 1995 | Central Auditing Organization of Egypt | ||
| XVI | November 1998 | Contraloría General de la República del Uruguay | ||
| XVII | October 2001 | Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea | ||
| XVIII | October 2004 | Hungarian State Audit Office | ||
| XIX | November 2007 | Contraloría General de la República de Mexico | http://www.incosai2007.org.mx/ | |
| XX | November 2010 | Auditor-General of South Africa | http://www.incosai.co.za/en/ | |
| XXI | October 2013 | National Audit Office of the People's Republic of China | ||
| XXII | December 2016 | State Audit Institution of United Arab Emirates | http://www.incosai2016.ae |
Members of INTOSAI
Typical title of the members of INTOSAI: Office of the Chief Financial Controller / Comptroller / Comptroller General / Auditor General / Comptroller and Auditor General...
The list below is not exhaustive.
| Country/Area | INTOSAI Member | Responsible |
|---|---|---|
| ♦The European Union | The European Court of Auditors, the fifth institution of the European Union, established in 1975 in Luxembourg to audit the accounts of EU institutions | The President of the ECA. |
| Australia | Australian National Audit Office | Auditor General of the Australian National Audit Office |
| Austria | Court of Audit of the Republic of Austria | |
| Belgium | Court of Audit of Belgium | |
| Bolivia | Contraloría General de la República de Bolivia | |
| Brazil | Tribunal de Contas da União | |
| Canada | Auditor General of Canada | |
| Chile | Contraloría General de la República de Chile | |
| China | National Audit Office of the People's Republic of China | Auditor General of China |
| Hong Kong | Director of Audit of Hong Kong | |
| Colombia | The Office of the Comptroller General of the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: Contraloría General de la República de Colombia) is an independent government institution that acts as the highest form of fiscal control in the country. As such, it has a mission to seek the proper allocation of resources and public funds | Comptroller General of Colombia (Contralor General de la República, currently Dr. Julio César Turbay Quintero) http://www.contraloriagen.gov.co |
| Costa Rica | Contraloría General de la República de Costa Rica | |
| Cuba | Ministry of Auditing and Control of the Republic of Cuba | |
| Ecuador | Contraloría General de la República del Ecuador | |
| Egypt | Central Auditing Organization of Egypt | |
| France | Cour des Comptes | "First President of the Cour des Comptes" FR fr:Premier président de la Cour des comptes (could be translated as "Chief Baron" of the French Court of Audit, by analogy with the judges of the English Court of Exchequer) |
| Germany | Bundesrechnungshof | |
| Greece | Chamber of Accounts (Greece) | |
| Guatemala | Contraloría General de Cuentas de la República de Guatemala | |
| Honduras | Contraloría General de la República de Honduras | |
| Hungary | Hungarian State Audit Office | |
| India | Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India | The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India is an authority, established by the Constitution of India, who audits all receipts and expenditure of the Government of India and the state governments, including those of bodies and authorities substantially financed by the government. The CAG is also the external auditor of government-owned companies. The reports of the CAG are taken into consideration by the Public Accounts Committees, which are special committees in the Parliament of India and the state legislatures (Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad). The CAG of India is also the head of the Indian Audits and Accounts Service, which has over 58,000 employees across the country. |
| Indonesia | Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia, "Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan" (Cf. Constitution of Indonesia) | Chairman of the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (currently Hadi Poernomo) http://www.bpk.go.id |
| Ireland | Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (Irish: Oifig an Ard-Reachtaire Cuntas agus Ciste) | The Comptroller and Auditor General of Ireland is a constitutional officer whose office was established under Article 33 of the Constitution of Ireland. The CAG is appointed by the President on the nomination of Dáil Éireann. The CAG operates independently of government. The office of the CAG is required to audit all accounts of moneys and all spending authorized by the legislature. The current CAG is Seamus McCarthy. The office of the CAG deals directly with citizens along with State officials. |
| Iran | Supreme Audit Court of Iran | Supreme Audit Court of Iran |
| Israël | State Comptroller's Office of Israel | State Comptroller's Office |
| Italy | Corte dei conti | |
| Japan | Board of Audit of Japan | |
| Kenya | Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of Kenya | Comptroller and Auditor General of Kenya |
| Korea | Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea | |
| Latvia | State Audit Office of the Republic of Latvia | Auditor General of the SAO |
| Mexico | Contraloría General de la República de Mexico | |
| The Netherlands | Algemene Rekenkamer | |
| New Zealand | The Office of the Auditor-General | Controller and Auditor-General, currently Lyn Provost |
| Nicaragua | Contraloría General de la República de Nicaragua | |
| Norway | Office of the Auditor General of Norway | |
| Pakistan | Auditor General of Pakistan | |
| Panamá | Contraloría General de la República de Panamá | |
| Paraguay | Contraloría General de la República del Paraguay | |
| Perú | Contraloría General de la República del Perú | |
| Philippines | Philippine Commission on Audit | |
| Portugal | Tribunal de Contas | |
| República Dominicana | Contraloría General de la República de República Dominicana | |
| Scotland | Auditor General for Scotland | |
| Sierra Leone | Audit Service Sierra Leone | Auditor General of Sierra Leone |
| Singapore | In Singapore, the body managing tax records is referred to as The Comptroller of Income Tax. | |
| Slovenia | Court of Audit of the Republic of Slovenia | President of the Court of Audit of the Republic of Slovenia |
| South Africa | Auditor-General (South Africa) | |
| Spain | Tribunal de Cuentas | The President of the Court of Accounts - currently Manuel Núñez Pérez |
| Sri Lanka | Auditor General of Sri Lanka | |
| Sweden | Swedish National Audit Office | |
| Taiwan | Control Yuan of the Republic of China | |
| The United States | The GAO | Comptroller General of the United States; Cf. Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards or GAGAS or Yellow Book |
| UK | The National Audit Office | Comptroller and Auditor General |
| Uruguay | Contraloría General de la República del Uruguay | |
| Venezuela | Contraloría General de la República de Venezuela |
See also
- Government performance auditing
- CGAP: Institute of Internal Auditors#Other certificates offered by the IIA
- Negative assurance and Positive assurance
References
- 1 2 Hussey, Roger; Ong, Audra Wei Ming (2006), International Financial Reporting Standards Desk Reference, Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, p. 289, ISBN 978-0-471-72715-6, OCLC 57573800
- 1 2 Franda, Marcus F. (2006), The United Nations in the Twenty-first Century: Management and Reform Processes in a Troubled Organization, Lanham, Maryland, U.S.: Rowman & Littlefield, p. 219, ISBN 978-0-7425-5334-7, OCLC 62895793
- ↑ http://www.un.org/auditors/board/mandate.shtml#cm
- ↑ Shah, Anwar (2007), Performance Accountability and Combating Corruption (PDF), Washington, D.C., U.S.: World Bank, p. 309, ISBN 978-0821369418, OCLC 77116846
- ↑ http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/audit
- ↑ http://www.un.org/auditors/board/modusop.shtml#soa
- ↑ The INTOSAI Financial Audit Guidelines will be based on the International Standards on Auditing (ISA) issued by the IAASB http://www.afrosai-e.org.za/HOME/Menu/TechnicalAdvancement/INTOSAIauditingstandards/tabid/82/Default.aspx
- ↑ Official membership list http://www.intosai.org/en/portal/about_us/organisation/membership_list/
External links
- www.intosai.org
- A draft framework of ISSAI standards: www.afrosai-e.org.za
- INTOSAI Marks 50 Years International Journal of Government Auditing January 2003